Deck 12: Water and 123 the Major Minerals

Question 1

Among the following, which promotes constriction of blood vessels, resulting in elevation of blood pressure?

A)Phytates
B)Angiotensin
C)Aldosterone
D)Carbonic acid
E)Magnesium

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known specifically as

A)hypertension.
B)hyponatremia.
C)hyperkalemia.
D)water intoxication.
E)hypodiuresis.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals?

A)Soft water
B)Hard water
C)Natural water
D)Distilled water
E)Carbonated water

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What is the major extracellular cation?

A)Sodium
B)Sulfate
C)Protein
D)Potassium
E)Phosphorus

Question 5

How does antidiuretic hormone function?

A)It activates renin
B)It activates angiotensin
C)It stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys
D)It stimulates sodium reabsorption by the kidneys
E)It activates aldosterone

Question 6

Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body?

A)Iron
B)Water
C)Protein
D)Calcium
E)Fat

Question 7

What is the major extracellular anion?

A)Sodium
B)Lactate
C)Sulfate
D)Chloride
E)Potassium

Question 8

Which of the following is present in highest concentration in soft water?

A)Sodium
B)Calcium
C)Manganese
D)Phosphorus
E)Magnesium

Question 9

Ions that carry a positive charge are called

A)anions.
B)cations.
C)mineralytes.
D)valence ions.
E)proions.

Question 10

Aldosterone and renin each function to promote

A)electrolyte balance.
B)retention of sodium.
C)excretion of calcium.
D)constriction of blood vessels.
E)secretion of water.

Question 11

Where is interstitial water found?

A)Within cells
B)Between cells
C)Within the lungs
D)Within blood vessels
E)Within the digestive system

Question 12

In the body, water that resides between cells is known as

A)diuretic fluid.
B)interstitial fluid.
C)edematous fluid.
D)intravascular fluid.
E)avascular fluid.

Question 13

What organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids?

A)Liver
B)Heart
C)Kidneys
D)Skeletal muscle
E)Pancreas

Question 14

What is the major intracellular anion?

A)Protein
B)Sodium
C)Phosphate
D)Bicarbonate
E)Bisphosphonate

Question 15

What is the body's most indispensable nutrient?

A)Fat
B)Water
C)Protein
D)Glucose
E)Sodium

Question 16

What is the function of renin?

A)Activates angiotensin
B)Activates antidiuretic hormone
C)Stimulates the thirst mechanism
D)Stimulates water absorption from the GI tract
E)Stimulates the production of calcitonin.

Question 17

What pituitary hormone regulates kidney retention of water?

A)Thyroxine
B)Cortisone
C)Epinephrine
D)Antidiuretic hormone
E)Aldosterone

Question 18

Approximately how many mL of water/day are produced by metabolism?

A)100-200
B)200-300
C)300-400
D)400-500
E)500-600

Question 19

Which of the following describes a way to make an electrolyte solution?

A)Dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water
B)Vigorously shake a mixture of corn oil and water
C)Dissolve a pinch of corn starch in a glass of water
D)Vigorously shake a pinch of table sugar in warm water
E)Vigorously shake a tablespoon of corn syrup or molasses in warm water

Question 20

Which of the following is a feature of water and nutrition?

A)Water intoxication is rare but can result in death
B)Water losses from the body are highest through the feces
C)Chronic high intakes increase the risk for bladder cancer
D)Soft water has significant concentrations of magnesium
E)Hard water contributes substantial potassium

Question 21

Which of the following is a general characteristic of sodium in processed foods?

A)Instant chocolate pudding is a low-sodium food.
B)Processed foods contribute less than half of the sodium in our diets.
C)Salted peanuts contain less sodium than cereals on a per-gram basis.
D)Dairy products represent major sources of sodium in our diets.
E)Frozen vegetables often include more salt than canned vegetables.

Question 22

What is a chief function of carbonic acid in the body?

A)Activates angiotensin
B)Activates angiotensinogen
C)Helps with gastric digestion
D)Helps maintain acid-base balance
E)Activates calcitonin

Question 23

The normal blood pH range is approximately

A)6.75-6.90.
B)7.00-7.25.
C)7.35-7.45.
D)7.55-7.75.
E)8.35-8.85.

Question 24

What is the force that moves water into a space where a solute is more concentrated?

A)Buffer action
B)Osmotic pressure
C)Permeable selectivity
D)Electrolyte imbalance
E)Hypertonic pressure

Question 25

What adverse response is known to occur in people who drink copious amounts of water while participating in intense physical activity?

A)Dehydration
B)Hyponatremia
C)Metabolic alkalosis
D)Elevated blood sodium
E)Ketoacidosis

Question 26

What is the term for the pressure that develops when two solutions of varying concentrations are separated by a membrane?

A)Hypotension
B)Hypertension
C)Osmotic pressure
D)Hypertonic pressure
E)Centripetal pressure

Question 27

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

A)A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium into the cell
B)A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell
C)A mechanism present throughout interstitial fluid for draining sodium from the circulation
D)A mechanism present in the kidneys that exchanges sodium with lactic acid in order to regulate organic acid concentration
E)A mechanism present in the stomach and small intestine wall that facilitates the absorption of minerals.

Question 28

The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent

A)dehydration.
B)constipation.
C)osteoporosis.
D)hypertension.
E)diabetes.

Question 29

Hyponatremia refers to low blood concentration of

A)renin.
B)sodium.
C)chloride.
D)aldosterone.
E)potassium.

Question 30

What percentage of people's salt intake comes from salt added during cooking and at the table?

A)5
B)15
C)50
D)75
E)90

Question 31

The American Heart Association goal is to lower blood pressure by reducing daily sodium intake to less than

A)1500 mg.
B)1750 mg.
C)2000 mg.
D)2250 mg.
E)2500 mg.

Question 32

The concentration of electrolyte charges is measured in

A)solute minerals.
B)milliequivalents.
C)ionic dissociates.
D)total atomic masses.
E)millijoules.

Question 33

What is the major intracellular cation?

A)Sodium
B)Calcium
C)Phosphate
D)Potassium
E)Sulphate

Question 34

What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet?

A)Processed foods
B)Unprocessed foods
C)Natural salt content of foods
D)Salt added during cooking
E)Salt added at the table

Question 35

Which of the following is a general property of the minerals?

A)When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash
B)Absorption efficiency from foods is similar among the minerals
C)Minerals in food can be degraded by heating
D)Some minerals in food are destroyed by exposure to ultraviolet light
E)There are only two important trace minerals

Question 36

In a healthy individual with a daily requirement of 500 mg sodium, what would be the sodium balance after an intake of 10 g of common salt?

A)Balanced
B)Slight positive balance
C)Strong positive balance
D)Slight negative balance
E)Strong negative balance

Question 37

Normally, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested that day?

A)Intake is higher.
B)Excretion is higher.
C)Intake and excretion are equal.
D)Excretion is unrelated to intake.
E)At extremes of intake, they are unrelated; at normal intake, intake is greater than excretion.

Question 38

When a person loses fluid by sweating or bleeding, what minerals are lost in greatest quantity?

A)Sodium and chloride
B)Bicarbonate and sulfate
C)Calcium and magnesium
D)Potassium and phosphate
E)Phosphate and potassium

Question 39

Which of the following is a major function of chloride?

A)Participates in wound healing
B)Helps maintain gastric acidity
C)Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
D)Protects bone structures against degeneration
E)Supports immune system functioning

Question 40

What organ functions as the chief regulator of the body's acid-base balance by controlling the bicarbonate concentration?

A)Skin
B)Liver
C)Kidneys
D)Stomach
E)Pineal

Question 41

Calcium-binding protein acts within the

A)kidneys.
B)intestine.
C)cortical bone.
D)trabecular bone.
E)stomach.

Question 42

What is the calcium UL (mg/day) for college-aged adults?

A)1,500
B)2,500
C)3,000
D)5,000
E)7,500

Question 43

Which of the following is the primary function of potassium?

A)Participates in wound healing
B)Helps maintain gastric acidity
C)Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
D)Protects bone structures against degeneration
E)Acts as a neurotransmitter

Question 44

Which of the following is a feature of calcium in the body?

A)High blood calcium levels correlate with tetany.
B)Abnormal dietary calcium intakes promote calcium rigor.
C)Higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness.
D)Efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption is similar for children and adults.
E)High calcium diets are highly effective in reducing body weight.

Question 45

Where is the majority of the body's magnesium found?

A)Bones
B)Teeth
C)Fatty tissue
D)Cells of soft tissue
E)Muscle

Question 46

Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus?

A)Involved in energy exchange
B)Activates fat-soluble vitamins
C)Ranks lowest among the minerals in amount present in the body
D)Ranks highest among the minerals in amount present in the body
E)In the U.S., phosphorous intake has decreased as fast food intake has increased

Question 47

The muscle stiffness that results from abnormally high calcium levels in the blood is termed

A)calcium rigor.
B)calcium tetany.
C)myosinotoxicosis.
D)calmodulin dysfunction.
E)hyperkalemia.

Question 48

Which of the following is a feature of potassium supplements?

A)Can cause toxicity
B)Should always be taken with diuretics
C)Necessary in treatment of low blood pressure
D)Absorption of the mineral decreases markedly as intake increases
E)Are important to take during pregnancy

Question 49

Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to

A)provide energy for cells.
B)provide rigidity for the bones and teeth.
C)regulate the transmission of nerve impulses.
D)maintain the blood level of calcium within very narrow limits.
E)maintain muscle health and function.

Question 50

What is hydroxyapatite?

A)Abnormal cellular structures seen in osteoporosis
B)The calcium-rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones
C)A calcium regulatory hormone secreted from the trabeculae region of bone
D)A compound in plant foods that binds to calcium and phosphorus and inhibits absorption
E)Potassium crystals found in the framework of bones

Question 51

What is calmodulin?

A)A calcium-binding protein
B)A drug that treats osteoporosis
C)A calcium supplement with high bioavailability
D)A form of calcium used in fortifying soy products
E)A drug that increases calcium availability

Question 52

Which of the following is a feature of osteoporosis?

A)It is most common in men over 45 years of age
B)It has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels
C)It results from short-term deprivation of dietary calcium
D)It causes significant alterations in the blood levels of parathormone and calcitonin
E)It affects about 30 million people in the U.S.

Question 53

Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus in nutrition?

A)Rich sources include fresh vegetables
B)Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown
C)Absorption is known to be reduced by soft drink consumption
D)Its participation in bone synthesis requires equivalent intake of dietary calcium
E)Organ meats, such as liver, are relatively poor sources

Question 54

Which of the following people are at known risk for potassium depletion?

A)Athletes who are body-builders
B)Construction workers in cold climates
C)Those who ingest low amounts of fresh fruits/vegetables
D)Those who consume insufficient amounts of salted foods
E)Women with heavy menstrual periods

Question 55

People in the United States who are meeting their recommended intake for calcium usually are

A)taking calcium supplements.
B)consuming liberal amounts of spinach.
C)on prescription osteoporosis medications.
D)low consumers of phytate-containing foods.
E)lacto-ovo-vegetarians.

Question 56

Which of the following foods are significant sources of oxalates?

A)Seeds and nuts
B)Processed cheeses
C)Fermented dairy products
D)Spinach and sweet potatoes
E)Cauliflower and cabbage

Question 57

Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of

A)fiber.
B)vitamin D.
C)phytic acid.
D)oxalic acid.
E)glucose.

Question 58

Which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium?

A)Berries and some tree fruits
B)Pasta and rice
C)Enriched grains
D)Certain greens such as mustard and turnip greens
E)Dark green leafy vegetables like spinach and Swiss chard

Question 59

Which of the following is a feature of potassium?

A)Its levels are unrelated to blood pressure.
B)Liberal intakes may correct hypertension.
C)Major dietary sources are processed foods.
D)Deficiencies are usually the result of deficient intakes.
E)It is present at high levels in cheddar cheese.

Question 60

Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency?

A)Extreme thirst
B)Muscle weakness
C)Profound sweating
D)Lowered blood pressure
E)Hypoglycemia

Question 61

What is the major source of dietary sulfur?

A)Fats
B)Protein
C)Mineral salts
D)Carbohydrates
E)Water

Question 62

Which of the following is a feature of magnesium in nutrition?

A)Toxicity is common in people taking diuretics
B)High intakes interfere with stability of tooth enamel
C)The amounts present in hard water are poorly utilized
D)Average intakes from food are below recommendations
E)There is no upper level for intake set for adults

Question 63

The primary mechanism by which soy consumption may lower the risk for osteoporosis is related to

A)greater kidney retention of calcium.
B)the presence of bioavailable calcium.
C)more stable hydroxyapatite crystal formation.
D)the estrogen-like activity of soy phytochemicals.
E)the use of calcium alginate in processing soy beans.

Question 64

What does a DEXA scan measure?

A)Bone density
B)Severity of bone microfractures
C)Bioavailability of calcium supplements
D)Calcium absorption and excretion balance
E)Movement of calcium throughout the body

Question 65

____________________ helps to make the calcium-binding protein needed for absorption.

Question 66

____________________ is the major cation of the intracellular fluids.

Question 67

Which of the following is a characteristic of calcium supplement use?

A)Taking them with a meal enhances absorption of calcium
B)Taking them with iron supplements enhances absorption of iron
C)Supplements of calcium carbonate show higher bioavailability than calcium citrate
D)Small pills containing a large amount of calcium salt show faster dissolution in the stomach
E)Taking them with carbonated beverages can speed their dissolution and increase calcium bioavailability

Question 68

____________________ is the major anion of the extracellular fluids.

Question 69

As bones begin to form, calcium salts form crystals, called ____________________, on a matrix of the protein collagen.

Question 70

The development of osteoporosis in men typically occurs at what age in relation to the appearance of osteoporosis in women?

A)5 years earlier
B)About the same time
C)5 years later
D)10 years later
E)15 years later

Question 71

____________________ forms part of the protein-making machinery and is necessary for energy metabolism.

Question 72

The outer, hard shell of bone is called

A)cortical bone.
B)dolomitic bone.
C)trabecular bone.
D)hydroxyl bone.
E)structural bone

Question 73

____________________ is the second most abundant mineral in the body.

Question 74

Deficiencies of ____________________, an oxidized form of a mineral, do not occur when diets contain protein.

Question 75

The incidence of death within 1 year of sustaining an osteoporosis-related hip fracture is about

A)2%.
B)6%.
C)20%.
D)33%.
E)50%

Question 76

____________________ is found not only in bones and teeth, but also in all body cells as part of a major buffer system, and is found in almost all foods, making deficiency rare.

Question 77

How many mg of calcium are present in a 500-mg tablet of calcium carbonate?

A)100
B)200
C)300
D)400
E)500

Question 78

____________________ caused by excessive sodium losses, not from inadequate sodium intake.

Question 79

Which of the following is a feature of bone metabolism?

A)Cortical bone mass alone is diagnostic of osteoporosis
B)Trabecular bone is the chief supplier of blood calcium on a low-calcium diet
C)The strongest predictor of bone density is calcium intake during the third decade of life
D)Bone density of former smokers never achieves the level found in people who never smoked
E)Heavy alcohol intake is modestly protective of bone density when beer and wine are consumed but not when liquor is

Question 80

As much as ____________________ percent of the sodium in people's diets comes from salt added to foods by manufacturers; about ____________________ percent comes from salt added during cooking and at the table; and only ____________________ percent comes from the natural content in foods.