Deck 7: Research

Question 1

Which of the following types of sampling provides the most external validity,or the degree to which the results of the study can be generalized to settings other than the one included?

A)Stratified sampling
B)Systematic sampling
C)Random sampling
D)Convenience sampling

Answer 1

Random sampling

Question 2

Continuous data use ________ scales of measurement.

A)interval
B)ordinal
C)ratio
D)a and c

Answer 2

a and c

Question 3

Which of the following is most often used to display data representing interval- or ratio-scaled variables that are continuous in nature?

A)Frequency polygon
B)Histogram
C)Bar graph

Answer 3

Frequency polygon

Question 4

What is the median of the following distribution of scores-3,4,4,6,8,10,14?

A)4
B)6
C)7
D)14

Question 5

The results of the calculation for ___________ show either a positive or negative relationship.

A)confidence
B)a normal distribution
C)correlation
D)median

Question 6

The term ____________ is used in regard to numeric characteristics of the population.

A)parameter
B)control
C)correlation
D)independent variable

Question 7

Cancer staging for tumors is an example of the ________ scale of measurement.

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Question 8

A perfect positive correlation is shown by ___ and a perfect negative correlation is shown by __.

A)100;0
B)+1.0;0
C)+1.0;-1.0
D)alpha,a;zeta,x

Question 9

During data collection,it is important to use calibrated instruments that are valid and:

A)sophisticated.
B)honored.
C)reliable.
D)justified.

Question 10

The _______________ is most often used to measure interval and ratio variables.

A)mean
B)median
C)mode
D)variance

Question 11

The term _____________ is used when discussing numeric characteristics of samples.

A)calibrated
B)statistic
C)inferential
D)variable

Question 12

Which of the following scales of measurement is the most powerful?

A)Nominal
B)Ordinal
C)Interval
D)Ratio

Question 13

The first step in beginning a research study is:

A)the formulation of a hypothesis.
B)the formulation of an idea.
C)gathering data.
D)testing the null hypothesis.

Question 14

The research statement is often expressed as a __________,which assumes that there is no statistically significant difference among the groups being studied.

A)random sample
B)target population
C)null hypothesis
D)independent variable

Question 15

Interrater reliability refers to:

A)the extent that two or more raters obtain the same result when using same instrument to measure a concept.
B)the same rater making the same assessment on two or more occasions.
C)gathering data that has intended to be collected.
D)a and c

Question 16

Which type of sampling prevents the possibility of selection bias by the researcher?

A)Purposive sampling
B)Convenience sampling
C)Systematic sampling
D)Random sampling

Question 17

The _______ is the average of the group.

A)mean
B)median
C)mode
D)standard deviation

Question 18

Discrete data:

A)are measurements made from a particular value within a defined range.
B)are quantitative in nature.
C)are qualitative in nature.
D)a and c

Question 19

Which of the following is true concerning the independent and dependent variables?

A)The dependent variable is controlled or manipulated by the researcher.
B)The independent variable is thought to depend on or to be caused by the dependent variable.
C)The independent variable is controlled or manipulated by the researcher and is believed to cause or influence the dependent variable.
D)a and c

Question 20

Systematic sampling:

A)is the random selection of subjects from two or more strata of the population.
B)involves the selection of subjects by including every nth person in a list.
C)provides a sample,through personal judgment,of subjects who would be most representative of the population.
D)provides a group of individuals who are most readily available to be subjects in the study.

Question 21

When the confidence interval (CI)is 95%,there is a __% chance that the observed results or differences between study and control groups are due purely to chance.

A)100
B)95
C)5
D)0

Question 22

The independent t-test determines differences in the ______ between two ________ groups.

A)mean;dependent
B)mean;independent
C)median;dependent
D)median;independent

Question 23

A statistical analysis would most likely be found in which of the sections of a primary research manuscript?

A)Abstract
B)Materials and methods
C)Results
D)Discussion

Question 24

A normal distribution assumes that approximately __% of the population fall within 1 standard distribution (SD)of the mean.

A)50
B)68
C)75
D)90

Question 25

Which of the following is true of the t-test?

A)The t-test is used to analyze the difference between two means.
B)The dependent t-test determines differences in the mean between two independent groups.
C)When the test is used on a single group that yields pretreatment and post-treatment scores,it is known as a t-test for independent samples.
D)a and c

Question 26

A reputable journal is commonly affiliated with a professional group or society,a specialty group,or a reputable scientific publisher.A reputable scientific journal may be a journal that is a popular magazine or published by a commercial firm.

A)Both statements are true.
B)Both statements are false.
C)The first statement is true;the second statement is false.
D)The first statement is false;the second statement is true.

Question 27

A type II beta (b)error means that:

A)the conclusion states that no relationship exists when one actually does.
B)the conclusion states that a relationship exists when it does not.
C)the null hypothesis is accepted but is actually false.
D)a and c

Question 28

Which part of the primary research manuscript is usually confined to approximately 200 words and concisely defines the study's purpose,methods,materials,and results?

A)Methods
B)Materials
C)Abstract
D)Results

Question 29

Parametric techniques work best when the sample is ______ and randomized and the population from which the sample is taken is __________.

A)small;normally distributed
B)small;skewed
C)large;normally distributed
D)large;skewed

Question 30

Which of the following is the most common nonparametric test?

A)T-test
B)Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
C)Chi-squared test
D)Standard deviation

Question 31

The P value:

A)indicates a range of values within which the parameters of the population have a probability of lying.
B)states how likely it is that the study could have come to a false scientific conclusion.
C)determines how many subjects are needed to provide significance.
D)occurs when the researcher rejects a null hypothesis when it is true.

Question 32

A normally acceptable P value is P <:

A).99
B).95
C).05
D).01