Deck 6: Making a Living

Question 1

In the opening narrative, the Quiche Maya account for the origin of __________.

A) beans
B) corn
C) squash
D) tomatoes

Answer 1

corn

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a primary system of interest to economic anthropologists?

A) the way that groups organize their labor
B) the way tasks are allocated to different people in the community
C) the way that all humans require food to survive
D) the way that goods are distributed within the community and between communities

Answer 2

the way that all humans require food to survive

Question 3

__________ is intensive farming which invests great amounts of time, labor, and technology.

A) Pastoralism
B) Horticulture
C) Agriculture
D) Foraging

Answer 3

Agriculture

Question 4

You are an anthropologist observing a new society that no one else has explored. You are trying to determine the subsistence pattern of the group. The group is highly mobile and is constantly moving around their geographic area. They do not rely on domesticated animals like cattle. The size of the group remains small, usually not more than 20 people. Sometimes, when resources are plentiful, a number of different smaller groups will come together into a larger group for a few weeks. However, when the resources become scarce again they will disperse into their smaller groups. Based on these observations, what type of subsistence pattern do you think that this group uses?

A) foraging
B) agriculture
C) horticulture
D) pastoralism

Question 5

Which of the following subsistence strategies can result in the largest carrying capacity?

A) foraging
B) agriculture
C) horticulture
D) pastoralism

Question 6

Foragers are usually __________.

A) mobile
B) permanent
C) scattered
D) farmers

Question 7

The sub discipline of anthropology that focuses on subsistence strategies is called __________.

A) symbolic anthropology
B) biometric anthropology
C) archaeology
D) economic anthropology

Question 8

Which of the following factors does NOT lead to variation in subsistence strategies?

A) available resources
B) climate of the region
C) topography
D) continent

Question 9

Which of the following is a small-scale form of farming using simple technology?

A) pastoralism
B) horticulture
C) agriculture
D) foraging

Question 10

The __________ is the number of people who can be sustained by the resources and environment in which they live.

A) scale
B) sustainability
C) resource scarcity
D) carrying capacity

Question 11

Hunter-gatherers are also called __________.

A) horticulturalists
B) agriculturalists
C) foragers
D) pastoralists

Question 12

Which of the following subsistence strategies results in the least amount of mobility?

A) foraging
B) agriculture
C) horticulture
D) pastoralism

Question 13

__________ are methods of obtaining food.

A) Economies
B) Subsistence patterns
C) Carrying capacities
D) Agriculture

Question 14

__________ is the application of animal studies and decision theory to human foraging.

A) Behaviorism
B) Optimal foraging theory
C) Economic anthropology
D) Experimental anthropology

Question 15

The gathering together and then reallocation of food and resources to ensure everyone's survival is called __________.

A) reciprocity
B) a leveling mechanism
C) redistribution
D) subsistence

Question 16

__________ is a subsistence strategy that focuses on raising and caring for herds of domesticated animals.

A) Pastoralism
B) Horticulture
C) Agriculture
D) Foraging

Question 17

__________ are cultural practices designed to equalize access to food, resources, and social prestige through a community so that no one individual can amass greater wealth or greater prestige than other people.

A) Reciprocal networks
B) Social redistribution
C) Behavioral norms
D) Leveling mechanisms

Question 18

Two basic modes of substance involve __________ and __________ food.

A) finding, growing
B) fishing, hunting
C) preparing, cooking
D) hunting, gathering

Question 19

Which of the following subsistence strategies typically results in the highest amount of mobility?

A) foraging
B) agriculture
C) horticulture
D) intensive agriculture

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a food producing subsistence strategy?

A) pastoralism
B) foraging
C) agriculture
D) horticulture

Question 21

The Dobe Ju/'hoansi live in __________.

A) the Congo River basin
B) East African savanna regions
C) the Kalahari Desert of Botswana and Namibia
D) forested areas of northern Angola

Question 22

Pastoralism is different from __________ because pastoralism is a way of life in which the economy, settlement patterns, and social systems are all adapted to large scale herding.

A) sheparding
B) animal husbandry
C) animal collection
D) industrial agriculture

Question 23

__________ is the basis of social etiquette in most foraging societies.

A) Conflict avoidance
B) Family cohesiveness
C) Contact avoidance
D) Communal sharing

Question 24

Pastoralism is __________ a self-contained subsistence strategy.

A) always
B) usually
C) rarely
D) defined as

Question 25

Possibly the earliest domesticated animal was __________.

A) pigs in China
B) llamas in South America
C) cattle in Africa
D) goats in the Middle East

Question 26

In Ju/'hoansi society "insulting the meat" is a __________.

A) religious practice
B) way to avoid excess sharing of meat with others
C) leveling mechanism
D) method to evaluate the food value of acquired meat

Question 27

The two domesticated animals kept in North America before European contact were __________ and dogs.

A) goats
B) horses
C) chickens
D) turkeys

Question 28

Although certain key resources may be considered to be owned by a person or family in foraging societies, for example acorn groves by the Miwoks of California, owners __________.

A) must grant formal requests by others to use the resource
B) must provide for the upkeep of the resource or risk loss of ownership
C) cannot sell any of the resource to others
D) must distribute excess foods from the resource with others when it is available

Question 29

While optimal foraging theory can provide a number of insights into foraging groups, what aspect of human society does optimal foraging theory arguably ignore?

A) population size
B) location
C) genetics
D) culture

Question 30

Which of the following is the reason that meat is highly valued by Ju/'hoansi people?

A) Meat is a less highly concentrated source of protein than vegetable foods.
B) Uncertain success at hunting means that meat is a rarer food than vegetable resources.
C) Meat is not shared frequently in the Ju/'hoansi society.
D) The Ju/'hoansi prefer the taste of meat to the taste of vegetables.

Question 31

Pigs were first domesticated in __________.

A) Egypt
B) North Africa
C) China
D) Southern Europe

Question 32

Although Ju/'hoansi men spend more time and energy in subsistence work, women provide __________ of the calories consumed.

A) 73%
B) 56%
C) 49%
D) 36%

Question 33

__________ is one strategy used by many foragers to limit population growth because it reduces women's fertility.

A) Herbal teas
B) Limited meat intake
C) Prolonged nursing
D) Seclusion

Question 34

Because of resource variability over time, foraging populations ideally would not exceed __________.

A) the carrying capacity of the area in a bad year
B) the carrying capacity of the area in an average year
C) one person per twenty square miles
D) one person per five square miles

Question 35

Although situations vary, studies of foragers show they __________ compared to people in farming or industrial societies.

A) work much more
B) live longer
C) work less
D) consume more calories

Question 36

Ownership of land __________ that is/are of utmost importance for foraging to remain successful.

A) reinforces resource access
B) contradicts the flexibility
C) distributes easy to acquire resource types
D) provides the permanent large land base

Question 37

An example of the importance of both male and female labor in foraging societies is shown by the Alaskan example of __________.

A) families which were headed by males or females depending on the personalities of the members
B) families making decision by democratic voting
C) families adopting children to balance gender composition
D) the practice of both male and female infanticide

Question 38

Distribution of meat from large families is a __________ in the cases of both the Inuit and Dobe Ju/'hoansi.

A) first come first serve process
B) emotionally charged and dangerous process
C) source of status and power acquisition
D) highly ritualized process

Question 39

According to Richard Lee's research, Ju/'hoansi male workweeks were approximately __________, which included subsistence, tool maintenance, and housework.

A) 65 hours
B) 52 hours
C) 45 hours
D) 30 hours

Question 40

Pastoralists have faced difficulties in modern states because __________ is rarely compatible with governmental goals for development.

A) their need for large expanses of land
B) their extremely conservative worldviews
C) their notion of collective land ownership
D) their need for high quality farmlands

Question 41

If a society owns large amounts of land and also a large amount of physical property (such as animal herds, stable houses, tools, and other household items), the society most likely uses what type of subsistence practice?

A) foraging
B) pastoralism
C) horticulture
D) agriculture

Question 42

Pastoralists tend to be ?__________ egalitarian than foraging societies in their division of labor, because __________.

A) more; both men and women tend to the animals
B) less; men and boys typically tend to the animals
C) more; both sexes perform the same jobs
D) less; women do not take part in subsistence strategies at all

Question 43

Individual ownership of animals tends to promote acquisition of differential wealth in pastoral societies which is mitigated by __________.

A) the inability to acquire too much
B) social mores that demand generosity
C) very high bride prices to be delivered in animals
D) the possibility of multiple claims by individuals on an animal

Question 44

Horticulturalists try to produce enough surplus to __________.

A) be a buffer against a bad year
B) sell on the local market
C) last for three to four bad years
D) shift to full agriculture

Question 45

Agriculturalists tend to be __________, while horticulturalists may be __________.

A) sedentary, mobile
B) mobile, sedentary
C) states, bands
D) states, tribes

Question 46

__________ is the practice among pastoralists of moving to new pastures on a seasonal basis.

A) Nomadism
B) Migration
C) A seasonal round
D) Transhumance

Question 47

How many sheep and goats are necessary to sustain a Basseri family?

A) 25
B) 50
C) 100
D) 200

Question 48

Since horticultural societies rarely produce great surpluses of food, they usually use some of the population control techniques employed by foragers; which of the following is NOT a technique regularly used?

A) infanticide
B) ritual periods of sexual abstinence
C) prolonged periods of breast-feeding
D) adoptions

Question 49

The Basseri are a pastoral society in __________.

A) Syria
B) Iran
C) Algeria
D) Turkey

Question 50

Which of the following tools would you NOT expect to find frequently in an agricultural society?

A) irrigation systems
B) draft animals
C) complex technology
D) digging sticks

Question 51

Because farming requires regular access to land, farming societies tend to be __________.

A) nomadic
B) imperialistic
C) state level societies
D) sedentary

Question 52

What is the practice of frequently leading herds to new pastures?

A) transhumance
B) translocal
C) transnational
D) transdistance

Question 53

Horticulturalists in Africa often shift between two stable residences during __________.

A) food shortages
B) the dry and rainy seasons
C) intergroup conflicts
D) ritual periods

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a use that animal products are put to by the Nuer of southern Sudan?

A) milk for food
B) meat on ritual occasions
C) payments for wives
D) pets

Question 55

Today __________ has forced almost all the Nuer to give up pastoralism and seek refuge outside Sudan.

A) a drought
B) Sudan's relocation policies
C) a civil war
D) a crash in the market price of cattle

Question 56

What is one of the principal reasons why pastoralists cannot maintain their way of life?

A) they do not have sufficient animals
B) they do not have sufficient access to water
C) they do not have sufficient territory to graze their animals
D) they do not own any land

Question 57

Both the Basseri and the Nuer prefer to __________ for food.

A) use animal products such as milk to killing animals
B) kill animals rather than using animal products
C) never kill animals and use only ones who die of natural causes
D) rely completely on animals

Question 58

Which of the following tools would you NOT expect to find in a horticultural society?

A) digging sticks
B) hoes
C) handheld tools
D) irrigation systems

Question 59

In pastoral societies, __________ tend to be individually owned while __________ is communally owned by family members.

A) dwellings, livestock
B) wives, land
C) animals, land
D) females, livestock

Question 60

Some pastoralists, such as the Bantu of Africa, have supplemented their subsistence strategy with __________ in the past.

A) trading spices from distant areas with local sedentary populations
B) raiding local sedentary populations
C) intermarrying with local sedentary populations
D) working for wages in cities

Question 61

The Kaluli of Papua New Guinea currently number more than __________.

A) 10,000
B) 500
C) 2,000
D) 100

Question 62

Which subsistence strategy yields the highest fertility rates?

A) horticulture
B) foraging
C) pastoralism
D) agriculture

Question 63

Which of the following is an element in the world-wide spread of agriculture?

A) ability to infinitely increase carrying capacity in an area
B) technological innovation
C) population growth
D) warfare

Question 64

Industrial agriculture tends to __________.

A) result in crops which are more vulnerable to climatic variation
B) lead to food shortages in bad seasons
C) limit the number of crops and varieties of crops used
D) produce larger numbers of agricultural jobs

Question 65

The application of industrial technology and chemicals to farming in order to increase productivity is called __________.

A) horticulture
B) intensive agriculture
C) centralization
D) industrial agriculture

Question 66

In the United States, less than __________ of the population works in agriculture.

A) 12%
B) 3%
C) 20%
D) 1%

Question 67

Early agricultural populations __________, based on archaeological studies of bones and teeth.

A) were healthier
B) suffered declines in overall health
C) suffered from fewer diseases
D) suffered population declines

Question 68

Slash and burn cultivation, otherwise known as __________, is a farming technique for preparing new fields by cutting down trees and bushes then burning them in order to clear the land and enrich the soil with nutrients.

A) crop rotation
B) field rotation
C) swidden cultivation
D) fertilizer based horticulture

Question 69

Which of the following does NOT characterize industrial agriculture?

A) specialization of crop production
B) a tendency toward competition among producers
C) overproduction of farm products
D) better quality diets

Question 70

Which of the following is a chain of consequences of food production?

A) increase in surplus-increase in population-increase in surplus
B) increase in population-increase in food production-pressure on the environment
C) large sedentary urban populations-use of grains to feed babies and young children-increase in material culture
D) increase in surplus-increase in population-decrease in surplus

Question 71

Which of the following regions is NOT an area where agriculture was invented?

A) the Middle East
B) China
C) Europe
D) Central and South America

Question 72

Why do women tend to have lower status than men in horticultural societies?

A) Because women tend to contribute more food for the population.
B) Because the food that they provide is definitely less important than the food the men provide.
C) Because men are seen as supplying more valuable crops and food to the population.
D) Because women are not allowed to work in horticultural societies.

Question 73

Men and women in Zuni and Hopi society have a pattern of gendered allocation of work that functions in what way?

A) Men and women work fields together and share both heavy and light tasks.
B) Men use irrigation farming and women use waffle gardens.
C) Men use waffle gardens and women use irrigation agriculture.
D) Men are responsible for agriculture and women keep domesticated animals.

Question 74

Early intensive agriculture involved __________.

A) the use of the plow, draft animals, and irrigation
B) private ownership of property and a market economy
C) the elimination of child labor and the professionalization of farming d .control of population growth and the emergence of states
(UNDERSTAND;

Question 75

In the horticultural society of the Jivaro in Peru, women performed most agricultural labor and as a result __________.

A) they were treated as mere laborers by men
B) have higher status than Yanomamo women
C) control the distribution of food resources
D) suffer from low status because labor is denigrated in Jivaro society

Question 76

Kaluli women each possess a few domesticated __________.

A) pigs
B) dogs
C) sheep
D) cows

Question 77

In many parts of the world, the spread of industrial agriculture is directly linked to __________.

A) reduction in the amount of land farmed
B) increased utilization of indigenous agricultural plant types
C) very rapid urban growth
D) increased standards of living for most farming families

Question 78

__________ do not own the land that they work, but cultivate it and pay a percentage of their harvest to a landlord.

A) Clients
B) Sharecroppers
C) Renters
D) Employees

Question 79

In the horticultural society of the Yanomamo in Brazil, men do all of the farming and as a result __________.

A) women are free to be craft specialists
B) women have larger numbers of children
C) women have a very low social status
D) women are more often warriors than in other horticultural societies

Question 80

The earliest known agricultural crops were __________ and __________, found in the Middle East by about 12,000 years ago.

A) corn, rice
B) maize, wheat
C) wheat, barley
D) manioc, barley