Deck 6: The Proteins and Amino Acids

Question 1

For the majority of exercisers,adding excess protein or amino acid supplements to an adequate diet will stimulate muscle building.​

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The growth of well-fed vegetarian children is similar to that of their meat-eating peers.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Which of the following is found in protein but not in carbohydrate or fat?​

A)calories
B)carbon
C)​hydrogen
D)​oxygen
E)​nitrogen

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The body normally makes tyrosine from the essential amino acid:​

A)leucine.
B)lysine.
C)​isoleucine.
D)​valine.
E)​phenylalanine.

Question 5

Which of the following accounts for the differences among the various amino acids?​

A)the presence or absence of nitrogen
B)the amine group
C)​the side chain
D)​the type of bonds
E)​the acid group

Question 6

Overconsumption of protein-rich foods offers no benefits and may pose health risks,particularly for weakened kidneys.​

Question 7

When a person ingests a large dose of any single amino acid,absorption of others of its type may be limited.​

Question 8

Growing children are in negative nitrogen balance because they need more protein for adding blood,bone,and muscle cells.​

Question 9

Sound nutrition authorities acknowledge that well-chosen vegetarian diets are consistent with good health and can meet nutrient needs.​

Question 10

The body is able to make all of the 20 amino acids needed from fragments derived from carbohydrate and fat.​

Question 11

Some foods are so high in acid that they are capable of making the acid in the stomach even stronger.​

Question 12

Sickle-cell disease is an example of an inherited variation in the amino acid sequence.​

Question 13

Pre-digested proteins are easy to digest and can relieve the digestive system from overworking.​

Question 14

Antibodies are large proteins in the blood that are effective in helping to destroy invading foreign particles.​

Question 15

Each amino acid has its own distinctive chemical side chain attached to the center carbon of the backbone.​

Question 16

Legumes are a good source of protein,many B vitamins,iron,and other minerals,making them exceptionally nutritious foods.​

Question 17

A(n)____ bond is formed between the amine group end of one amino acid and the acid group end of the next amino acid in a protein.​

A)peptide
B)sulfur
C)​amino acid
D)​carbon
E)​denatured

Question 18

If needed,protein can help to maintain a steady blood glucose level and so meet the glucose needs of the brain.​

Question 19

Without critical essential amino acids to perform their roles,many of the body's life-sustaining activities would come to a halt.​

Question 20

Vegetarians have significantly higher rates of hypertension than the general population.

Question 21

Which of the following cooking methods would you use to increase the digestibility of protein?​

A)grilling
B)smoking​
C)​frying
D)​stewing
E)​baking

Question 22

The strategy of combining two _____ plant protein sources permits the amino acids in one food to make up for those lacking in the other food.​

A)complete
B)whole-grain
C)​complementary
D)​indigestible
E)​high-tryptophan

Question 23

In making recommendations for protein intake,the committee on DRI took into consideration that the protein in a normal diet would be:​

A)a combination of animal and plant sources.
B)primarily from plant sources.
C)​primarily from animal sources.
D)​used with 100% efficiency by everyone.
E)​used only for muscle mass.

Question 24

The process of protein turnover includes:​

A)excreting old amino acids that are left from cell breakdown.
B)synthesizing intestinal cells,which live for 3 to 4 months.
C)eating food sources of amino acids every day to grow new cells and replace worn-out ones.
D)preserving all old amino acids in the body to be re-circulated.
E)​circulating proteins in the bloodstream to replenish peptide chains.

Question 25

When amino acids are degraded for energy,their amine groups are stripped off and used elsewhere or incorporated by the liver into:​

A)urea.
B)glucose.
C)​glycogen.
D)bile.​
E)​urine.

Question 26

If amino acids are oversupplied:​

A)muscle tissue formation is accelerated.
B)the body converts amino acid residues to extra blood proteins.
C)​they are filtered from the blood and excreted by the kidneys.
D)​the body removes and excretes their amine groups.
E)​the body stores them until they are needed.

Question 27

The sequences of amino acids that make up a protein molecule are specified by:​

A)the diet.
B)age.
C)​gender.
D)​genes.
E)​sex.

Question 28

Negative nitrogen balance occurs in:​

A)growing children.
B)lactating women.
C)​pregnant women.
D)​a surgery patient.
E)​a casual exerciser.

Question 29

Amino acids are "wasted" (not used to build protein or nitrogen-containing compounds)in the body whenever there is:​

A)inadequate dietary sodium or potassium.
B)too much energy from dietary carbohydrate and fat.
C)​too great a variety of amino acids supplied by the diet.
D)​too much dietary protein.
E)​adequate high-quality protein in the diet.

Question 30

Which of the following is a protein catalyst,which facilitates chemical reactions?​

A)amino acid
B)enzyme
C)​lipoprotein
D)​hormone
E)​antibody

Question 31

The stomach lining is protected from the very strong acid of the stomach by:​

A)peptides.
B)saliva.
C)​enzymes.
D)​a coat of mucus.
E)​antibodies.

Question 32

Proteins attract water and hold it within blood vessels,preventing it from freely flowing into the spaces between the cells.This is an example of how protein is used for:​

A)building enzymes,hormones,and other compounds.
B)supporting growth and maintenance.
C)​maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.
D)​maintaining pH balance.
E)​building antibodies.

Question 33

The DRI for protein is determined using:​

A)height.​
B)activity level.
C)​body size.
D)​sex.

Question 34

Of the following foods,which likely contains the most easily digestible protein?​

A)oats
B)tuna
C)​potatoes
D)​peanuts
E)​whole wheat

Question 35

The DRI Committee recommends _____ percent of total calories as the minimum amount of protein.​

A)35
B)5
C)​15
D)​10
E)​20

Question 36

How many amino acids are considered to be essential amino acids?​

A)5
B)20
C)​7
D)​13
E)​9

Question 37

All of the following cause denaturation of proteins except:​

A)bases.
B)heat.
C)​alcohol.
D)​light.
E)​salts of heavy metals.

Question 38

The DRI for protein for healthy adults is _____ gram(s)per kilogram of body weight.​

A)1.0
B)1.5
C)​0.5
D)​2.0
E)​0.8

Question 39

Which of the following provides amino acids that are best absorbed by the body?​

A)poultry
B)vegetables
C)​fruits
D)​legumes
E)​grains

Question 40

For athletes,the path to bigger muscles includes​

A)less protein and more carbohydrate than is recommended for non-athletes.
B)extra protein without physical work.
C)​vigorous physical training.
D)​well-timed meals,which directly stimulate protein synthesis.
E)​small doses of protein supplements after workouts.

Question 41

​In times of energy shortage due to inadequate carbohydrates or fats in foods,the body uses protein in what way?

A)decreases the breakdown of food proteins for energy and uses stored glycogen
B)stores amino acids in the cells to be used later for energy
C)​removes the nitrogen portion and uses the remaining fragments for energy
D)​converts it to fat to provide more concentrated energy
E)​strips off its acid groups so that they can be used elsewhere for energy

Question 42

Humans need to eat protein-containing foods regularly because:​

A)we need essential amino acids that can only be provided by foods.
B)our bodies cannot make any amino acids needed for proteins.
C)​the function of protein is to maintain our muscle strength.
D)​protein is broken down quickly during digestion and lost from the body.
E)​protein is a good source of the essential nutrients iron,zinc,and B₁₂. 

Question 43

A young man has said to you that he is eating much more protein in his diet than the recommendation but he feels he needs the extra amount just in case he wants to build more muscle mass in the near future.How would you respond to him?​

A)It should be fine because the cells will store the extra amino acids for future use.
B)If he has excess calories in his diet,he may gain fat weight from converted protein.
C)​The extra protein will be used for fuel instead of the carbohydrate.
D)​The body won't digest the extra protein and it will be eliminated in feces.
E)​The excess amino acids can only be stored for up to 48 hours.

Question 44

Tim,who lost a large amount of weight during an illness,is thinking about taking amino acid supplements to help him regain muscle mass.What advice would you give him?​

A)Amino acid supplements are an excellent way to quickly provide energy to muscles for rebuilding.
B)Taking amino acid supplements helps keep the digestive system from overworking while you recover from illness.
C)​Extra carbohydrate,but never extra protein,is needed for recovery.
D)​He should also do plenty of exercise to promote muscle regain.
E)​Whole protein is better handled by the digestive system and will better promote recovery.

Question 45

Which statement about the role of protein in a weight-loss plan is accurate?​

A)Protein should contribute 65 percent or more of the calories.
B)There is no evidence that protein helps control the appetite.
C)It is the proper proportion of nutrients that brings about long-term weight loss.
D)​Meeting protein recommendations during weight loss is critical for preserving lean tissues.
E)​Total energy expenditure is more important than energy intake.

Question 46

The more animal protein you eat,the higher your intake of _____.​

A)vitamin B₁₂​
B)vitamin A
C)​folate
D)​vitamin C
E)​serotonin

Question 47

An athlete consumes large amounts of meat in an effort to build extra muscle tissue.This practice does not work because:​

A)the body has only a limited capacity to store extra amino acids.
B)the body will dismantle its tissue proteins in this situation.
C)​meat does not provide sufficient amino acids to build muscle tissue.
D)​a diet high in protein does not provide enough total energy to support growth.
E)​the body uses excess amino acids as fuel or stores them as fat.

Question 48

When considering the digestion and absorption of proteins,it is important to know that:​

A)proteins are broken down into individual amino acids and absorbed by all intestinal cell absorption sites at an equal rate.
B)larger peptide molecules must be completely broken down into amino acids to be absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestine.
C)​cells in the small intestine absorb different types of amino acids at separate absorption sites,which causes competition by similar amino acids at these absorption sites.
D)​amino acids need a carrier in the bloodstream because they do not transport very well alone.
E)​protein digestion and absorption requires simultaneous ingestion of some form of carbohydrate.

Question 49

A child suffering from protein deficiency develops edema.This is an example of protein's role in:​

A)supporting growth and maintenance.
B)building enzymes and hormones.
C)​maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.
D)​maintaining acid-base balance.
E)​maintaining pH balance.

Question 50

Certain proteins act as buffers in the blood.In this role they are responsible for:​

A)providing immunity from foreign substances that invade the body.
B)making sure that sodium is transported outside the cells.
C)​ensuring that too much fluid in the cells doesn't cause edema.
D)​picking up and releasing hydrogens in the blood to balance its pH.
E)​ensuring that blood glucose is maintained within a specific range.

Question 51

Removing the grain protein gluten from the diet has been shown to:​

A)resolve digestive problems in people with celiac disease.
B)help with weight loss in people trying to lose weight.
C)​reduce problems with insomnia.
D)​reduce cancer risk.
E)​cause protein deficiency.

Question 52

Proteins use the process of active transport to move substances into or out of the cell by:​

A)opening passages in the membrane and escorting substances into the cell.
B)attaching to minerals to carry them throughout the bloodstream.
C)​decreasing the water content in cells to get rid of excess acid or base levels.
D)​sending antibodies to cells to carry excess proteins out to where they are needed.
E)​binding to insoluble molecules and moving them through osmosis.

Question 53

Why should eggs be cooked,rather than eaten raw?​

A)Raw egg proteins provide excessive amounts of the mineral iron.
B)Raw egg proteins speed up protein digestion.
C)​Raw egg proteins cannot be denatured in the human body.
D)​Raw egg proteins are completely indigestible.
E)​Raw egg proteins bind the B vitamin biotin.

Question 54

The recycling system for amino acids in the body is primarily used to:​

A)provide fuel for the cells to spare glucose.
B)convert nonessential amino acids into essential amino acids.
C)​provide the cells with materials to build body proteins.
D)​add protein to muscles when there is a shortage of energy from foods.
E)​produce immune proteins.

Question 55

What is the result of a dietary protein deficiency?​

A)increased synthesis of proteins​
B)decreased breakdown of body protein
C)​a weakened immune system
D)​enhanced nutrient absorption
E)​increased bone turnover

Question 56

An overemphasis on protein-rich foods can lead to:​

A)a low intake of iron.
B)a low intake of vitamin B₁₂.
C)​an excessive intake of vitamin c.
D)​a low intake of all vitamins.
E)​a low intake of folate.

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true?​

A)Athletes may need slightly more protein than other healthy adults.
B)Athletes should consume protein supplements to build muscle.
C)​Dieters should take protein supplements to spare body protein.
D)Infants and children need the same amount of protein as adults on a per-kilogram basis.
E)​Protein recommendations are based strictly on age and gender.

Question 58

Which of the following food categories contribute an abundance of high-quality protein?​

A)vegetables and fruits
B)milk and fruits
C)​meat alone;other categories provide low-quality protein
D)​grains and vegetables
E)​milk and meat

Question 59

Which of the following is not associated with an excess of protein?​

A)enlarged livers in humans
B)enlarged kidneys in animals
C)​worsening of existing kidney problems
D)​high-fat foods that contribute to obesity
E)​increased use of amino acids for energy

Question 60

Which of the following food groups does not provide significant protein?​

A)fruits
B)grains
C)​vegetables
D)​milk,yogurt,and cheese
E)​legumes

Question 61

Cells will do all of the following to create their own working proteins from available amino acids except:​

A)synthesize nonessential amino acids that are missing for the protein that is being made.
B)obtain amino acids that are available in the cell's amino acid pool.
C)​slow down protein synthesis until enough of the limiting amino acid is available again.
D)​hold partially completed proteins until the diet provides the missing amino acids.
E)​break down their internal proteins to liberate the needed amino acids.

Question 62

A woman who is on a vegan diet has become pregnant.What would be a health concern for her?​

A)She will need to increase her intake of soy products and seaweed to receive adequate B₁₂.
B)She may have difficulty gaining adequate weight during her pregnancy.
C)​She may have too high an iron intake because of the high iron levels in plant foods.
D)​Her diet will most likely be deficient in omega-6 fatty acids.
E)​She may enter pregnancy overweight and deficient in vitamin C and folate.

Question 63

Discuss consequences of protein deficiency.​

Question 64

The best way to ensure adequate absorption of dietary iron when consuming soy products is to:​

A)include leafy greens because the iron they contain is absorbed readily.
B)avoid dried fruits because they interfere with iron absorption.
C)include vitamin C-rich foods because they enhance absorption of iron.
D)​consume three times the amount of iron recommended for meat eaters.
E)​include eggs and cheese at least three times a week as an iron supplement.

Question 65

Including which of the following foods in a vegan child's diet helps to ensure adequate growth and bone development?​

A)soy milk for iron
B)dark green vegetables for omega-3 fatty acids
C)​raisins for calcium
D)​whole grains for zinc
E)​marine algae oil for vitamin B₁₂

Question 66

Describe what happens when amino acids are oversupplied in the diet.​

Question 67

Which of the following would have the highest protein DRI per unit of body weight?​

A)a 28-year-old woman
B)a 6-year-old child
C)​a 40-year-old male
D)​a 34-year-old woman
E)​a 28-year-old male

Question 68

Poorly-planned vegetarian diets typically lack all of the following except:​

A)calcium.
B)vitamin B₁₂.
C)​zinc.
D)​folate.
E)​iron.

Question 69

Your mother is considering changing her diet to include only non-meat proteins to reduce her risk of developing heart disease or cancer.What evidence is available to support her decision?​

A)Vegetarian diets contain greater amounts of heart-protective omega-3 fatty acids.
B)Plant-based diets are usually lower in saturated fat and higher in fiber,which reduces risk of heart disease.
C)​Substituting soy for meat proteins has resulted in a large decrease in heart disease risk.
D)Lung cancer never develops in people eating plant-based diets.
E)​Intakes of fruit and vegetables decrease when meat consumption decreases.

Question 70

A sedentary male college student aged 23 needs how much protein if he weighs 175 pounds?​

A)46 grams/day
B)64 grams/day
C)​86 grams/day
D)​140 grams/day
E)​175 grams/day

Question 71

A 10-year-old boy is going through a growth spurt.Because he needs to build new muscle tissue,what should his nitrogen status be?​

A)positive nitrogen balance
B)negative nitrogen balance
C)​nitrogen equilibrium
D)​nitrogen deficiency
E)​nitrogen excess

Question 72

Which of the following is a health benefit of a vegetarian diet?​

A)Eating small amounts of soy protein can contribute to a major decline in LDL cholesterol.
B)Even though vegetarians may eat cheese,sour cream,and butter in their diets,their blood lipids do not reflect it.
C)Lacto-ovo vegetarians have a lower rate of cancer than fish but not meat eaters.
D)​Vegetarians tend to have lower blood pressure than nonvegetarians.
E)​A vegetarian diet correlates with increased energy intake and increased obesity.

Question 73

Describe the relationship between vegetarian diets and risks of colon cancer.​

Question 74

Compared to meat eaters,vegetarians tend to have:​

A)higher death rates from heart disease.
B)lower intakes of phytochemicals.
C)​higher blood pressure.
D)​lower intakes of nuts and fruits.
E)​healthier body weights.

Question 75

Explain how proteins help to regulate the quantity of fluids in the compartments of the body to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.​

Question 76

An adolescent girl has decided to adhere to a vegetarian diet and has selected a tossed green salad,whole-wheat crackers,and apple juice for lunch.What would you advise her about her complementary protein sources?​

A)She has made good choices of complementary protein foods.
B)Adding garbanzo beans to her salad would provide the protein combination she needs.
C)​She has to include milk or cheese with her meal or there will not be enough protein.
D)​Adding rice to her meal will provide the necessary amino acids.
E)​She should not be following a vegetarian diet because it is not nutritionally adequate.

Question 77

What is the DRI for protein for a 40-year-old male who is 6'4" tall and weighs 180 pounds?​

A)34 grams
B)49 grams
C)​65 grams
D)​144 grams
E)​180 grams

Question 78

A 135-pound woman who is 38 years old needs how much protein?​

A)49 grams/day
B)56 grams/day
C)​86 grams/day
D)​110 grams/day
E)​135 grams/day

Question 79

Which statement is true of a vegan diet?​

A)Very young children may not consume enough plant sources of protein to build and maintain bone and muscle tissue.
B)A vegan woman always has excellent stores of nutrients needed for pregnancy.
C)​Research shows that vegan diets promote normal growth in children.
D)Vegan children's daily protein requirement is less than meat-eating children's.
E)Child-sized vegan servings are larger than adult-sized vegan servings.