Deck 10: Leisure, recreation, and Service

Question 1

What is the significance of the fact that older people often engage in socially satisfying,non-demanding,non-strenuous activities?

A) It lends support to the activity theory of aging.
B) It shows that older Canadians remained engaged in a wide variety of activities well into later life.
C) It is forcing gerontologists to develop new theories to describe the aging process.
D) It is due to the general physiological deterioration from aging.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What was the primary reason cited as to why Newfoundlanders did not engage in physical activity,according to Witcher et al (2006)?

A) They do not like the weather in Newfoundland and don't like to exercise outdoors.
B) They thought that at their age, they would gain little health benefit from exercise.
C) They have other activities to keep them occupied.
D) They preferred passive forms of activity as opposed to exercise.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following factors makes a significant difference in determining an older person's activity?

A) type of housing
B) intelligence quotient
C) health and life satisfaction
D) attitude towards retirement and cohort support

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Researchers studied gender influence on activity level.What did they discover when comparing women to men?

A) Women enjoy passive receptive leisure such as watching television.
B) Women who were widowed reduced their participation in physical activity.
C) Women prefer outdoor activities over indoor activities.
D) Women abandon traditional gender roles and participate in male-dominated activities.

Question 5

Research has shown that even within the same age cohort,lifestyles and activities vary because of differences in which of the following?

A) social status
B) health
C) gender
D) individual preference

Question 6

According to Hurst (2009),which group of seniors exhibited the greatest tendency to participate in active leisure?

A) women who have been widowed
B) those with a university degree
C) those who have grandchildren
D) those with pets

Question 7

Which of the following describes how older Canadians (aged 65+)spend their time in comparison to younger people?

A) more time on personal care
B) more time on cooking and food preparation
C) more time on shopping
D) more time sleeping

Question 8

According to Statistics Canada (2009),what percentage of senior Canadians were unable to participate in activities due to pain or discomfort?

A) 15%
B) 20%
C) 25%
D) 30%

Question 9

According to research,which of the following shape leisure in retirement?

A) region, income, and social status
B) education and income
C) social status and age
D) income, health, and interest level

Question 10

In 2008,the Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute reported that Newfoundlanders and Labradoreans had the highest percentage rate of physical activity in Canada.What was that rate?

A) 27%
B) 34%
C) 46%
D) 58%

Question 11

Older people take part in active leisure.How can these activities be described?

A) They are of short duration (not more than 1 hour).
B) They have personal significance.
C) They involve younger friends or relatives.
D) They include reading, going to the movies, socializing, and physical activity.

Question 12

Edwards and Mawani (2006)report that older people's activities varied by which of the following?

A) income
B) education
C) physical condition
D) season

Question 13

Why do older people avoid popular culture activities?

A) They believe they no longer have the ability to engage in these activities.
B) They have not done much of this kind of exercise in the past.
C) They often think they cannot afford either the time or the money for this type of activity.
D) They prefer other activities, such as reading books.

Question 14

Which of the following reasons tends to reduce a senior woman's participation in physical activity?

A) lack of interest
B) health reasons
C) stress
D) widowhood

Question 15

As compared with their younger counterparts,what two activities do people aged 65 years and older spend more time doing?

A) eating and walking
B) watching television and reading
C) talking on the phone and preparing meals
D) exercising and shopping

Question 16

Mr.and Mrs.Jones are avid cyclists.They live in the province/territory that has the lowest rate of physical inactivity.In which province/territory do the Jones' reside?

A) Ontario
B) Yukon
C) British Columbia
D) Newfoundland and Labrador

Question 17

According to Statistics Canada (2011),what percentage of women aged 75 years and older participate in sports or physical activity?

A) 3.2%
B) 7.8%
C) 9.7%
D) 13.9%

Question 18

According to Culos-Reed and colleagues (2008),what was the greatest advantage for seniors who participated in an eight-week mall walking program?

A) The seniors received discounts at mall stores.
B) The seniors made new friends.
C) The seniors improved their physical activity and fitness.
D) The seniors avoided harsh weather extremes by walking indoors.

Question 19

According to studies by Stobert,Dosman,and Keating (2006),approximately how much time per day do older Canadians spend on leisure activities?

A) 3.5 hours
B) 5 hours
C) 7.5 hours
D) 9 hours

Question 20

According to Ramage-Morin and colleagues (2012),what percentage of Canadians aged 40 or older meet Canada's new physical activity guidelines?

A) 6%
B) 9%
C) 12%
D) 15%

Question 21

Which two theories do McGuire,Dottavio,and O'Leary (1987)suggest we need to use to account for older people's leisure patterns?

A) activity theory and disengagement theory
B) the interpretive perspective and the normative perspective
C) continuity theory and the life-span developmental perspective
D) contraction theory and the expansion hypothesis

Question 22

For what reason do McGuire,Dottavio,and O'Leary (1987)say that leisure service providers should create many options for older adults today?

A) Expanders and contractors have different needs that must be met by programs.
B) Many people become contractors due to lack of program availability.
C) It is unclear whether there are more expanders or more contractors.
D) At least the expanders will take advantage of the opportunities.

Question 23

What did McGuire,Dottavio,and O'Leary (1987)say about a person's membership in the expander or contractor groups?

A) It was best predicted by income level.
B) It could not be predicted from income, age, race, or gender.
C) It was solely dependent on that person's health status.
D) It could be predicted from the extent of leisure education they had received.

Question 24

What is the term for people whose leisure patterns fit the continuity theory of aging?

A) stabilizers
B) contractors
C) expanders
D) inertials

Question 25

Contractors are characterized by leisure patterns that do which of the following?

A) continue the same activities learned in childhood
B) lessen in demand and intensity over time
C) can be easily modified to meet the person's abilities
D) continually replace old activities with new ones

Question 26

Your great-aunt Lucille likes to garden and swim,but she does not participate in one type of exercise that will help to build muscle mass and increase bone density.What type of activity is this?

A) strength training exercise
B) yoga
C) Pilates
D) aerobic exercise

Question 27

Low participation in sports by women may reflect which of the following?

A) Women do not enjoy sports as much as men.
B) Fewer sports programs are currently available to women than to men.
C) Women like sports, but don't like to compete.
D) Fewer women than men have spouses with whom to share sports activity.

Question 28

Expanders have a pattern of leisure that fits which of the following?

A) activity theory
B) the political-economy theory
C) continuity theory
D) the life-span developmental perspective

Question 29

Which of the following is a benefit of an active leisure lifestyle?

A) It prevents heart disease.
B) It buffers the loss of a loved one.
C) It increases good and bad cholesterol.
D) It increases bone density.

Question 30

Research has found that people often keep which type of leisure preferences?

A) those that reflect their intelligence quotient
B) those that are determined by their social contacts
C) those that they had followed in middle age
D) those that can be traced directly to childhood experiences

Question 31

According to Kramer et al.(2006),exercise can lead to improvements in which of the following?

A) cognitive speed
B) lower blood pressure
C) problem solving
D) self-efficacy

Question 32

Most of the research on aging and leisure supports which theory of aging?

A) continuity theory of aging
B) political-economy theory of aging
C) disengagement theory of aging
D) activist theory of aging

Question 33

Research shows that age cohorts may differ in their preferred way of spending leisure time,thereby creating which of the following?

A) cohort differences
B) leisure subcultures
C) experience-dependent modalities
D) extended leisure

Question 34

Which of the following words does the text use to describe senior centres?

A) an Elderhostel for older people
B) a recreation system for older people
C) a support network for older people
D) a political party for older people

Question 35

Strain (2001)reports that senior centres are used primarily by older women.What characteristics do these older women possess?

A) They are in poor health and have low incomes.
B) They live nearby and have transportation problems.
C) They have large informal social networks.
D) They live alone and have friendship networks.

Question 36

Why might gender differences in activity level disappear in the future?

A) because of the women's movement and decreasing discrimination
B) because cohorts of women who had high activity levels in youth will continue into old age
C) because increased life expectancy and more options for an active lifestyle means that more couples will stay active together
D) because programs of interest to women are becoming more common

Question 37

What do we need to do to account for older people's leisure patterns,according to McGuire,Dottavio,and O'Leary (1987)?

A) look at their leisure patterns in youth
B) remove gender as a confounding variable
C) rely on activity theory
D) use at least two theories

Question 38

Expanders are characterized by leisure patterns that do which of the following?

A) continue the same activities learned in childhood
B) continue to add activities throughout life
C) lessen in demand and intensity over time
D) increase in demand and intensity over time

Question 39

What did Ifdei (2008)find was the biggest factor among Canadians aged 55 and older as to why they did not participate in sport?

A) They could not afford the sports equipment required.
B) Their age prevented them from participation.
C) Their physical ability prevented them from playing.
D) Their family obligations prevented active participation.

Question 40

Which of the following can be concluded about research on exercise and older people?

A) The older the person, the less effect exercise has on the health of the individual.
B) Declines in physical function have as much to do with decreased activity as with aging.
C) Older people are not able to exercise to the extent necessary to achieve a significant improvement.
D) Exercise has a negative effect on the older organism by placing physical stress on weakened functions.

Question 41

According to Elderhostel statistics from 2011,approximately how many countries enrolled students in the program?

A) 35
B) 67
C) 90
D) 103

Question 42

Which of the following explains older people's interest in education as the result of many years of formal schooling causing people to return to school in old age?

A) activity theory
B) continuity theory
C) dialectical gerontology
D) social phenomenology

Question 43

According to Strain (2001)what proportion of seniors are attracted to senior centres?

A) 12%
B) 17%
C) 20%
D) 24%

Question 44

Beatrice tells her grandson about her exciting new opportunity for life-long learning education at a Canadian university in Toronto.She calls it an ILL.What do these letters stand for?

A) Institute for Lifelong Learning
B) Institutional Leisure Learning
C) Information Learning Location
D) Institute of Learning and Leisure

Question 45

What is one reason an increased demand for life-long learning will occur?

A) Nearly all older people like the university environment.
B) As technological and social changes occur in Canadian society, more older people will feel alienated and will go back to classes to readjust.
C) As life expectancy increases, there will be more older people.
D) Younger people today have higher levels of education and people with more education tend to keep taking classes as they age.

Question 46

What is the main problem for older people in most schools today?

A) Professors often discriminate against seniors by giving them special treatment (ageism).
B) The majority of subjects are inaccessible to seniors either because their knowledge is out-of-date or because they are not familiar with their practical applications.
C) They are configured to the goals of younger people and these rarely apply to the older person.
D) Enrolment fees are too high for most seniors' budgets.

Question 47

The American Council on Education (2007)says that what percentage of men and women aged 65 and over took educational programs for personal interest?

A) 53%
B) 54%
C) 26%
D) 19%

Question 48

What will result from a concentration of less healthy seniors in the neighbourhood centre of the future?

A) centres moving towards the social service agency model
B) increased local senior centre participation
C) decreased variety of programs offered by seniors' centres
D) increased reliance on other sources of recreation by older people

Question 49

An example given in the text of continuity theory's limitations in explaining seniors' interest in education in old age is that it cannot account for which of the following?

A) why older people who already have a high level of education return to school
B) why older people often take up a new interest in later life
C) why older people prefer credit to non-credit courses
D) why older people prefer arts and social science to science courses

Question 50

According to Lakin et al.(2007 and 2008),and Eduventures,why do older adults prefer face-to-face learning?

A) They like being with younger students.
B) They want the sense of satisfaction they get from face-to-face learning.
C) They cannot afford computers and are afraid to use them.
D) They like to get out of their homes to learn with other people.

Question 51

The social agency model and the social club model are both models that can be used to describe which of the following?

A) primary healthcare
B) nursing home hierarchy
C) senior centre membership
D) charitable organizations

Question 52

Which of the following is a change that universities will have to go through to attract more older learners?

A) Teachers will have to change their teaching style to fit older students' learning needs.
B) Teachers will have to increase the challenge and interest of their subjects by avoiding topics that older people might already be familiar and bored with.
C) Universities will have to give older students limited options about class times so they can attend classes.
D) Universities will have to increase the number of face-to-face classes they offer, as most seniors prefer classroom learning.

Question 53

What does Morgan (2007)suggest that senior centres will develop into in the future in order to adjust to the changing needs of older people?

A) social centres
B) service centres
C) community centres
D) entrepreneurial centres

Question 54

Many young-old seniors today see senior centres as one recreational option among many.What is the current trend among a large number of seniors who once might have been satisfied with the programs at senior centres?

A) They are finding them outdated and completely inadequate for their needs.
B) They are attracted instead to education programs at universities.
C) They are tending towards less formal means of recreation such as hanging around the mall.
D) They are tending towards more active means of recreation like travel.

Question 55

What is likely to happen in the future to the number of older people with post-secondary education?

A) It will increase for women, and decrease for men.
B) It will decrease for women, and increase for men.
C) It will decrease for both women and men.
D) It will increase for both women and men.

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of a service provided at a senior centre?

A) foot care clinics
B) banking services
C) transportation services
D) religious services

Question 57

Which of the following explains seniors' interest in education in old age as a result of growth and change throughout life?

A) the activity theory of aging
B) the continuity theory of aging
C) the life-span developmental perspective
D) the self-actualization model

Question 58

What is the Elderhostel program?

A) an educational program that combines formal learning with the European concept of hostelling
B) an informal type of nursing home where the patient lives independently in nearby apartments and goes into the hospital only for regular check-ups
C) an example of a semi-formal structure of support for seniors
D) a government program that subsidizes the construction of portable modular cottages for parents on their children's property

Question 59

What is a "skill-ette?"

A) education that is offered to seniors in smaller chunks of time
B) education on basic survival skills for seniors
C) education that is focused on the arts and entertainment
D) education that is low cost and offered at convenient times for seniors

Question 60

What are ILRs?

A) education programs that offer seniors arts-related courses only
B) education programs that provide extensive training
C) education programs that are based on peer teaching and group self-management
D) education programs that are geared to only young seniors

Question 61

What are the primary differences between second and third age learning?

Question 62

According to a 2010 AARP study,what did most seniors use social media for?

A) research on health issues
B) shopping
C) connecting with family and friends
D) booking travel arrangements

Question 63

Hall (2006)found that what percentage of Canadians aged 65 and over reported doing volunteer work once a week or more?

A) 46%
B) 39%
C) 28%
D) 15%

Question 64

With what type of work is CESO primarily associated?

A) developmental work
B) healthcare work
C) political work
D) mental health work

Question 65

In 2010,what percentage of all volunteer hours was accumulated by top volunteers?

A) 93%
B) 77%
C) 65%
D) 51%

Question 66

ILR classes do not appeal to everyone.Lamb and Brady (2005)report that women make up what percentage of students in ILRs?

A) 10-20%
B) 22-33%
C) 66-75%
D) 80-90%

Question 67

Which of the following is an important benefit of learning in the third age?

A) Learning increases a person's social status.
B) Learning prevents boredom and isolation.
C) Learning increases a person's self-confidence.
D) Learning provides new opportunities for employment.

Question 68

According to Rosenthal (2008),what obstacle did women face regarding computer usage?

A) the cost of user fees
B) anxiety or stress
C) lack of knowledge
D) fear of changing technology

Question 69

In 2011,Statistics Canada reported that what percentage of Canadians aged 45 and older have accounted for all new Internet users since 2007?

A) 18%
B) 27%
C) 54%
D) 60%

Question 70

According to Cherem (2010),what are the two reasons cited for seniors having an interest in life-long learning?

A) boredom and cognitive interest
B) cognitive interest and intellectual stimulation
C) to prevent loneliness and social isolation and build confidence
D) personal development and a way to spend discretionary income

Question 71

Which of the following is a common reason as to why most seniors volunteer their time?

A) They have nothing else to do.
B) It enables them to do things that they did not have time for in the past.
C) They feel an obligation to the community.
D) They gain a sense of purpose and psychological well-being.

Question 72

What is the primary goal of an ILR?

A) to create a sense of self-efficacy
B) to create social networks
C) to keep seniors active intellectually
D) to prevent boredom among seniors

Question 73

Describe the concepts of active leisure and passive leisure,as outlined in the text.

Question 74

According to Hall and colleagues (2006),Canadians are engaged in how many types of community service?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 75

ILRs create a social bond that enriches people beyond classroom instruction.Which of the following terms do sociologists use to refer to these relations?

A) friendships
B) peer groups
C) cohorts
D) weak social ties

Question 76

Jones and Fox (2009)discovered that all age groups had a similar usage for their computers for what function?

A) email
B) shopping
C) researching health concerns
D) making travel arrangements

Question 77

Mrs.Anderson is a housebound senior who loves to learn new skills and keep her mind active.Which of the following types of technology opens up worlds of information to active and housebound older people?

A) Internet
B) TV
C) radio
D) cinema

Question 78

According to Cutler and colleagues (2011),which of the following can enhance seniors' health?

A) paid work
B) civic engagement
C) social networking
D) mentoring younger people

Question 79

Compare and contrast the differences between contractors and expanders in terms of older people's leisure patterns.

Question 80

According to Koppen (2010),what percentage of people over 50 uses social media websites?

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 22%
D) 27%