Deck 5: Personal Health and Illness

Question 1

Which of the following is made from oxygen production,and can damage the body's cells and cellular components?

A) antioxidants
B) lipofuscin
C) free radicals
D) macrophages

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Cora's doctor advised her to consume more foods such as broccoli,green tea,and cauliflower.He told her that the chemicals in these foods hope to bind and neutralize free radicals.What is the name for these chemicals?

A) carotenoids
B) coenzymes
C) polyphenols
D) antioxidants

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following scenarios can occur in the body as a result of cross-linking?

A) poor eyesight
B) decreased lung capacity
C) problems with digestive function
D) stiffened connective tissue

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Scientists believe that the human life span has remained the same for the past 100,000 years.What is this span of time in years?

A) 75 to 95 years
B) 95 to 110 years
C) 110 to 125 years
D) 125 to 140 years

Question 5

Which of the following terms describes the process by which cells are controlled and thus produce normal human development?

A) apoptosis
B) sarcopenia
C) the phase III phenomenon
D) the Hayflick limit

Question 6

According to Osteoporosis Canada (2011),what is the annual cost to the healthcare system as a result of osteoporosis?

A) $1 billion
B) $1.5 billion
C) $1.9 billion
D) $2.3 billion

Question 7

According to Morton,Schafer,and Ferraro (2011),physical abuse during childhood can lead to which of the following chronic diseases later in life?

A) dementia
B) heart disease
C) diabetes
D) cancer

Question 8

Margaret is 83 years old.All of her life she loved to cook for her family,but now she has very little interest in food,because it doesn't "taste the same" as it used to.Which of Margaret's taste buds is commonly known to decline first?

A) salt
B) sour
C) bitter
D) umami

Question 9

Lovell,Cuneo,and Gass (2010)report that after one reaches the age of 70 years,one loses one's muscle strength by what annual percentage?

A) 3%
B) 5%
C) 7%
D) 9%

Question 10

According to Alway,Morissette,and Siu (2011),what process plays a part in sarcopenia in later life?

A) pleiotropic genes
B) the Hayflick genes
C) apoptosis
D) senescence

Question 11

Ginny is 63 years old,and has osteoporosis.Her physician advised her to perform this type of exercise to help increase her bone density.What type of exercise is Ginny performing?

A) archery
B) yoga
C) boxing
D) lifting weights

Question 12

Lewis has developed brown liver spots on his hands and face.His wife tells him they are "age spots." What is the name of the fatty molecules in the skin that are responsible for causing these spots?

A) lipofuscin
B) T-cells
C) macrophages
D) free radicals

Question 13

According to Statistics Canada,by how many years will a girl born in 2008 outlive her male peers?

A) 2 years
B) 3 years
C) 4 years
D) 5 years

Question 14

Advances in technology and biomedical research have extended life expectancy.Which of the following summarizes what this suggests about the future for humans?

A) The human life span will rise as more people live past the current maximum human life span.
B) The physical signs of old age will change.
C) Progress will need to be made in extending life span to enable further improvements in life expectancy.
D) More people will live closer to the maximum human life span, and more people will live longer in old age than ever before.

Question 15

Jolene is 55 years old.Her pituitary gland has stopped producing hormones to stimulate her ovaries.What is the name for this process that occurs in aging women?

A) the female change
B) peripause
C) menopause
D) menstruation

Question 16

What are the two primary goals of the study of biological aging?

A) to slow senescence, and to cure the diseases of old age
B) to understand changes in the body that come with age and to apply this knowledge
C) to identify the environmental causes of super longevity, and to develop models for increasing the maximum human life span
D) to develop a comprehensive theory of aging and to lobby for more government funding for aging research

Question 17

What has happened to the human life expectancy in the past 2,000 years?

A) It has remained the same.
B) It has increased.
C) It has decreased.
D) It has fluctuated widely.

Question 18

How do gerontologists define the maximum number of years that a member of a species can live?

A) the maximum life span of the species
B) the life expectancy of the species
C) the intrinsic age of the species
D) the senescence of the species

Question 19

What is the term for the number of years at birth that an average member of society can expect to live?

A) aging parameters
B) life span
C) specific age configuration
D) life expectancy

Question 20

Louisa finds that she has difficulty in walking and her doctor recently informed her that she has some "hardening" of the arteries and loss of kidney function.He said that pollutants like smoke and lead have caused this degeneration of her body over time.What is the name for the process of proteins binding together to cause this damage to Louisa's body?

A) atrophy
B) cross-linking
C) somatic mutation
D) sarcopenia

Question 21

According to Butler-Jones (2010),what proportion of Canadian seniors view their health as excellent or very good?

A) 45%
B) 62%
C) 70%
D) 83%

Question 22

According to Statistics Canada (2007),what trend occurs with self-reported disability rates as one ages?

A) It increases.
B) It decreases.
C) It remains relatively constant.
D) It has no correlation.

Question 23

Which of the following activities requires agility?

A) standing for a long period of time
B) walking
C) dressing
D) sitting

Question 24

According to reports,how do older people respond to changing physical problems?

A) by relying on formal social structures for help
B) by avoiding difficult situations
C) by actively training to maintain their functional ability
D) by adjusting their expectations about their activities

Question 25

What did Shields and Martel (2006)find in regard to chronic conditions?

A) They do not always turn into functional disability or the need for assistance.
B) They always turn into functional disability.
C) They always receive assistance.
D) They never require assistance.

Question 26

The National Advisory Council on Aging (2006)found that 7% of older people needed help with ADLs,although which percentage needed help with IADLs?

A) 22.4%
B) 54.3%
C) 63.2%
D) 87.3%

Question 27

What percentage of older Canadians say that they have one or more chronic health problems?

A) more than 10%
B) more than 40%
C) more than 90%
D) more than 100%

Question 28

What is the term for a decrease in acute and infectious diseases and an increase in chronic and degenerative diseases?

A) urbanization
B) modernization
C) technologization
D) epidemiological transition

Question 29

According to a study in 2009 by Butler-Jones,which of the following statements can be made regarding chronic disease and aging?

A) Chronic disease decreases with age.
B) Chronic disease is eliminated with access to proper medication.
C) Chronic disease does not necessarily increase with aging.
D) Chronic disease depends upon genetic predisposition.

Question 30

Among arthritis sufferers,"replacers" add more passive activities to replace activities they stop doing.Compared to "quitters," these people tend to be which of the following?

A) type-A, extroverted personality types
B) younger, and have fewer mobility problems
C) unmarried or never-married, and highly goal oriented
D) more responsive to physiotherapy and retraining programs

Question 31

According to the text,which of the following is a reason for researchers to study disabilities in later life?

A) An increase in the number of healthy seniors will decrease the cost of resources that the healthcare system will need to provide.
B) Older people who cope with their disabilities can help researchers learn how to rehabilitate disabled seniors.
C) Increased drug use can help prevent or reverse disabilities.
D) Healthy aging can reverse the process of physical decline.

Question 32

What percentage of Canadians aged 65-79 report having four or more chronic diseases?

A) 1/3
B) 1/2
C) 2/3
D) 3/4

Question 33

As compared with a 20-year-old,how much do the pupils decrease in size by the time a person reaches 60 years of age?

A) 1/4
B) 1/2
C) 2/3
D) 3/4

Question 34

Through improved public health measures,a society manages to decrease its acute and infectious disease burden; however,this leads to an increase in the chronic disease burden.What is this society going through?

A) a disease burden schism
B) an epidemiological transition
C) the rectangularization paradox
D) pleomorphism

Question 35

What happens to sense thresholds-the point where a person can begin to perceive a stimulus-with age?

A) They increase.
B) They decrease.
C) They stabilize.
D) They homogenize.

Question 36

More than 75% of elderly persons have at least one chronic condition,but only about what percentage developed a long term-activity limitation?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 60%

Question 37

Which of the following is an explanation that has been proposed to explain higher rates of institutionalization and healthcare expenditures for older women than older men?

A) a pattern of healthcare use continued from their middle years
B) women live shorter lives than men
C) a more proactive approach to health problems by men
D) physicians' biases toward finding illnesses in women

Question 38

What is the effect of keeping a positive attitude,cutting down on chores,and relying on others for help for people with activity limitations?

A) These actions negatively affect their sense of well-being.
B) These actions do not bring satisfaction.
C) These actions provide methods to cope with their illness.
D) These actions reduce their quality of life.

Question 39

Lukas' eye doctor informed him that he suffers from an age-related eye disorder in which there is increased pressure within Lukas' eyes.What is the name of this condition?

A) macular degeneration
B) glaucoma
C) detached retina
D) cataracts

Question 40

Which of the following chronic diseases do women report to have,more so than men?

A) diabetes
B) rheumatism
C) Crohn's disease
D) emphysema

Question 41

Rowe and Kahn (1995)emphasize the importance of lifestyle and environmental influences.What do they believe research should now look at for further guidance?

A) treatment of functional decline
B) physiological aging
C) successful aging
D) extrinsic (determinative) aging

Question 42

According to Langlois and colleagues (2009),what dietary factor accounted for higher obesity rates among men?

A) a low water intake
B) a low fibre intake
C) a high sugar intake
D) a high protein intake

Question 43

Which of the following best describes computerized solutions designed to meet seniors' needs?

A) They are not affordable to most seniors.
B) They are within 10 years of becoming available to most seniors.
C) As yet, they have not performed as well as simpler technologies.
D) They may be more viable in the future when older people are more comfortable with computers.

Question 44

Which of the following practices can reduce stress and promote mental and physical health and well-being?

A) watching TV
B) reading self-help books
C) looking after a pet
D) chiropractic treatment

Question 45

What is hypokinesia?

A) a physical problem due to lack of movement
B) a degenerative neurological disease that afflicts one in twenty seniors
C) the gradual lowering of the heart rate that occurs with age
D) improved reflexes that occur as a result of practice and increased motivation

Question 46

Which of the following is an important influence on determining whether an older person is likely to use an assistive device?

A) health status
B) wealth
C) peer pressure
D) ethnicity

Question 47

Which of the following behaviours shows "strong evidence" of a positive association with obesity?

A) using a wheelchair
B) playing on the computer
C) reading
D) watching television

Question 48

Technological aids can help older people stay active,but for these aids to be useful,they must also be which of the following?

A) expensive
B) hand fashioned
C) advanced
D) affordable and accessible

Question 49

Around what age do most people notice changes in their senses?

A) 25
B) 35
C) 60
D) 75

Question 50

What does Fries (2006)conclude based on a "squaring" or "rectangularization" of the survival curve?

A) Modern populations can surpass their predicted life expectancy.
B) The near elimination of chronic diseases such as smallpox and polio has doubled the life span of humans.
C) By 2020 there will be more than twice the number of seniors predicted by most demographers.
D) Morbidity is postponed and compressed into fewer years in those with good health habits.

Question 51

According to Shields and Martel (2006),what percentage of seniors who exercised three or more times per week reported good health?

A) 67
B) 33
C) 94
D) 6

Question 52

Why might the concept of "successful aging" be of little use to the biologist?

A) If the functional decline can be avoided by the organism, it is not true aging.
B) It is a qualitative, not a quantitative, measure.
C) Its main focus is on the clinical application of gerontology.
D) Ancillary processes of aging often cannot be disentangled from intrinsic processes.

Question 53

What does Fries (2006)state in response to studies done criticizing the compression of morbidity hypothesis?

A) Healthier habits and health policies can compress morbidity.
B) More recent trends show there will be fewer older people with chronic activity limitations than ever before.
C) Variability between individuals makes predicting who will become disabled in old age extremely difficult.
D) Modern society has reached its maximum potential for life expectancy.

Question 54

While assistive devices on the whole have had a positive impact on seniors,which of the following factors has a negative effect upon their usage of assistive devices?

A) convenience
B) accessibility
C) improved mobility
D) social isolation

Question 55

According to Fontana and Klein (2007),which of the following conditions is considered a negative effect of calorie restriction (CR)among humans?

A) low muscle mass
B) dementia
C) prolonged menstruation in women
D) digestive problems

Question 56

As a response to the changes of aging,voice-assisted devices,hearing aids,and computers are examples of changes in which of the following?

A) lifestyle
B) environment
C) assistive technology
D) processes

Question 57

Which of the following measures the number of years that a person will be in a state of independence?

A) disability-free life expectancy
B) dependence-free life expectancy
C) compression of morbidity
D) rectangularization of the survival curve

Question 58

In general,how do older people make use of computer technology as compared to young people?

A) Older people use computer technology more.
B) Older people use computer technology less.
C) Older people use computer technology in a more complicated way.
D) Older people hardly use computer technology.

Question 59

For what reason will the use of assistive technology by older people increase in the future?

A) Costs will decline as competition increases.
B) New cohorts of older people will feel more comfortable using technology.
C) Older people will want to live fuller and more independent lives than ever before.
D) The need to process more information, faster, in modern society is increasing the impact of sensory declines on quality of life.

Question 60

Older people tend to use even the simplest assistive devices under which of the following conditions?

A) if they improve their sense of well-being
B) when no one else is watching
C) instead of making changes to their environment
D) if given the opportunity

Question 61

Discuss the concept of dietary and calorie restriction among older adults.What are the advantages and disadvantages of this practice?

Question 62

Which of the following in general leads to poor health?

A) low income
B) financial planning
C) an apathetic attitude
D) a strong sense of coherence

Question 63

Describe the three models of interaction between the environment and genetic processes as presented by Shanahan and Hofer (2011).

Question 64

Having which of the following in one's lifestyle is pivotal to healthy aging?

A) stress
B) relaxation
C) balance
D) activity

Question 65

How do improvements in technology benefit today's seniors? Provide and discuss some examples.

Question 66

Which of the following factors is inconclusive in terms of having an impact on health in later life?

A) exercise
B) chronic childhood illness
C) fetal health
D) diet and nutrition

Question 67

What is the greatest cause for injury among older Canadians? Describe what measures are currently being taken to prevent this injury.

Question 68

According to Kaplan and Ross (2008),which of the following groups of people are likely to report poor health?

A) those with three or more children
B) those with low education
C) those who are recent immigrants
D) those who are sedentary

Question 69

What is "intrinsic aging?" Define the term,and then explain Strehler's four criteria for intrinsic aging.

Question 70

Interview a senior about his or her usage of computers and the Internet.How often does he/she use the computer? For what purpose does he/she use the computer?