Deck 2: Principles of Drug Action

Question 1

The process of incorporating a substance into a cell by engulfment and transport to the cell interior in vesicles is termed

A)aqueous diffusion.
B)lipid diffusion.
C)bioavailability.
D)pinocytosis.

Answer 1

pinocytosis.

Question 2

Which of the following methods of drug administration requires a needle?
1)Transdermal
2)Inhalation
3)Subcutaneous
4)Intravenous

A)1 and 3 only
B)2 and 4 only
C)1 and 2 only
D)3 and 4 only

Answer 2

3 and 4 only

Question 3

Approximately what percentage of an inhaled aerosol reaches the lower respiratory tract with current delivery devices?

A)0% to 10%
B)10% to 30%
C)50% to 60%
D)90% to 100%

Answer 3

10% to 30%

Question 4

The drug albuterol binds to its corresponding receptor to initiate its intended response of bronchodilation.By definition,albuterol is known as a(n)

A)agonist.
B)antagonist.
C)both A and B.
D)neither A nor B.

Question 5

The mechanism of drug action by which a drug molecule causes its effect in the body is known as the

A)pharmacodynamic phase.
B)elimination phase.
C)pharmacokinetic phase.
D)administration phase.

Question 6

Given the following information,which drug is most potent?

A)Drug A
B)Drug B
C)Drug C
D)Drug D

Question 7

A drug's portal of entry into the body is known as the

A)formulation.
B)dosage.
C)route of administration.
D)additive.

Question 8

Out of the total systemically available drug,the proportion of drug available from the lung is known as the

A)TI
B)V_D
C)L/T ratio
D)T_1/2

Question 9

Which of the four major body compartments contains the smallest average volume in liters?

A)Intracellular fluid
B)Vascular space
C)Interstitial fluid
D)Fat

Question 10

Which of the following drugs has the greatest potential of crossing over from a therapeutic effect to a toxic effect?

A)Drug A
B)Drug B
C)Drug C
D)Drug D

Question 11

Which of the following routes of drug administration help to reduce the first-pass effect?
1)Oral administration
2)Injection
3)Sublingual tablets
4)Rectal administration

A)1 and 3 only
B)2 and 4 only
C)2,3,and 4 only
D)1,2,and 4 only

Question 12

Which of the following is not a part of the pharmacokinetic phase of a drug?

A)Absorption
B)Receptor site
C)Metabolism
D)Elimination

Question 13

Inhaled aerosols may have which types of intended effects on the body?
1)Enteral
2)Local
3)Systemic
4)Oral

A)1 and 3 only
B)2 and 4 only
C)2 and 3 only
D)1,2,3,and 4

Question 14

During which phase of drug action is a drug made available to the body?

A)Administration
B)Pharmacokinetic
C)Pharmacodynamic
D)Pharmacogenetic

Question 15

Which of the following organs is considered the primary site of drug excretion?

A)Kidney
B)Liver
C)Small intestine
D)Stomach

Question 16

The principal organ for drug metabolism is the

A)brain.
B)liver.
C)stomach.
D)lung.

Question 17

Which of the following methods of drug delivery are commonly considered parenteral?
1)Intravenous
2)Intramuscular
3)Paste
4)Aerosol

A)1 and 4 only
B)1 and 2 only
C)3 and 4 only
D)1,2,3,and 4

Question 18

The relationship between a drug's chemical structure and its clinical activity is known as

A)bioavailability.
B)biotransformation.
C)pharmacokinetics.
D)structure-activity relationship.

Question 19

Which of the following are routes of drug administration?
1)Enteral
2)Parenteral
3)Ointment
4)Inhalation

A)1 and 4 only
B)1,2,and 3 only
C)1,2,and 4 only
D)1,2,3,and 4

Question 20

Which of the following factors may have an effect on drug absorption?
1)Route of administration
2)Metabolic degradation
3)Inactivation by stomach acids
4)Blood flow to absorption site

A)1 only
B)1 and 2 only
C)1 and 4 only
D)1,2,3,and 4

Question 21

The time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by one-half is referred to as

A)bioavailability.
B)biotransformation.
C)drug distribution.
D)plasma half-life.

Question 22

Which of the following factors can increase the lung availability/total systemic availability ratio of inhaled drugs?
1)Efficient delivery devices
2)Inhaled drugs with a high first-pass metabolism rate
3)Mouth washing
4)Use of a reservoir device

A)1 and 2 only
B)1 and 3 only
C)1,2,and 3 only
D)1,2,3,and 4

Question 23

The drug methacholine can stimulate parasympathetic receptors in the airways,causing bronchoconstriction.Epinephrine can stimulate $\beta$ ₂ receptors in the airways,causing bronchodilation.These two opposing effects that cancel each other out are an example of

A)chemical antagonism.
B)functional antagonism.
C)competitive antagonism.
D)synergism.

Question 24

An allergic or immune-mediated reaction to a drug,which can be serious,requiring airway maintenance or ventilatory assistance is called

A)potency.
B)hypersensitivity.
C)potentiation.
D)additivity.

Question 25

The term used to indicate the proportion of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation is

A)bioavailability.
B)biotransformation.
C)pharmacokinetics.
D)structure-activity relationship.

Question 26

A perfectly efficient aerosol delivery device would theoretically have an L/T ratio of which of the following?

A)0
B)0.5
C)0.75
D)1.0

Question 27

The difference between the minimal therapeutic and toxic concentrations of a drug is known as the

A)TI.
B)V_D.
C)L/T ratio.
D)T_1/2.

Question 28

After inhalation of an aerosol by a spontaneously breathing patient with no artificial airway,a proportion of the aerosol does which of the following?
1)Impacts in the oropharynx
2)Is swallowed
3)Is absorbed by the lungs
4)Is exhaled

A)1 and 2 only
B)1 and 3 only
C)1,2,and 3 only
D)1,2,3,and 4

Question 29

Why is lipid diffusion an important mechanism for drug absorption?

A)Many epithelial membranes must be crossed if a drug is to distribute in the body and reach its target organ.
B)Epithelial cells do not have lipid membranes,so a drug must be water-soluble to diffuse across such a membrane.
C)It is directly related to the proportion of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation.
D)Lipid diffusion has no importance in drug absorption because the body has very few epithelial membranes drugs must cross.

Question 30

Two different drugs (each with its own mechanism of action)are administered to a patient in an attempt to relieve bronchoconstriction.The ordering physician hopes that the effect of the drug pair will be greater than the sum of the separate effects of each individual drug.If successful,this would be an example of

A)potentiation.
B)synergism.
C)additivity.
D)tolerance.

Question 31

This term is used to describe when two drugs act on the same receptors and the combined effect is the simple linear sum of the effects of the two drugs,up to a maximal effect.

A)Potency
B)Hypersensitivity
C)Potentiation
D)Additivity

Question 32

A special case of synergism in which one drug has no effect but can increase the activity of another drug is known as

A)potency.
B)hypersensitivity.
C)potentiation.
D)additivity.

Question 33

A measure of how quickly a drug is eliminated from the body is known as the

A)TI.
B)V_D.
C)L/T ratio.
D)T_1/2.

Question 34

The study of genetic factors and their influence on drug response is termed

A)pharmacogenetics.
B)functional antagonism.
C)competitive antagonism.
D)pharmacokinetics.

Question 35

The lining of the lower respiratory tract presents barriers to drug absorption and includes which of the following elements?
1)Airway surface liquid
2)Capillary vascular network
3)Epithelial cells
4)Interstitium

A)1 and 2 only
B)1 and 3 only
C)1,2,and 3 only
D)1,2,3,and 4

Question 36

Mrs.Johnson is a 37-year-old woman who has been taking medication for lower back pain for the last 18 months.She reports to her physician that although the medication initially rendered her pain-free,she now receives very little relief from her daily dose.This situation is described by which of the following terms used to refer to drug responsiveness (assuming that her condition has not actually worsened)?

A)Hypersensitivity
B)Idiosyncratic effect
C)Tolerance
D)Tachyphylaxis

Question 37

Mr.Ashoor is a 29-year-old asthmatic patient who takes MDI albuterol for wheezing and typically gets quick relief following two puffs.After he mowed the lawn today,he realized he was having a rapid decrease in responsiveness to his albuterol.He tried taking it again but still had no relief.This situation is described by which of the following terms used to refer to drug responsiveness?

A)Hypersensitivity
B)Idiosyncratic effect
C)Tolerance
D)Tachyphylaxis

Question 38

Which is the term that refers to the concentration (EC₅₀)or dose (ED₅₀)of a drug producing 50% of the maximal response of the drug?

A)Potency
B)Hypersensitivity
C)Potentiation
D)Additivity

Question 39

The process by which a drug is transported to its sites of action,eliminated,or stored is referred to as

A)bioavailability.
B)biotransformation.
C)drug distribution.
D)plasma half-life.