Deck 7: Healthcare

Question 1

What does the social model of healthcare strive to do?

A) reduce the power differential between the elderly and healthcare professionals
B) empower people to take control of their health
C) optimize the benefit to elders through managing resources based on appropriate standards of care
D) keep older people in their homes through a healthcare team

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Surgery,rehabilitation through physical therapy,and drug therapy are the preferred methods of which model?

A) the medical model
B) the health promotion model
C) the hospice model
D) the healthcare model

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Béland and Shapiro (1994)project a future shift between which models of care?

A) medical model to social model
B) medical care model to health premium model
C) social model to medical model
D) health promotion model to social model

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What does the health promotion model focus on?

A) prevention and self-care
B) medical diagnosis before illness becomes serious
C) community involvement in healthcare
D) the accessibility of medical treatment

Question 5

Kathleen has researched healthcare funding in Canada and was shocked to discover that Canadians spend such a large portion of healthcare dollars on one primary aspect of healthcare.Which of the following is that aspect of care?

A) physiotherapy
B) drugs
C) long-term care
D) physicians

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the current Canadian healthcare system?

A) It does not address issues related to symptom relief.
B) It emphasizes disease treatment, and minimally addresses health promotion and injury prevention.
C) It is controlled by physicians who lack training in other forms of healthcare.
D) It has a negative cost-benefit therapeutic index.

Question 7

Which model dominates the Canadian healthcare system today?

A) the health promotion model
B) the medical model
C) the individual model
D) the social-economic model

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of the health promotion model at work?

A) school safety regulations
B) pollution control for factories
C) subsidies to candy manufacturers
D) anti-abortion laws

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of long-term care?

A) a senior's recreation facility
B) an acute hospital
C) a nursing home
D) an allergy clinic

Question 10

Which of the following best describes medical care according to the social model of healthcare?

A) It has little or no place in a "true" healthcare system.
B) It should be used only in extreme cases.
C) It is only a piece of a complete healthcare system.
D) It plays a major role in healthcare, but must be supported by a healthcare team.

Question 11

Seatbelt legislation is a component of which of the models of healthcare?

A) social model
B) behaviour model
C) health promotion model
D) medical model

Question 12

Elliott is among the 90% of people aged 65 and over who claim that they can do which of the following?

A) not worry about their finances in old age
B) drive a car for a long distance excursion
C) use two or fewer prescription drugs daily
D) live on their own in the community

Question 13

What is the major goal of long-term homecare?

A) to prevent disease and promote self-care
B) to reduce healthcare costs associated with iatrogenic illnesses
C) to manage symptoms, and reduce complications, for chronic diseases
D) to provide services that will enable people to stay out of institutions

Question 14

In the social model,what is the best way to deliver healthcare?

A) through the physician
B) through educating people about disease prevention
C) through counsellors and social workers
D) through the healthcare team

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of health promotion?

A) consuming more fruits and vegetables in the diet
B) exercising to the point of exhaustion every day
C) recycling cardboard and glass and plastic
D) watching less TV and reading more books

Question 16

Healthy behaviour and environmental improvement are methods used by which model to prevent disease?

A) social model
B) medical model
C) community care model
D) health promotion model

Question 17

The system of healthcare established by the Canadian government in the 1950s and 1960s is characterized by which of the following?

A) an emphasis on health promotion
B) administration by private agencies
C) universal coverage
D) fee-for-service hospital care

Question 18

According to Epp (1986),what is "the resource which gives people the ability to manage and even to change their surroundings"?

A) health
B) power
C) social support
D) technology

Question 19

Which of the following is a principle of the Canadian healthcare system as described by the Canada Health Act of 1984?

A) administration of the system by the municipal government
B) portability
C) affordability
D) limited services especially to immigrant Canadians

Question 20

The social model has gained acceptance as a possible alternative to which of the following?

A) the health promotion model
B) community care
C) institutionalization
D) healthcare

Question 21

According to Ramage and Morin (2009,5),what percentage of Canadian seniors who live in institutions take medications?

A) 67%
B) 79%
C) 86%
D) 97%

Question 22

According to the Canadian Healthcare Association (2007),which of the following concerns was most prevalent among respondents?

A) obesity rates
B) lack of physicians
C) increasing costs
D) wait times

Question 23

What has the shift of care from institutions to the community led to?

A) an overall increase in the health status of the elderly as measured by life expectancy
B) no significant reduction in the cost of healthcare
C) decreased chronic illness but increased acute illnesses and injuries
D) an increased burden on women, families, and communities

Question 24

As compared with Americans,which of the following conditions is lower amongst Canadians?

A) obesity
B) arthritis
C) kidney disease
D) Crohn's disease

Question 25

Which of the following best describes the theory that governments spend more money on health services for older people nowadays?

A) The theory is probably correct, given the results of several large, well-designed research studies.
B) The theory is probably incorrect, given the lack of large numbers of time contradictory studies done.
C) The theory is probably correct, given that Canada has a large, aging population.
D) The theory is impossible to prove since system-wide changes are much more influential in medical care usage patterns.

Question 26

Which of the following statements describes older peoples' health problems when compared to younger people?

A) Older people have more problems than younger people.
B) Older people have fewer problems than younger people.
C) Older people have more severe problems than younger people.
D) Older people have less chronic problems than younger people.

Question 27

According to the text,what is the reason cited as to why older people may use more than one prescription drug?

A) They have multiple health conditions.
B) They have fewer family members to provide support.
C) Most drugs are relatively inexpensive for older adults.
D) Their doctors prescribe them.

Question 28

A look at the healthcare system shows that older people account for what portion of the past increases in healthcare costs?

A) most
B) about two-thirds
C) about half
D) a small part

Question 29

What types of surgery in the province of Quebec allow for private coverage?

A) liver, knee, and stomach
B) cosmetic, cataract, and brain
C) gallbladder, heart, and knee
D) knee, hip, and cataract

Question 30

Studies show that people in which age group have a higher hospital separation rate than do younger people?

A) 54-60
B) 59-65
C) 64-75
D) 85 and over

Question 31

In part,why does Canada have such high healthcare costs?

A) because of the high costs of equipment
B) because of the large number of children being born
C) because of the relatively large older population
D) because of the high cost of qualified doctors

Question 32

Which famous Canadian was named the "father of Medicare?"

A) Pierre Elliott Trudeau
B) Lester B. Pearson
C) John Diefenbaker
D) Tommy Douglas

Question 33

Prescription drug use tends to increase for women as they age.What happens to prescription drug use for men as they get older?

A) Drug use increases.
B) Drug use decreases.
C) Drug use remains stable.
D) Drug use slightly decreases, but after age 85, it increases again.

Question 34

According to Ramage-Morin (2009),what percentage of Canadian seniors in institutions use five or more medications?

A) 31%
B) 42%
C) 53%
D) 67%

Question 35

Which of the following best describes hospitalization rates for seniors?

A) They have decreased steadily since 1982.
B) They have increased the most among people aged 85+.
C) They have increased for women, while remaining stable for men.
D) They have decreased slowly, while usage by young adults has jumped 200%.

Question 36

Cameron is waiting for surgery,but his doctor informs him that there are long wait times for his operation,and recent data shows few improvements in terms of wait times for it.Which of the following types of surgery is Cameron likely scheduled to undergo?

A) knee replacement
B) hip replacement
C) cornea replacement
D) kidney replacement

Question 37

The aging of the Canadian population may result in which of the following?

A) reducing the cost of the medical care system because younger people more often require surgery and trauma care, the most expensive interventions
B) raising the cost of the medical care system because older people use hospitals more and for longer periods of time
C) reducing the cost of the medical care system because older people require alternate care systems that are less expensive than acute care hospitals
D) raising the cost of the medical care system because older people use almost nine times as much medication as younger people

Question 38

Which of the following best describes the cost of Canada's medical care system?

A) It has stabilized at 5.7% of the gross national product (GNP).
B) It grows each year.
C) It has dropped due to a growing use of the health promotion model.
D) It has dropped due to the aging of the population.

Question 39

Why do older people tend to use the medical system more today than their counterparts of the past years?

A) a psycho-social dependence on doctors fostered by the medical model
B) the way the system responds to older people's needs
C) older people contracting more complicated diseases than in the past
D) the increasing size of the older population

Question 40

According to the Canadian Healthcare Association (2007),what percentage of Canadians felt that they received quality healthcare services?

A) 27%
B) 35%
C) 57%
D) 74%

Question 41

According to a Manitoba study,which of the following characteristics indicates that an individual had more than a three-in-five chance of entering an institution?

A) being aged 75 or older
B) living with a frail spouse
C) having mental impairment
D) using six or more prescription drugs daily

Question 42

What percentage of Canada's GDP was spent on healthcare in 2009?

A) 8.9%
B) 10.7%
C) 11.4%
D) 12.3%

Question 43

According to the CIHI (2011),what percentage of alternate level of care patients died while awaiting transfer to a long-term care facility?

A) 7%
B) 9%
C) 12%
D) 15%

Question 44

Which of the following measures would help to de-institutionalize a nursing home?

A) having three residents to a room
B) allowing residents to decorate their rooms as they choose
C) serving a choice of two entrees for meals
D) allowing family members to visit at any time of day or night

Question 45

According to Dr.Jeff Turnbull of the Ottawa Hospital,how could many of the diseases of later life be best treated and cared for?

A) by prescription drugs
B) by family support only
C) by care in the community
D) by long-term care institutions

Question 46

How does the government allocate funds to long-term care institutions?

A) by the number of patients/residents who live there
B) by the number of staff required for the facility
C) by the number of services provided in the facility
D) by the level of care required by the patient

Question 47

Mackenzie and Rachlis (2010)report that physician payments control approximately what percentage of healthcare costs?

A) 35%
B) 50%
C) 80%
D) 97%

Question 48

According to the text,which of the following factors is thought to be a major contributor to rising healthcare costs in Canada?

A) population aging
B) increased use of medical technology
C) doctors' and nurses' growing salaries
D) increased costs of prescription drugs

Question 49

According to the CIHI (2011 Highlights),what factor has contributed to the lower cost of hospital care?

A) fewer acute care hospitalizations
B) better prescription drugs
C) fewer incidences of chronic diseases
D) the great distances between older people and hospitals

Question 50

Uncle George wants to do his part in decreasing healthcare costs,and he opts for one of the current so-called "shifts" in managing his own health,while cutting costs to the healthcare system.What method of care has Uncle George chosen?

A) using acute care hospitalization
B) using homecare and community care services
C) letting nature take its course with his health conditions and challenges
D) moving into a long-term care facility

Question 51

Why are fewer older people now residing in nursing homes?

A) They live in hospitals.
B) They have access to better care.
C) They die before they are admitted.
D) They would rather live with their families.

Question 52

According to Finlayson and colleagues (2005),which of the following has led to a decrease in acute care hospitalizations?

A) more physicians
B) a shortage of beds
C) more nursing homes
D) improvements in diagnostic tools

Question 53

Most of the older people in Canada living in institutions live in which type of facility?

A) nursing homes
B) multi-level enriched housing
C) hospitals
D) elderhostels

Question 54

Mr.Jones resides at a nursing home where he requires assistance with eating,bathing,mobility,and behaviour management.At what level of care would Mr.Jones be assessed?

A) five
B) four
C) three
D) two

Question 55

According to Mackenzie and Rachlis (2010,8-9),why do healthcare costs seem so high in Canada?

A) Because Canadians support higher levels of healthcare spending in comparison to other countries
B) Because of government decisions to cut taxes and public spending in areas other than healthcare
C) Because chronic diseases like heart disease cause healthcare costs to increase
D) Because economic factors drive healthcare costs up

Question 56

What type of patients are typically "consumers" of alternate levels of care?

A) patients with mobility problems
B) patients with arthritis
C) patients with heart disease
D) patients with dementia

Question 57

According to Mackenzie and Rachlis (2010),other than doctors,half of all healthcare costs go to which of the following?

A) nursing care
B) the government
C) hospitals
D) pharmaceutical manufacturers

Question 58

Who founded "the Eden Alternative," a philosophy to de-institutionalize nursing homes?

A) Roy Romanow
B) Dr. William Thomas
C) Tommy Douglas
D) the CIHI

Question 59

According to Constant and colleagues (2011,21),what factor explains the current increase in healthcare expenditures?

A) new treatment methods
B) improvements in medical science
C) more experienced doctors
D) new prescription drugs

Question 60

What percentage of Canadian healthcare costs are covered by the public sector?

A) 40%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 70%

Question 61

The objective of which of the following is to "provide support in the community for those people who cannot stay in their homes without it"?

A) nursing homes
B) geriatric day hospitals
C) adult daycare programs
D) quick response teams

Question 62

How does the Canada Health Act define homecare?

A) as an extended service
B) as an essential service
C) as an important service
D) as an insured service

Question 63

The Romanow Report (2002)proposed 47 recommendations to reform and renew the Canadian healthcare system.Which of the following was included in these recommendations?

A) reduced funding for homecare services and prescription drugs
B) the exclusion of medically necessary homecare services coverage
C) a privately funded healthcare system
D) provisions for the direct support of informal home caregivers

Question 64

Research on adult daycare users has found that adult daycare results in which of the following?

A) significant reductions in the need for physician services and hospital use
B) increased use of outpatient physician services, but significant reductions in hospital use
C) no significant reduction in the use of other services
D) no reduction in use of physician services, but slight reductions in hospital use

Question 65

Your aunt has a non-professional worker come to her home on a daily basis to assist her with cleaning and bathing.What is the name for this type of service that is provided for seniors?

A) homemaker services
B) adult daycare
C) nursing homecare
D) home nursing care

Question 66

Some research shows that adult daycare tends to increase which of the following?

A) the participant's dependence on social aid
B) the well-being of its participants
C) healthcare costs but significantly reduce the use of other services
D) the use of other services

Question 67

Although a wide range of older people use geriatric day hospitals to maintain themselves in the community,which group sees the most improvement?

A) cognitively impaired elders
B) women 85 years of age and older
C) seniors recovering from acute hospitalizations
D) seniors with walking problems

Question 68

Which of the following is an example of a type of therapy that is provided as a part of Ontario's Community Care Access Centres (CCAC)?

A) drug therapy
B) occupational therapy
C) Meals on Wheels
D) mental health services

Question 69

The Romanow Report (2002)states that among the immediate healthcare reform priorities,the goal of the Canadian government must be to strengthen which of the following?

A) the Canadian Geriatric Society
B) the Canadian Institute for Health Information
C) the legislative and institutional foundations of Medicare
D) the Commission on the Future of Healthcare in Canada

Question 70

What is the main difference between adult daycare and geriatric day hospitals?

A) Adult daycare treats the patient at home, rather than in a hospital.
B) Adult daycare looks after rehabilitation outside the hospital, while day hospitals are concerned mainly with care and treatment inside the hospital.
C) Adult daycare responds to the total needs of the individual, whereas day hospitals focus on medical care.
D) Adult daycare offers fewer medical services and more social and recreational services than day hospitals.

Question 71

Which of the following is a part of community care programs?

A) libraries
B) seniors' recreation clubs
C) adult daycare programs
D) elderhostels

Question 72

Which of the following systems of care receives the least funding from the federal government?

A) acute care
B) transitional care awaiting long-term care placement
C) community care
D) institutional care

Question 73

Which of the following is a service of geriatric day hospitals?

A) providing hot meals and recreation programs
B) providing entertainment while family caregivers are working
C) watching older patients at risk in the community
D) running foot care clinics

Question 74

Which of the following is an advantage of a geriatric day hospital?

A) Medication costs are lower.
B) It provides a seamless transition to a long-term care facility.
C) All medical services are provided under one roof.
D) Patients get time away from their families.

Question 75

With reference to community care programs,what is the benefit of a single-point-of-entry system?

A) It has the potential to adapt to a person's specific needs.
B) It increases client functional ability and perceived quality of life.
C) It eliminates the high costs related to duplication of services and administration expenses.
D) It allows access to all community social and healthcare services from one point in the system.

Question 76

Which of the following is an example of a homecare service offered in some provinces?

A) medication monitoring
B) nutrition counselling
C) pet therapy
D) friendly visitors

Question 77

What is the purpose of geriatric day hospitals?

A) to plan rehabilitation and care programs for older people
B) to reduce healthcare costs by remaining open only during the day
C) to integrate medical and community care models
D) to provide outpatient surgeries so that patients can recuperate at home

Question 78

What is the main focus of the social model?

A) to eliminate the psychological effects of illness on older people
B) to keep people out of institutions
C) to reduce Canada's dependence on the economic model
D) to fill the gaps in the healthcare system left by the health promotion model

Question 79

Ontario's use of Community Care Access Centres (CCACs)introduced what aspect to acquiring community care services from providers?

A) competition for contracts
B) standards of care
C) fiscal accountability
D) community representation

Question 80

Which of the following models do nursing homes fall under?

A) hospice model
B) healthcare model
C) medical model
D) health promotion model