Deck 5: Learning Ones Culture

Question 1

There is a cross-cultural correlation between parents not allowing children to sleep with them and __________.

A) the importance of privacy
B) the amount of household space
C) a high value placed on independence
D) a high value placed on interpersonal relationships

Answer 1

a high value placed on independence

Question 2

Morelli's 1992 study found that 1/3 of American infants __________.

A) are independent
B) sleep in the same room with their parents
C) refuse to nurse
D) sleep in a separate room from their parents

Answer 2

sleep in the same room with their parents

Question 3

Enculturation begins __________.

A) after the social birth has taken place
B) at about 6 months
C) after about 9 months
D) as soon as a baby is born

Answer 3

as soon as a baby is born

Question 4

Feeding on demand is __________.

A) mothers choosing when to feed their babies
B) babies being allowed to nurse whenever they want
C) babies making choices about what type of food to eat
D) mothers choosing what nutrients to provide for their babies

Question 5

__________ is the primary means by which humans adapt and survive.

A) Technology
B) Culture
C) Learning
D) Language

Question 6

Enculturation is so successful because __________.

A) it is so obvious to everyone that it must be
B) it is non-explicit but constant
C) it so extremely explicit
D) it has been so well formalized over many generations

Question 7

Weaning tends to take place later when __________ is/are not readily available.

A) medical advice
B) prenatal care
C) household help
D) replacement foods

Question 8

A study by Whiting and Child showed how many societies to be more restrictive on nursing than middle-class Americans?

A) about half
B) sixteen
C) only one
D) only three

Question 9

Culture as a whole is a __________ system.

A) symbolic
B) linguistic
C) relativistic
D) sociological

Question 10

Child-rearing practices reflect both cultural values and __________.

A) environmental constraints
B) children's workload
C) the time parents have to spend with their children
D) social constraints

Question 11

Attitudes toward children and child rearing practices are generally consistent with __________ prevalent in the society.

A) core values
B) economic conditions
C) language groups
D) health concerns

Question 12

In many traditional societies infants may be nursed __________.

A) for as long as three or four years
B) for as long as six or seven years
C) according to a very restrictive schedule
D) less than one year

Question 13

Socialization is similar to __________, but concentrates on the social factors that a person must learn.

A) enculturation
B) assimilation
C) acculturation
D) social learning

Question 14

In impoverished communities in northeastern Brazil, infants who die are considered __________.

A) to be genetically inferior
B) to be uninterested in living
C) to be doomed from birth
D) to be the victims of their parents' moral failure

Question 15

Practices of delayed social birth are generally found in societies where __________.

A) there is little understanding of medicine
B) ancestral spirits are important elements in religion
C) there has been, or still is a high rate of infant mortality
D) there has been, or is still is a low rate of infant mortality

Question 16

The moral of the story of Agkon could be summarized as __________.

A) witchcraft always eventually leads to the downfall of the witch
B) the dead must be buried properly or terrible consequences will follow
C) family members need each other and must fulfill their obligations
D) revenge will lead to two deaths, not just one

Question 17

Enculturation continues __________.

A) until about 12 years of age
B) until about 18 years of age
C) until everything needed has been learned
D) throughout life

Question 18

In the Christian religion, baptism can be considered a type of __________ for the person baptized.

A) religious ceremony
B) contract with a deity
C) social birth
D) special occasion

Question 19

In Morelli's 1992 study, Mayan parents stressed a desire to __________ in explaining why children continued to sleep with their mothers into the second year.

A) be kind to their children
B) foster a feeling of interdependence between their children and themselves
C) save on the costs of heating rooms at night
D) avoid staying awake while nursing children at night

Question 20

In some Native American societies names could change or be acquired over time and __________.

A) could be disposed of on a whim of the bearer
B) were attempts to gather supernatural protection or powers
C) were tied to the age of the person
D) always had to be different from any parental name

Question 21

The Efe system of child rearing is a result of __________ as well as enmeshed, mutually dependent social and economic systems.

A) the requirement to engage in multiple tasks at the same time
B) a desire to make children self-reliant
C) the need to teach children to forage for themselves
D) a respect for the natural curiosity of children

Question 22

Which of the following is a pervasive means to convey attitudes, values, and behaviors to children?

A) punishment
B) gender socialization
C) personality development
D) storytelling

Question 23

Age is an important factor for children because __________.

A) they cannot understand their status
B) they are more constrained than adults in behaviors they are allowed
C) they must live at home
D) they must always be accompanied by an adult

Question 24

Two factors, __________ and __________, contribute to social status and affect children to some degree in every society.

A) class, age
B) age, nationality
C) age, gender
D) age, dialect

Question 25

Although self-reliance and independence are stressed in modern, industrial nations, paradoxically children remain more reliant on their parents for a longer period of time because __________.

A) there are child labor laws
B) school is optional
C) they are not taught how to be self-sufficient until 18 years of age
D) they are biologically incapable of supporting themselves until 18 years of age

Question 26

Folklore conveys important lessons about __________.

A) who is in charge
B) what types of clothing to wear during battle
C) philosophical and ethical principles
D) how to maintain one's social status

Question 27

__________ children are initiated into their gender identity.

A) From the time they can talk
B) From the age one year onward
C) From birth
D) From the time they can play

Question 28

Japanese caregivers often use explicit classification of behaviors that are acceptable or deviant in teaching __________.

A) drug and alcohol moderation
B) empathy with others
C) assertiveness
D) athletics

Question 29

Which of the following is a way in which adults treat children differently according to gender?

A) Boys are allowed to play indoors more often than girls.
B) Girls receive more attention to their needs than do boys.
C) Girls spend more time playing at home than do boys.
D) Girls spend more time playing with their peers than do boys.

Question 30

Much vocational training in non-industrial countries takes place through __________.

A) children attending short cooperative programs
B) informally, by watching older siblings and adults
C) primary school only
D) apprenticeships

Question 31

Studies of American parent-child interactions have shown that __________.

A) children interrupt their parents when speaking more often than parents interrupt their children
B) parents interrupt their children when speaking more often that children interrupt their parents
C) boys are more often interrupted than girls
D) girls interrupt their fathers more often than their mothers

Question 32

By the age of 3, Efe children have been found to spend an average of __________ of their time a day in social contact with people who are not their mothers.

A) 10%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 90%

Question 33

__________ is an important aspect of socialization for Japanese children.

A) Windungu
B) Learning to be independent
C) Politeness and attentiveness to others
D) Learning to put oneself first

Question 34

Boys might develop stronger muscles and motor behavior than girls because __________.

A) they are genetically superior
B) they are genetically inferior
C) they are held and touched more as babies
D) they are encouraged to be aggressive

Question 35

Children in hunting and gathering societies often begin contributing to the family when they are __________.

A) quite young
B) 14
C) 21
D) elderly

Question 36

Changes in attitudes toward children and childhood are consistent with __________.

A) socioeconomic values
B) a shrinking middle class
C) a growing middle class
D) children's changing behavior

Question 37

Research on expressing aggression suggests a cross-cultural pattern of __________.

A) higher male aggression
B) cross-sex permissiveness of aggression
C) no particular gender relationship with the expression of aggression
D) higher aggression in male children does not correlate to higher status for males in the culture

Question 38

A constraint placed on children is __________.

A) they must always be in the presence of an adult
B) they have fewer conversational rights than adults
C) they have no financial power of their own
D) they must find work at the age of 16

Question 39

Children are raised to be cooperative or competitive with each other according to __________.

A) their personalities
B) their future jobs
C) the norm for adult interaction
D) whether they are from wealthy or poor families

Question 40

The position or rank that one carries in a society is __________.

A) role
B) status
C) job
D) enculturation

Question 41

The habit of dressing baby boys in blue and baby girls in pink in American society is an example of __________.

A) stereotyping
B) enculturation
C) gender identification
D) none of these

Question 42

__________ mark culturally significant transitions throughout the life cycle.

A) Rituals
B) Celebrations
C) Rites of passage
D) Tests

Question 43

Traditional Chinese and Taiwanese __________ names tend to carry positive meanings while __________ names carry negative meanings.

A) female, male
B) personal, surnames
C) male, female
D) surnames, personal

Question 44

All Aztec children __________.

A) were given the same education
B) had to prove their intellectual ability in order to attend school
C) received formal schooling
D) were trained for some kind of manual labor

Question 45

Aztec girls attending the calmecac were treated more leniently than were boys, and were taught __________.

A) math and science
B) languages and business
C) etiquette and embroidery
D) skills useful in warfare

Question 46

Formal training for adulthood began at the age of __________ for Aztec children.

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 10

Question 47

In the developed world, only two countries, __________ and __________, have higher rates of female literacy than male literacy.

A) Switzerland, Russia
B) the United States, Malta
C) Canada, Japan
D) Great Britain, Belgium

Question 48

Research by Ochs and Taylor found that dinnertime conversations in America follow a __________ pattern.

A) random
B) father knows best
C) mother knows best
D) mother in the spotlight

Question 49

A cross-cultural study by Munroe and Munroe showed that within countries, __________ children were less likely to work cooperatively.

A) older
B) high status
C) urban
D) rural

Question 50

As her life progresses, a traditional Chinese woman's names __________.

A) accumulate with prestige
B) change to reflect new statuses
C) take on good or bad references in her community
D) are dropped until they are all gone

Question 51

__________ are rituals that mark a person's transition from childhood to adulthood.

A) Rites of intensification
B) Graduations
C) Rites of inversion
D) Initiation rites

Question 52

In early societies, __________ were the only children sent to schools.

A) boys
B) girls
C) children of the elite
D) children of peasants

Question 53

In much of the developing world, girls' enrollment in school has __________.

A) decreased
B) increased
C) become almost nonexistent
D) surpassed girls' enrollment in the United States

Question 54

Kpelle boys in Liberia undergo a four-year initiation period which includes __________.

A) correct behavior with peers
B) training in shooting rifles
C) correct behavior with superiors
D) walking on coals

Question 55

The gender discrepancy in education in __________ is the highest of all countries in the Pacific region.

A) Papua New Guinea
B) Japan
C) New Zealand
D) Thailand

Question 56

Most Maasai parents agree that schooling for girls __________.

A) is necessary
B) should stop at age 10
C) should start at age 10
D) will spoil them

Question 57

One naming convention in English that differentiates male and female names is that __________.

A) male names usually contain more syllables
B) female names end in vowels much more commonly than male names
C) female names more commonly refer to objects and places than do male names
D) male names are inherently masculine

Question 58

A possible reason for higher aggression in boys cross-culturally is __________.

A) boys spend more time with peers their age than do girls
B) boys do not handle weaning as well as girls
C) girls are punished more severely for aggressiveness than boys
D) boys are more encouraged to engage in athletics

Question 59

The purpose of vision quests in Plains Native American societies was to __________.

A) acquire a guardian spirit
B) prove that the boy or girl could endure the wilderness
C) demonstrate that the survival skills needed to be an adult had been acquired
D) have the individual serve as a scout against enemy groups for a period of time

Question 60

One of the least common of all types of initiation rituals are those in which boys are taught __________.

A) to take on traditionally female behaviors
B) songs that they must never reveal to anyone
C) recipes passed down for generations
D) the true meaning of life

Question 61

One's inner feelings and concepts of self.

A) private self
B) public self
C) independent self
D) interdependent self

Question 62

Incidents of __________ sometimes occur epidemically after the death of a close relative.

A) pibloktoq
B) windigo
C) koro
D) amok

Question 63

Concepts of individuals as connected to one another, related to other people, with a focus on group needs rather than individual inner feelings, opinions, and attitudes.

A) private self
B) public self
C) independent self
D) interdependent self

Question 64

The national character school of anthropological theory emerged from the work of __________.

A) Marvin Harris
B) Alfred Kroeber
C) Ruth Benedict
D) Marshall Shalins

Question 65

It is possible that the concept of personality __________.

A) precedes any kind of cultural training
B) is entirely the product of enculturation
C) is a western construct
D) accounts for only the inner self

Question 66

Some mental ailments, such as those considered to be anxiety and depression in industrialized societies, are treated successfully by __________ in Yoruba and Inuit society.

A) medicinal herbs
B) confinement for a period of time
C) ritual practitioners
D) shunning

Question 67

A subdiscipline within anthropology that studies the motivations for behavior and personality types prevalent in a given society is __________.

A) psychological anthropology
B) psychiatric anthropology
C) cultural anthropology
D) normative anthropology

Question 68

The Western model of education is based strongly on __________.

A) group learning
B) individual achievement
C) students' supreme authority
D) homeschooling

Question 69

Because they are __________, national character studies are no longer carried out in anthropology.

A) time and resource intensive
B) stereotypes
C) self-obvious
D) very large scale

Question 70

Markus and Kitazyma characterize the concept of the __________ self as a primarily Western notion.

A) interdependent
B) cognitive
C) dependent
D) independent

Question 71

The excerpt from Going to School in Ake, Nigeria illustrates that many people in the developing world consider education to be __________.

A) mandatory
B) drudgery
C) unnecessary
D) a privilege

Question 72

An example of a culture-specific disorder in the United States is __________.

A) schizophrenia
B) anorexia
C) anxiety
D) depression

Question 73

Research on the Warm Springs Reservation in Oregon found that Native American children did not ask or answer questions in class because __________.

A) they found it difficult to be inside all day
B) they found the standard subjects taught uninteresting
C) their socialization prevented them from distinguishing themselves from their classmates
D) there were language barriers with the non-Native teachers

Question 74

__________ are attitudes that people hold about themselves.

A) Self-concepts
B) Cultural notions
C) Personality traits
D) Interdependent views

Question 75

An example of a culturally specific mental illness is latah, a disorder in which __________.

A) the sufferer is afraid of open spaces
B) the suffer usually acquires the disorder after a traumatic experience
C) the sufferer, always a woman, suffers uncontrollable hysteria after the death of a relative
D) the sufferer may become a homicidal cannibal

Question 76

__________ is the process of learning and incorporating attitudes, values, and behaviors so that they seem natural or part of one's nature rather than learned cultural behavior.

A) Psychology
B) Naturalization
C) Personality formation
D) Selfhood

Question 77

A cross-cultural study by Munroe and Munroe showed that __________ children were the least likely to act cooperatively, even if it would have benefited them in task completion.

A) Zuni
B) Mexican
C) French
D) American

Question 78

Emphasis on the __________ self tends to correlate with large-scale, affluent societies while emphasis on the __________ self tends to correlate with small-scale societies.

A) public, private
B) private, public
C) interdependent, private
D) interdependent, public

Question 79

Black Elk, an Oglala Sioux spiritual leader, might have been diagnosed by modern psychologists as __________.

A) suffering from depression
B) schizophrenic
C) as suffering from panic attacks and hallucinations
D) as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Question 80

Cognitive tests with Kpelle children show that __________ are culture-specific skills.

A) abstract conceptualization and decontextualized cognition
B) acquisition of multiple languages and vocabulary
C) self-actualization and striving
D) color sight and pattern recognition