Deck 11: Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

An echocardiogram reveals an ejection fraction of 55%.On the basis of this information,how would the patient's cardiac function be described?

A) Adequate
B) Mildly decreased
C) Moderately decreased
D) Severely decreased

Answer 1

Adequate

Question 2

A patient reports feeling dizzy after standing quickly.Which finding could provide a clue regarding the cause?

A) Hemoglobin level of 14.0 g/dL and hematocrit level of 42.3%
B) Poor skin turgor with extended tenting
C) Supine blood pressure of 146/93 mm Hg
D) Resting heart rate of 96 beats/min

Answer 2

Poor skin turgor with extended tenting

Question 3

What is the name of outermost layer of an artery?

A) Tunica
B) Intima
C) Adventitia
D) Media

Answer 3

Adventitia

Question 4

Which step of impulse conduction is most conducive to atrial kick?

A) The firing of the sinoatrial node, which results in atrial depolarization
B) The conduction delay at the atrioventricular (AV) node, allowing time for filling
C) Conduction through the bundle of His, enhancing ventricular depolarization
D) Conduction to the Purkinje fibers, allowing for ventricular contraction

Question 5

A patient is admitted with right- and left-sided heart failure.The nurse's assessment reveals that the patient has 3+ pitting edema on the sacrum,blood pressure of 176/98 mm Hg,and bilateral crackles in the lungs.The patient is experiencing shortness of breath and chest discomfort.On the basis of this information,how would the nurse evaluate the patient's preload status?

A) The patient is hypovolemic and has too little preload.
B) The patient is experiencing congestive heart failure (CHF) and has too little preload.
C) The patient is experiencing heart failure and has too much preload.
D) The patient is hypertensive and the preload is not a factor.

Question 6

What percentage of volume does atrial kick contribute to ventricular filling?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 5%
D) 45%

Question 7

Which statement regarding the autonomic nervous system's role in the regulation of heart rate is true?

A) Parasympathetic influences increase heart rate.
B) Sympathetic influences are predominantly present.
C) Parasympathetic influences are only compensatory.
D) Both sympathetic and parasympathetic influences are normally active.

Question 8

Why do many patients with very high heart rates frequently have chest pain and shortness of breath?

A) Patients with heart disease frequently have an anxiety disorder as well.
B) The rapid pounding of the heart in the chest wall causes the physical pain.
C) The heart muscle gets tired from the increased work.
D) The decreased diastolic time decreases oxygen delivery to the myocardium.

Question 9

Which of the following values reflects a normal cardiac output at rest?

A) 2.5 L/min
B) 5.8 L/min
C) 7.3 L/min
D) 9.6 L/min

Question 10

Which phase is the final repolarization phase of the action potential?

A) Phase 1
B) Phase 2
C) Phase 3
D) Phase 4

Question 11

What is the normal resting membrane potential of a myocardial cell?

A) 10 to 20 mV
B) 30 to 40 mV
C) -20 to -30 mV
D) -80 to -90 mV

Question 12

A patient presents with atrial fibrillation,a heart rate of 156 beats/min,and a blood pressure of 124/76 mm Hg.The practitioner orders diltiazem,a calcium channel blocker,to be given slowly by intravenous push.Why did the practitioner choose this medication to treat this patient's atrial tachyarrhythmia?

A) Diltiazem decreases the calcium influx into the atrioventricular (AV) nodal tissue and decreases the speed of impulse conduction.
B) Diltiazem increases the calcium influx into the AV nodal tissue and decreases the speed of impulse conduction.
C) Diltiazem decreases the calcium influx into the myocardial tissue and decreases the strength of heart contraction.
D) Diltiazem increases the calcium influx into the myocardial tissue and decreases the strength of heart contraction.

Question 13

What is one hemodynamic effect of a pericardial effusion?

A) Increased ventricular ejection
B) Decreased ventricular filling
C) Myocardial ischemia
D) Increased afterload

Question 14

What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV)valves?

A) Prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction
B) Prevent blood regurgitation back into the ventricles
C) Assist with blood flow to the lungs and aorta
D) Contribute to ventricular filling by atrial kick

Question 15

A patient is admitted with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.The monitor pattern reveals bradycardia.Occlusion of which coronary artery most likely resulted in bradycardia from sinoatrial node ischemia?

A) Right
B) Left anterior descending
C) Circumflex
D) Dominant

Question 16

Depolarization of one myocardial cell will likely result in what physiologic response?

A) Completion of the action potential in that cell before a new cell can accept an impulse
B) Quick depolarization and spread to all of the heart
C) Depolarization of only cells superior to the initial depolarization
D) Quick depolarization of only cells inferior to the initial depolarization

Question 17

Which of the following is most descriptive of the capillary?

A) Large diameter, low pressure
B) Small diameter, high pressure
C) Large diameter, high pressure
D) Small diameter, low pressure

Question 18

Which structure is the primary or natural pacemaker of the heart?

A) Ventricular tissue
B) Atrioventricular node
C) Sinoatrial node
D) Purkinje fibers

Question 19

The atrioventricular (AV)node delays the conduction impulse from the atria (0.8-1.2 seconds)for what reasons?

A) To limit the amount of blood that fills the ventricle from the atria
B) To provide time for the ventricles to fill during diastole
C) To limit the number of signals the ventricles receive in some rhythms
D) To allow the atria to rest between signals

Question 20

Which is an example of a physiologic shunt?

A) A ventricular septal defect
B) Blood returning from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium
C) A septal infarct
D) The thebesian vessels returning deoxygenated blood to the left ventricle

Question 21

Which factors influence stroke volume?

A) Afterload
B) Cardiac output
C) Contractility
D) Heart rate
E) Preload

Question 22

A patient is admitted with right- and left-sided heart failure.The nurse's assessment reveals that the patient has 3+ pitting edema on the sacrum,blood pressure of 176/98 mm Hg,and bilateral crackles in the lungs.The patient is experiencing shortness of breath and chest discomfort.Increased afterload is probably present related to the patient's blood pressure.Which therapeutic measure will most likely decrease afterload in this patient?

A) Administration of vasodilators
B) Placement in high Fowler position
C) Elevation of extremities
D) Increasing intravenous fluids

Question 23

Place the following components of the cardiac conduction pathway in the correct anatomic order.
1)Atrioventricular node
2)Bundle branches
3)Bundle of His
4)Internodal pathways
5)Purkinje fibers
6)Sinoatrial node

A) 6, 1, 4, 3, 2, 5
B) 6, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5
C) 6, 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
D) 4, 3, 2, 5, 6, 1

Question 24

What are the two important proteins contained within the cardiac cells that contribute to contraction?

A) Z-disk and A-band
B) Actin and myosin
C) I-band and M-band
D) Renin and angiotensin

Question 25

What is the name of the valve that allows blood flow into pulmonary artery?

A) Aortic
B) Tricuspid
C) Mitral valve
D) Pulmonic valves