Deck 16: Life Cycle Nutrition: Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence

Question 1

Which of the following defines nursing bottle tooth decay?

A)Caries development resulting from frequent use of non-sterile bottles and nipples.
B)Bacterial attack of teeth due to severe tooth misalignment from sucking on oversized bottle nipples.
C)Marked tooth decay of an infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle.
D)Tooth decay resulting from constant exposure to food due to inability of the infant to swallow normally.
E)Tooth decay resulting from the rubbing of the nipple against the teeth and consequent thinning of enamel.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is a common source of lead poisoning in infants?

A)Maternal passage of lead to fetus
B)Baby bottles made from lead crystal
C)Contaminated water used to make infant formula
D)Preparation of infant formula in galvanized containers
E)Environmental contamination from leaded gasoline

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is associated with bifidus factors?

A)Increased iron absorption
B)Increased bacterial growth
C)Decreased allergy protection
D)Decreased hormone production
E)Impaired immune response

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the relative weight of an infant brain compared to an adult's brain?

A)Half as much
B)About the same
C)Three times as much
D)Six times as much
E)Ten times as much

Question 5

What is the chief protein in human breast milk?

A)Casein
B)Lactose
C)Albumin
D)Alpha-lactalbumin
E)Lactoferrin

Question 6

What would be a normal body weight after one year for a healthy infant with a birthweight of 8 lbs?

A)12 lbs
B)16 lbs
C)24 lbs
D)30 lbs
E)36 lbs

Question 7

What is thought to be the primary function of the oligosaccharides in breast milk?

A)Stimulation of the let-down reflex
B)Protection from infections in the infant
C)Stimulation of salivary amylase in the infant
D)Enhanced bioavailability of DHA and arachidonic acid
E)Increase the permeability of intestinal mucous

Question 8

What factor in breast milk binds iron and prevents it from supporting the growth of the infant's intestinal bacteria?

A)Colostrum
B)Lactoferrin
C)Hemoferritin
D)Bifidus factor
E)Lysozyme

Question 9

For optimal breast-feeding benefits, it is recommended that the infant be encouraged to suckle on the first breast offered

A)for about 1-2 minutes.
B)for no more than 5 minutes.
C)before he shows signs of hunger.
D)until he stops actively suckling.
E)until he begins to cry.

Question 10

What is lactadherin?

A)An iron-binding protein in breast milk
B)A vitamin D-binding protein in breast milk
C)A breast milk protein that inactivates a GI virus that causes diarrhea
D)A protein supplement to infant formulas that simulates the digestibility properties of alpha-lactalbumin
E)A protein that promotes epidermal growth

Question 11

What is the typical weight gain (lbs) of an infant between the first and second year of life?

A)5
B)10
C)15
D)20
E)25

Question 12

What is colostrum?

A)A clot in the bloodstream
B)A major protein in breast milk
C)A hormone that promotes milk production
D)A milk-like substance secreted right after delivery
E)Antibodies found in breast milk

Question 13

Goat's milk is inappropriate for infants due to its low content of

A)iron.
B)folate.
C)protein.
D)calcium.
E)vitamin D.

Question 14

Which of the following formulas is available for infants with lactose intolerance?

A)Egg
B)Soy
C)Barley
D)Powdered cow's milk
E)Goat's milk

Question 15

What is the most realistic advice for reducing lead exposure from the tap water used to prepare infant formula?

A)Because the lead in hot water pipes settles out overnight, draw the water from this source first.
B)Whenever possible, boil the water to vaporize the lead and thus decrease the amount remaining in the water.
C)Because the first water drawn from the tap each day is highest in lead, let the water run a few minutes before using it.
D)To inhibit lead absorption, add a small amount of citrus juice to the water to provide citric acid to complex with the lead.
E)Filtering the water through a clean coffee filter will typically remove the majority of lead contamination.

Question 16

The recommended amounts of vitamins and minerals for infants are based on the

A)average amounts present in body tissues of thriving infants.
B)adult RDA scaled down to infants on a per kg body weight basis.
C)older child's RDA scaled down to the infant on a per kg body weight basis.
D)average amounts ingested by thriving infants breastfed by well-nourished mothers.
E)average amounts found in breast milk.

Question 17

Compared with cow's milk, breast milk contains

A)less protein and calcium.
B)less lactose and vitamin C.
C)more fat and less carbohydrate.
D)more energy and less vitamin E.
E)more vitamin D.

Question 18

Which of the following is a feature of infant development and nutrition?

A)Overfeeding a breast-fed infant is easier than with a formula-fed infant.
B)Breast-fed infants obtain iron-binding proteins that inhibit bacterial infections.
C)Breast-fed infants are at high risk of iron deficiency for the first 6 months of life.
D)For optimal development, infants should be transitioned to formula after one year of breast-feeding.
E)Goat's milk is an appropriate substitute for infants who cannot tolerate cow's milk.

Question 19

What organ in the infant uses more than half of the day's total energy intake?

A)Liver
B)Brain
C)Kidney
D)Skeletal muscle
E)Small and large intestines

Question 20

To gradually replace breast milk with infant formula or other foods appropriate to an infant's diet is to

A)feed.
B)wean.
C)nurse.
D)breastfeed.
E)mature.

Question 21

Which of the following is a characteristic of fat in the diet of children?

A) The recommended daily fat intake up to age 12 is age plus 20 g.
B) There is an RDA for total fat for children beginning at 3 years of age.
C) Low-fat diets usually provide sufficient amounts of the micronutrients.
D) Fat intakes below 30% of total energy do not impair growth provided that total energy intake is adequate.
E) Children between 4 and 18 years of age should get at least 50% of their energy from fat.

Question 22

Which of the following is a feature of nutrition in childhood?

A)Very few children take nutrient supplements of any kind.
B)Total energy requirements are higher for a typical 3 year old than a 12 year old.
C)Iron-deficiency anemia in children is prevalent in Canada but not the United States due to fortification.
D)Children who fail to consume vitamin D-fortified foods should receive a daily supplement of 10 micrograms.
E)Vegetarian and vegan diets are unsafe for children.

Question 23

Approximately how many kcal per day does an average 6 year old need to obtain?

A)400
B)800
C)1600
D)2400
E)3200

Question 24

Of the following cereals, which is most likely to result in an allergic reaction upon first feeding?

A)Oat
B)Rice
C)Corn
D)Wheat
E)Barley

Question 25

Which of the following is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. and Canadian children?

A)Iron
B)Protein
C)Calcium
D)Vitamin C
E)Vitamin A

Question 26

Which of the following was a finding of the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study?

A)Most toddlers but not infants consumed insufficient intakes of sodium.
B)The most popular food among these population groups was baked potatoes.
C)Most infants but not toddlers demonstrated food intake patterns consistent with MyPlate recommendations.
D)About one-fourth of the infants and toddlers failed to consume even one serving of fruits or vegetables daily.
E)Less than 10% of young preschoolers consumed nutrient-poor, energy-dense beverages, desserts, and snack foods each day.

Question 27

Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency in children?

A)It affects brain function before anemia sets in.
B)It rarely develops in those with high intakes of milk.
C)It is the primary factor in tension-fatigue syndrome.
D)Mild deficiency enhances mental performance by lowering physical activity level, thereby leading to increased attention span.
E)Children who had iron deficiency as infants recover completely when iron levels are normalized.

Question 28

Infants fed honey or corn syrup are at increased risk for

A)protein malnutrition.
B)botulism.
C)osteopenia.
D)type 1 diabetes.
E)lead poisoning.

Question 29

Which of the following feeding practices is recommended for preterm infants?

A)They should be fed exclusively on breast milk.
B)They should be fed on breast milk enriched in a 1 to 1 ratio with cow's milk.
C)They should be fed preterm breast milk, occasionally fortified with specific nutrients.
D)They should be fed only on special formulas because the nutrient content of breast milk is too low.
E)They should be fed raw cow's milk fortified with infant vitamins.

Question 30

Which of the following is characteristic of children who regularly eat breakfast or skip breakfast?

A)Breakfast-skippers actually show lower scores on IQ tests than those who eat breakfast.
B)Attention spans are similar but a significant number of breakfast-skippers show hyperglycemia.
C)Breakfast-skippers initially show decreased mental performance but with time they adapt and show almost identical achievements.
D)Breakfast-skippers who change to eating breakfast show a temporary improvement in mental concentration but also a moderate degree of hypoglycemia.
E)Children who skip breakfast and often quite thin and malnourished.

Question 31

Which of the following nutrients need to be supplied first by solid foods in a baby's diet?

A)Vitamin C and iron
B)Vitamin A and zinc
C)Vitamin B₁₂ and fluoride
D)Vitamin E and magnesium
E)Sodium and manganese

Question 32

Which of the following represents a good age to introduce solid foods to infants?

A)Two weeks
B)Two months
C)Five months
D)Nine months
E)One year

Question 33

At what age does the normal infant first develop the ability to swallow nonliquid food?

A)1 to 2 months
B)2 to 4 months
C)4 to 6 months
D)6 to 9 months
E)9 to 12 months

Question 34

Children should spend no more than ____ hours per day watching television, playing electronic games, and using the computer (except for homework)

A)1 to 2
B)2 to 3
C)3 to 4
D)4 to 5
E)5 to 6

Question 35

Which of the following is a characteristic of hunger and behavior in children?

A)Children who fail to eat breakfast typically become hyperactive after eating lunch.
B)The nutrient deficit arising from skipping a breakfast is usually made up over the following 2 days.
C)Children who eat nutritious breakfasts are absent from school less often than their friends who do not.
D)Although breakfast-skippers show reduced attention spans, their scores on intelligence tests remain unaffected.
E)While hunger can have short-term effects, there is little evidence for long-term effects.

Question 36

What should be the first cereal introduced to the infant?

A)Oat
B)Corn
C)Rice
D)Wheat
E)Barley

Question 37

Why should new foods be introduced to an infant one at a time?

A)It prevents overfeeding.
B)Any allergic reactions can be detected.
C)Immunological protection hasn't been developed.
D)The swallowing reflex is not under voluntary control.
E)It reduces risk of upset stomach.

Question 38

Which of the following is true regarding energy metabolism of the preschool child?

A)Food intake is remarkably similar from meal to meal.
B)Overweight individuals have appetites similar to normal-weight individuals.
C)Energy needs per kg body weight increase from 1 year of age to 5 years of age.
D)A 1 year old who needs 800 kcal/day would require only about 1600 kcal at 6 years of age.
E)An active 10 year-old requires about 3200 kcal/day.

Question 39

Which of the following is a characteristic of lead exposure and health?

A)Absorption of lead is higher on an empty stomach.
B)Lead toxicity is most prevalent in children around the time of puberty.
C)Lead-induced anemia is similar to the anemia of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.
D)The symptoms of lead toxicity can be reversed by adding iron to the diet.
E)Lead exposure is extremely rare in the U.S..

Question 40

Young children who drink more than 2 to 3 ¹/₂ cups of milk a day are most likely at increased risk for deficiency of

A)iron.
B)folate.
C)vitamin A.
D)vitamin C.
E)vitamin D.

Question 41

Which of the following foods are most often the cause of anaphylactic shock?

A)Eggs, peanuts, and milk
B)Bananas, juice, and cola
C)Apples, noodles, and rice
D)Pears, oatmeal, and chocolate
E)Barley, corn, and quinoa

Question 42

What is the leading cause of high blood pressure in children?

A)Obesity
B)High sodium intake
C)Insufficient calcium intake
D)Insufficient potassium intake
E)Excess vitamin E intake

Question 43

Who is best able to manage the growth and weight gain of overweight children?

A)School nurse
B)Parents/caregivers
C)Health-care professional
D)School physical education instructor
E)Peers

Question 44

Approximately what percentage of U.S. children between 2 and 19 years of age are overweight?

A)4
B)8
C)16
D)32
E)48

Question 45

Which of the following is a feature of nutrition and behavior in children?

A)Hyperactivity responds favorably to a low-sugar diet.
B)The adverse effects from caffeine first appear only after drinking 6 cans of cola in one day.
C)Television commercials featuring snack foods have been found to affect children's food preferences.
D)Because most children are sensitive to the stimulating effects of caffeine, they are able to control their intake of cola beverages.
E)Research indicates a strong relationship between food dyes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Question 46

What population group consumes the most soft drinks each day at school?

A)Teenage boys
B)Teenage girls
C)10 to 12 year-old boys
D)10 to 12 year-old girls
E)8 to 10 year-old boys and girls

Question 47

A child with a true allergy to milk is actually allergic to the milk's

A)casein.
B)lactose.
C)medium-chain fats.
D)bovine growth hormone.
E)contamination with antibiotics.

Question 48

What food is responsible for the most life-threatening allergic reactions in people?

A)Eggs
B)Peanuts
C)Shellfish
D)Cow's milk
E)Soy

Question 49

Which of the following is a characteristic of a food allergy?

A)It always elicits symptoms in the person.
B)It always involves the production of antibodies.
C)It always shows up immediately after exposure to the allergic food.
D)It is elicited from very small, simple molecules as well as large, complex molecules.
E)It is less severe than an intolerance.

Question 50

Which of the following is a characteristic of obesity in childhood?

A)The typical obese child does not learn food behaviors from his family.
B)A nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in adulthood.
C)An obese adolescent with one obese parent has virtually a 100% chance of becoming obese in adulthood.
D)The typical obese child today has approximately the same energy intake as did children 30 years ago.
E)Obese children should be put on restrictive diets to reduce their weight as quickly as possible.

Question 51

If a child is allergic to soy, which of the following should be avoided?

A)Milk
B)Diglycerides
C)Peanut butter
D)Textured vegetable protein
E)Seitan

Question 52

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, what is the recommended maximum number of hours/day of television viewing for a child under 2 years of age?

A)0
B)1
C)2
D)3
E)5

Question 53

What percentage of young school aged children exhibit hyperactivity?

A)5%
B)7%
C)9%
D)11%
E)13%

Question 54

The typical can of soft drink contains the equivalent of how many teaspoons of sugar?

A)1
B)3
C)7
D)10
E)16

Question 55

A child known to be allergic to peanuts who begins to show signs such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the tongue, and severe abdominal discomfort is most likely in immediate need of a life-saving injection of

A)cortisone.
B)serotonin.
C)epinephrine.
D)acetylcholine.
E)histamine.

Question 56

A child who develops antibodies to a certain food is said to have a

A)food allergy.
B)food intolerance.
C)specific inducible episode.
D)transient immune suppression.
E)histamine inhibition response.

Question 57

To help improve a child's BMI, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limiting television and video time for children older than 2 years to how many hours per day?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 58

What is thought to account, in part, for the rise in the prevalence of peanut allergy?

A)Excess sodium consumed as part of the peanuts.
B)Roasting peanuts at very high temperatures makes them more allergenic.
C)Impaired digestion/absorption resulting from elevated leptin and adiponectin levels.
D)Increased inflammation of the immune system due to altered ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids.
E)Hyperstimulation of the immune system by multiple vaccines.

Question 59

A life-threatening whole-body allergic reaction is known as

A)anaphylactic shock.
B)hyperhistamine response.
C)hyporespiratory syndrome.
D)wheezing food intolerance.
E)immunoresponsive allergy.

Question 60

Which of the following is an effective strategy for dealing with obesity in a child?

A)Encourage the individual to eat quickly and then leave the table.
B)Institute new eating habits such as teaching the individual to clean the food plate.
C)Engage the individual in at least 1 hour per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity.
D)Take control and strongly encourage the individual to lose weight by limiting food intake and exercising vigorously.
E)Behavior modification programs that reward healthy choices and punish unhealthy choices.

Question 61

____________________, the over-the-counter version of orlistat, should not be given to anyone younger than age 18.

Question 62

Even in preschoolers whose habits are being established, existing dietary attitudes are relatively resistant to change. How should wise parents react?

A)Be patient and persistent.
B)Impose their own eating habits on the children.
C)Wait until the children start school to initiate changes.
D)Exert continuous pressure to initiate good food habits.
E)Punish inappropriate eating behavior.

Question 63

No single nutrient is more essential to growth than ____________________.

Question 64

After the age of ____________________ years, children can be transitioned to fat-free milk if care is taken to avoid excessive restriction of dietary fat.

Question 65

About how many meals each week are eaten outside the home by adolescents?

A)3
B)7
C)10
D)14
E)18

Question 66

When children are allowed to eat freely from a variety of foods, they usually select foods that are high in

A)iron.
B)fiber.
C)sugar.
D)protein.
E)fat.

Question 67

If a child is reluctant to try a new food, it is best to

A)send the child to his/her room.
B)withhold dessert until all food on the plate is eaten.
C)quietly remove it and present it again at another time.
D)encourage other family members to coax the child to eat it.
E)ignore the child until he or she eats it.

Question 68

A true ____________________ occurs when fractions of a food protein or other large molecule are absorbed into the blood and elicit an immunologic response.

Question 69

Which of the following is a feature of beverage intake in adolescents?

A)Juice intake is spread throughout the day.
B)Milk intake occurs primarily between meals.
C)Males typically drink less milk than females.
D)Four standard colas a day provides enough caffeine to alter behavior.
E)Soft drinks are typically consumed in addition to milk, not instead of it.

Question 70

What minimum fraction of the RDA for key nutrients for children 10-12 years of age should be provided by public school lunches?

A)1/8
B)1/4
C)1/3
D)1/2
E)2/3

Question 71

Adverse reactions to foods that do not involve the immune system are called ___________________.

Question 72

Approximately what fraction of an average teenager's daily energy intake is derived from snacks?

A)1/4
B)1/3
C)1/2
D)2/3
E)3/4

Question 73

Girls younger than the age of 14 who have started to menstruate, need additional ____ milligrams of iron per day.

A)1
B)1.5
C)2
D)2.5
E)3

Question 74

One factor that has limited the success of the School Breakfast Program is that

A)the cost is prohibitive.
B)the meals are not nutritious.
C)children simply do not participate in it.
D)fewer than 10% of the nation's schools participate in it.
E)many pediatricians oppose it.

Question 75

Honey should never be fed to infants because of the risk of ____________________.

Question 76

The component of breast milk that inhibits the development of inflammatory bowel disease and supports a healthy epithelial barrier is ____________________.

Question 77

____________________ is a craving to consume nonfood items.

Question 78

____________________ in breast milk help to establish and maintain growth of desired bacteria in gastrointestinal tract and inhibit pathogen attachment to the intestinal mucosa.

Question 79

Limited research suggests that food additives such as ____________________ preservative may exacerbate hyperactive symptoms such as inattention and impulsivity in some children.

Question 80

Which of the following is a characteristic of the adolescent period?

A)Obesity occurs more often in African-American females.
B)Appetite for red meat increases in females to meet iron needs.
C)More nutrient-dense foods are needed by males because of their faster development.
D)The risk for calcium insufficiency is greatest in males due to their high intake of soft drinks.
E)The adolescent growth spurt begins around age 12 for females and 10 for males.