Deck 13: Urban Patterns

Question 1

The process of legally adding land area to a city is called ________.Today,U.S.cities rarely annex peripheral land because the ________ prefer to be ________ of the central city.

A) city expansion; political leaders; independent
B) annexation; residence; legally independent
C) common good; political leaders; a part
D) city expansion; towns; a part
E) annexation; towns; recipients of the services

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is most likely to be found in the second ring of a city in the concentric model?

A) poor-quality housing
B) affluent neighborhoods
C) city hall
D) universities
E) None of the above

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which model of the internal social structure of the city explains that a city grows outward from a central area in a series of five rings,like the growth rings of a tree?

A) the concentric model
B) the sector model
C) the multiple nuclei model
D) the adaptive concentric model
E) the successive hierarchy model

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Incompatible land-use activities avoid clustering in the same locations is explained by the

A) sector model.
B) peripheral model.
C) concentric zone model.
D) multiple nuclei model.
E) location model.

Question 5

Which model of the internal social structure of the city explains that growth develops in a series of sectors?

A) the concentric model
B) the sector model
C) the multiple nuclei model
D) the adaptive concentric model
E) the successive hierarchy model

Question 6

Geographers C.D.Harris and E.L.Ullman developed the ________ model in 1945.

A) concentric model
B) sector model
C) multiple nuclei model
D) adaptive concentric model
E) successive hierarchy model

Question 7

The best-known and most visually distinctive area of most cities is the

A) Central Business District.
B) Central Residential Area.
C) Government Ministerial Region.
D) Suburban Retail District.
E) Metro Transitional Area.

Question 8

What sector no longer has a significant presence in the central business district (CBD)?

A) finance
B) transportation networks
C) government
D) manufacturing
E) other business services such as advertising, journalism, and law

Question 9

The process of legally adding land area to a city is called

A) stealing.
B) encroachment.
C) gerrymandering.
D) confiscation.
E) annexation.

Question 10

Which of the following is not true of the CBD?

A) Compared to other parts of the city, the central area uses more space below and above ground level.
B) Beneath most central cities runs a vast underground network of garages, loading docks, utilities, walkways, and transit lines.
C) Consumer services in the CBD sell office supplies, computers, and clothing, or offer shoe repair, rapid photocopying, and similar services.
D) Large department stores once located in the suburbs are now clustered in the CBD.
E) In several CBDs, new shopping areas attract suburban shoppers as well as out-of-town tourists with unique recreation and entertainment experiences.

Question 11

Business services such as advertising,banking,and journalism are centrally located mainly to

A) take advantage of the safe environment.
B) facilitate rapid communication of fast-breaking news.
C) facilitate the speedy movement of manufactured goods.
D) maintain a presence in the seat of government.
E) allow for easier commuting to and from the countryside.

Question 12

According to the peripheral model,an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by

A) large industrial parks far removed from any residential neighborhoods.
B) small clusters of suburban malls and run-down shanties (shacks).
C) large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.
D) wealthy residential neighborhoods with no access to the inner city.
E) a beltway of connected roads all leading to small rural areas where the rich live.

Question 13

Which of the following is not true of annexation in the U.S.?

A) Rules concerning annexation vary among states.
B) Normally, land cannot be annexed into a city even if a majority of residents in the affected area vote in favor of doing so.
C) Peripheral residents generally desired annexation in the nineteenth century, because the city offered better services, such as water supply, sewage disposal, and trash pickup.
D) Today's cities are surrounded by a collection of suburban jurisdictions whose residents prefer to remain legally independent of the large city.
E) As U.S. cities grew rapidly in the nineteenth century, the legal boundaries frequently changed to accommodate newly developed areas.

Question 14

When micropolitan statistical areas overlap,they can form into a megalopolis.What part of a megalopolis consists of overlapping regions of the separate micropolitan areas?

A) the periphery of the urban areas
B) the downtown areas
C) the annexed areas
D) the CBDs
E) the metropolitan areas

Question 15

The U.S.Bureau of the Census has created a method of measuring the functional area of a city,known as

A) the city-state.
B) the megalopolis.
C) the metropolitan statistical area.
D) the metropolitan influence zone.
E) the functional city limit.

Question 16

The number of local government units in the U.S.exceeds ________.

A) 200
B) 1,000
C) 10,000
D) 20,000
E) 100,000

Question 17

As of 2009,according to the U.S.Census Bureau,what percentage of Americans lived in an MSA?

A) 15
B) 37
C) 50
D) 68
E) 84

Question 18

In the United States,what 20ᵗʰ century trend is being somewhat reversed in the 21ˢᵗ century concerning Central Business Districts?

A) Finance institutions are returning to the CBD.
B) People are returning to live in the CBD.
C) Rent is becoming cheaper again in the CBD.
D) The CBD is now the focal point for the CBD.
E) Business services have returned to the CBD.

Question 19

Which of the following is the main reason why consumers,businesses,and public services are attracted to the CBD?

A) accessibility
B) congestion
C) cheap rent
D) security and safety
E) variety

Question 20

The three models describing the internal social structure of cities were developed in this city.

A) Sacramento
B) New York City
C) Seattle
D) Chicago
E) Boston

Question 21

Some limitation of the urban structure models could include all of the following except

A) too simple.
B) models were developed in the past and may not be relevant to today.
C) available model input data can be limited by the limitations of the census data.
D) the basic assumptions of each model are incompatible and cannot be combined.
E) models fail to consider the variety of reasons that lead people to select particular residential locations.

Question 22

The term ________ defines an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent,self-governing unit.

A) village
B) city
C) state
D) metropolis
E) country

Question 23

As in the United States,wealthier people in European cities cluster

A) along a sector extending out from the CBD.
B) along major highways.
C) in and around the inner city's historic buildings.
D) in bunches around stadiums and opera houses.
E) along industrial parks and waterways.

Question 24

Atlanta is encircled by highway I-285.Which urban structure model would be the most appropriate to understand the relation of the highway to the urban area?

A) concentric zone model
B) urban model
C) peripheral model
D) multiple nuclei model
E) sector model

Question 25

Approximately ________ percent of Americans live in urbanized areas.

A) 90
B) 70
C) 50
D) 40
E) 30

Question 26

In European cities,much of the housing for low-income minorities and immigrants is in

A) high-rise buildings in the suburbs.
B) high-rise buildings in the inner city.
C) single condominiums in the suburbs..
D) single condominiums in the inner city.
E) low-rise buildings in the countryside.

Question 27

Which of the following is a major difference between CBDs in Europe and those in the U.S.?

A) Fewer people live in Europe's CBDs compared to the U.S.
B) Just like the U.S., wealthy people tend to avoid living in the CBD in Europe.
C) More people live in Europe's CBDs compared to the U.S.
D) Property values are lowest in CBDs in Europe, a marked difference with the U.S. where property values are highest.
E) European CBDs make no attempt to preserve their historic buildings.

Question 28

Which of the following is generally true of many suburbs in Europe,in contrast to U.S.models?

A) Shops, schools, and other services are worse than in central-city neighborhoods, and they are centers for crime, violence, and drug dealing.
B) They have the best schools, although these same schools are centers for white-collar crime, hazing and other forms of student-on-student violence, and drug dealing.
C) Most of the best shopping malls are located here.
D) They tend to have the largest community gardens in Europe.
E) They have the highest property taxes in Europe, and their levels of crime are low.

Question 29

In developing countries,as in Europe,

A) care is taken to make sure no poor person lives in the suburbs.
B) there is no discernible urban pattern.
C) the wealthy are accommodated in the outer rings, whereas the poor live near the center of cities as well as in a sector extending from the center.
D) the poor are accommodated in the outer rings, whereas the wealthy live near the center of cities as well as in a sector extending from the center.
E) care is taken so no poor person lives in the inner city.

Question 30

The colonial city plan that the Spaniards followed for conquered Latin American cities included all of the following except

A) built around a main center square.
B) reconstruction of streets in a grid pattern.
C) a large church built on or near the center square.
D) a prominent government building or "National Palace" is built on or near the main center square.
E) monuments to honor the religious temples of the previous inhabitants are erected.

Question 31

Effective use of the urban-structure models depends on the availability of data at the scale of

A) national and state level.
B) state and municipal level.
C) municipal and city level.
D) individual neighborhood level.
E) All of the above

Question 32

Before the Europeans established colonies in Africa,Asia,and Latin America,most people there

A) lived in rural settlements.
B) lived along mountain slopes.
C) lived in large cities.
D) lived on the western side of towns.
E) divided their time between living in the city and living in rural areas.

Question 33

In European cities,many residents of the dreary suburbs are ________ who face discrimination and prejudice.

A) native Europeans who wish to preserve their ancient traditions but
B) persons of color or recent immigrants from Africa or Asia
C) immigrants from northern Europe
D) immigrants from Russia and Poland, as well as other parts of Eastern Europe,
E) None of the above

Question 34

All of the following are differences of European CBDs as compared to the U.S.CBDs except

A) more people live in CBDs.
B) more day-to-day consumer services in the CBDs.
C) narrow streets and low-rise structures.
D) contains financial services.
E) poor people more likely to live in outer rings.

Question 35

Geographers Griffin and Ford show that in Latin American cities,wealthy people

A) push out from the center in a well-defined elite residential sector.
B) push into the center in a well-defined elite residential sector.
C) have always lived exclusively in the center.
D) have always lived in the peripheries away from the center.
E) abhor the city center because of the high marginal tax rates.

Question 36

In the past,low-income people

A) lived in the center of European cities.
B) were banned from living in the cities.
C) were only allowed to live in the inner cities.
D) lived in a segregated part of the suburbs along major routes.
E) paid higher taxes for the right to live in the inner cities.

Question 37

If you are going to study where immigrants are likely to live when arriving to Paris,what model would you likely use?

A) Sectors model
B) Concentric zones model
C) Multiple nuclei model
D) Residences model
E) Relocation model

Question 38

Which of the following is not one of the limitations of the three models on the internal social structure of the city?

A) The models are too simple and fail to consider the variety of reasons that lead people to select particular residential locations.
B) The three models are all based entirely on conditions in the United States.
C) Critics question their relevance to contemporary urban patterns in the United States and in other countries.
D) Models are simplifications, and we must remember that not everyone with the same characteristics will live in the same neighborhood.
E) The models all assume that over time, cities will evolve to accommodate critical changes in demography and adapt to the growing needs of the urban poor.

Question 39

Today,low-income people

A) tend to live in the center of European cities.
B) are less likely to live in European inner-city neighborhoods.
C) are only allowed to live in the inner cities of Europe.
D) live only in a segregated part of the suburbs along major routes.
E) pay higher taxes for the right to live in the inner cities.

Question 40

What well-known landmark did the Ming Dynasty construct on the same land that the Yuan Dynasty built an important palace?

A) Forbidden City
B) Temple of Earth
C) Bell Tower
D) Dadu
E) Temple of Heaven

Question 41

The U.S.government paid 90 percent of the cost of limited-access

A) nuclear-powered passenger ships and barges.
B) major airports to support the struggling airline industry.
C) subway and light rail systems in urban areas.
D) high-speed interstate highways.
E) passenger trains.

Question 42

Inner city residents who are trapped in an unending cycle of hardships are referred to as

A) permanent welfare recipients.
B) permanently unemployed persons.
C) permanent hardship cases.
D) permanent victims.
E) a permanent underclass.

Question 43

Explain the concept of annexation.

Question 44

Cities in developing countries containing a complex mix of ethnic groups show evidence of which urban structure model?

A) multiple nuclei
B) concentric zones
C) Griffin-Ford model
D) informal settings
E) sectors

Question 45

Which of the following best explains the Griffin-Ford Model?

A) Cities in developing countries contained a complex mix of ethnic groups show evidence that rich and poor tend to congregate to separate areas.
B) Mexican cities grew so rapidly during the 20ᵗʰ century that the needed infrastructure for the wealthy could only be developed if the elite class all congregated to one area.
C) Global cities tend to form concentric rings of businesses, services, and offices where the wealthy tend to relocate
D) In Latin American cities, wealthy people push out from the center in a well-defined elite residential sector and form along a strip of infrastructure that is important to the wealthy.
E) Global cities tend to have predictable distribution of the wealthy.

Question 46

Briefly describe the multiple nuclei model for the internal social structure of cities.

Question 47

Briefly describe the characteristics of the concentric zone model.

Question 48

Which of the following is true of urban retailing?

A) Historically, urban residents bought food and other daily necessities at small neighborhood shops in the midst of housing areas.
B) Historically, grocery stores have always been outside the CBD.
C) Historically, all the large clothing stores preferred to set up shop in large suburban malls.
D) Historically, gangs made stores in the CBD pay "taxes" (protection money) to them.
E) Because of lower taxes, historically, large retail businesses preferred to locate in tall buildings.

Question 49

What is a metropolitan statistical area?

Question 50

Which of the following is not one of the chief reasons why people are attracted to the suburbs?

A) a detached single-family dwelling rather than a row house or apartment
B) a yard surrounding the house for children to play
C) space to park several cars at no cost
D) protection from inner-city crime and congestion
E) access to well-constructed houses with unique architectural designs like fireplaces and wood trim

Question 51

Before the advent of streetcars,commuter trains,and subways,the growth of suburbs was

A) constrained by poor transportation.
B) accelerated by excellent transportation.
C) not affected by the lack of transportation.
D) limited by the laws governing building new side streets.
E) accelerated by the lack of rules involving the construction of side roads.

Question 52

Which of the following actions is not helpful in reducing traffic congestion in urban areas?

A) demolition of freeways that sliced through CBDs
B) congestion charges - motorist must pay to drive into CBDs
C) tolls
D) constructing large multi-level parking structures in CBDs
E) bans - some cities have banned cars altogether from portions of the CBDs

Question 53

What best explains the differences in the density gradients between 1930 and 1990 in Figure 13.9.2?

A) Suburbs grew rapidly in the second half of the 20ᵗʰ century along with construction of apartments and town-house projects in the periphery of the CBD.
B) More jobs were created in the CBD and hence more people chose to live in the CBD by 1990.
C) The outermost gradients reduced in density by 1990 because of encroaching agriculture.
D) Improvements in mass transportation allowed people to move from the suburbs towards the CBDs between 1950 and 1990.
E) Cities implemented restrictions on cars in the CBD and adjacent gradients starting in 1950. This resulted in a higher density living in the CBD by 1990.

Question 54

A shopping mall is built by a developer,who buys the land,builds the structures,and leases space to merchants.The key to a successful large shopping mall is the inclusion of one or more

A) anchors.
B) tall buildings.
C) food vendors.
D) clothing stores.
E) government services.

Question 55

Briefly describe the sector model for the internal social structure of cities.

Question 56

What are some of the characteristics of European CBDs?

Question 57

Which of the following is not a reason why middle-class people are attracted to the U.S.inner city?

A) Houses may be larger and better constructed, yet cheaper in the inner city than in the suburbs.
B) Houses may possess attractive architectural details such as ornate fireplaces and wood trim.
C) Those who work downtown can enjoy their proximity to work.
D) Proximity to theaters, restaurants, and other cultural and recreational facilities located downtown.
E) Downtown public schools are superior, with quality instruction and high graduation rates.

Question 58

More than ________ percent of all trips within U.S.cities are made by car.

A) 95
B) 99
C) 68
D) 25
E) 33

Question 59

This is the process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing.

A) gentrification
B) gerrymandering
C) redlining
D) annexation
E) kleptocracy

Question 60

Which of the following is not true about motor vehicles in the United States?

A) There are more motor vehicles than licensed drivers.
B) More than 95% of U.S. households have a motor vehicle.
C) An average city allocates about 10% of its land to roads and parking lots.
D) The U.S. government pays for the vast majority of limited-access, high-speed interstate highways.
E) The U.S. has policies to keep the price of gasoline below the level found in Europe.

Question 61

What is gentrification and what are some of the drivers of gentrification?

Question 62

Compare colonial and post-colonial Latin American cities.

Question 63

Mexico City has an extensive outer ring of informal settlements with little or no public services or code enforcement on building.Sources state the greater metropolitan area has over 21 million inhabitants.How do you think the Mexican government accurately conducts a census on these inhabitants?

Question 64

What are some of the challenges that inner cities face in the U.S.?

Question 65

What are some of the characteristics of suburban retail?

Question 66

The text discusses limitations of the various urban structure models to explain where different types of people live in a city and suggests combining the models is a better approach.For the use of models in general,teachers often emphasize to students that some models are useful and all models are wrong.Describe what factors would make a combined model produce less than perfect predictions (be wrong to some extent).

Question 67

If you had the opportunity to design a new city from scratch,list at least 5 things you would do to insure long term city growth would not be hampered by traffic congestion in the CBD.