Deck 7: Economic Systems

Question 1

Around the world, an estimated __________ children are forced to serve as soldiers in armed conflicts.

A) 50,000
B) 200,000
C) 300,000
D) 500,000

Answer 1

300,000

Question 2

In older children, possibly because __________, the ILO’s report found more boys than girls working as child laborers.

A) boys can earn higher incomes for their families
B) discrimination against girls in the workplace
C) concerns over the virtue of girls
D) girls begin to marry earlier

Answer 2

girls begin to marry earlier

Question 3

Craft specialization can be risky for __________ because their income is dependent on a stable market, but market forces are beyond their control.

A) capitalists
B) people in transitional economies
C) the highly educated
D) the uneducated

Answer 3

people in transitional economies

Question 4

In __________ societies, individuals, groups, and states own land and resources.

A) industrial
B) foraging
C) pastoral
D) farming

Question 5

The legal age of work in the United States is __________.

A) 13
B) 14
C) 15
D) 16

Question 6

In contrast to developing countries, developed countries have only about __________ of children in the workforce.

A) 2%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 12%

Question 7

System of extracting resources and utilizing labor and technology in order to obtain foods, goods, and services.

A) economic system
B) production
C) reciprocity
D) management

Question 8

Distribution of food, especially meat, in forager societies would be defined as __________.

A) barter
B) balanced reciprocity
C) generalized reciprocity
D) exchange

Question 9

Which is NOT a significant element in the economic system of the Nyanga of Central Africa?

A) hunting
B) gathering
C) basket weaving
D) farming

Question 10

The use of subsistence resources, including outcomes of production.

A) subsistence
B) economic system
C) consumption
D) allocation

Question 11

In general, __________ people tend to produce and keep greater amounts of surplus than __________ people.

A) wealthy, poor
B) nomadic, sedentary
C) sedentary, nomadic
D) future oriented, present oriented

Question 12

The exchange of goods and services of a specified value at a specified time and place is called __________.

A) generalized reciprocity
B) barter
C) exchange
D) balanced reciprocity

Question 13

World-wide, an estimated 5.7 million children are engaged in __________.

A) forced or bonded labor
B) factory production
C) unpaid productive labor
D) household maintenance

Question 14

The giving and receiving of birthday gifts is an example of __________.

A) generalized reciprocity
B) balanced reciprocity
C) exchange
D) a redistributive network

Question 15

In the International Labor Office’s (ILO) 2006 report on child labor, research found __________ in child laborers under the age of fourteen.

A) no difference in genders
B) twice as many boys as girls
C) twice as many girls as boys
D) no information on gender was collected in the report

Question 16

The decline of child labor as reported in 2006 was sharpest in __________.

A) Asia
B) Sub-Saharan Africa
C) Latin America
D) the Caribbean

Question 17

Which is included as one of the ILO’s worst forms of child labor?

A) mining
B) bonded labor
C) construction
D) underwater work

Question 18

Cultural methods of allocating natural resources, the means of exploiting the resources through technology, the organization of work, and the production, distribution, and exchange of goods and services.

A) economic system
B) market system
C) exchange system
D) subsistence strategy

Question 19

How is the relationship between labor and social status reflected in relative contributions to subsistence?

A) Individuals that contribute the most to subsistence always have the highest social status.
B) The relationship between labor and social status is contextual.
C) In societies where men have higher social status than women, men perform most of the subsistence work.
D) There is no relationship between labor and social status.

Question 20

__________ has the highest proportion of child laborers.

A) Southeast Asia
B) The Caribbean
C) Sub-Saharan Africa
D) Latin America

Question 21

In the excerpt from Fragments of Memory, why had the word "freedom" become frightening, meaning no money and no food?

A) The family was ruled by the landowner.
B) The family was free to do as they wanted.
C) The older sister was to be held by the landowner until the debt was paid.
D) The father was to be held by the landowner until the debt was paid.

Question 22

What is another form of redistribution?

A) trade
B) markets
C) negative reciprocity
D) barter

Question 23

Capitalist economies favor __________ for the purposes of acquiring new capital, including land, raw materials, and inexpensive labor.

A) workers and state expansion
B) peaceful alliances
C) business interests and state expansion
D) high incomes and treaties

Question 24

The usual type of reciprocity that occurs between people who are of the same status and not kin is __________ reciprocity.

A) negative
B) generalized
C) delayed
D) balanced

Question 25

Usually, __________ engage in barter.

A) related people
B) strangers
C) families
D) people who know each other

Question 26

Potlatches are examples of negative reciprocity because, although the object was to give more over time than was received, __________ was the true commodity over which competition arose.

A) wives
B) rights to localized resources
C) social prestige
D) expanded kin networks

Question 27

A __________ is a system in which products are traded in impersonal exchanges between buyers and sellers using an all-purpose currency.

A) market economy
B) barter economy
C) trade economy
D) redistributive network

Question 28

__________ is the exchange of goods and services in which each party seeks to benefit at the expense of the other, thus making a profit.

A) Trade
B) Exchange
C) Negative reciprocity
D) Capitalism

Question 29

In contemporary societies, state governments organize networks of redistribution by __________.

A) collecting taxes
B) organizing potlatches
C) accepting donations
D) trade

Question 30

In capitalist economies __________ retain the surplus value of labor.

A) owners of capital
B) workers
C) the state
D) the market system

Question 31

Land, money, factories, and the like that support and supply the materials needed for production.

A) commodities
B) capital
C) redistributive networks
D) economic systems

Question 32

The __________ of the Pacific Northwest is an example of a redistributive network.

A) fur trade
B) potlatch
C) moka
D) market day

Question 33

Economies based on capitalism must __________ in order to survive.

A) remain stable
B) grow
C) raise prices over time
D) maintain steady prices

Question 34

Describe the plight of sharecroppers in Syria, based on the excerpt from Fragments of Memory.

A) The plight of sharecroppers is based on balanced reciprocity.
B) The plight of sharecroppers is dependent on profit.
C) The plight of sharecroppers is dependent on surplus.
D) The plight of sharecroppers is bound to and dependent on landlords who extract most of the profits from the farmers.

Question 35

In the excerpt from the novel Fragments of Memory, Hanna Mina describes the plight of __________ in his homeland.

A) child laborers
B) hunters and gatherers
C) miners
D) sharecroppers

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of negative reciprocity?

A) capital
B) redistribution
C) barter
D) economic systems

Question 37

Systems of exchange include __________.

A) sharecroppers, miners, and child laborers
B) workers, the state, and owners of capital
C) social divisions, class systems, and commodities
D) redistributive networks, barter, trade, and market transactions

Question 38

In a market economy, money can be used to turn nonmaterial items such as labor into __________.

A) material items
B) commodities
C) class systems
D) social divisions

Question 39

The Pacific Northwest coast potlatch is an example of a system of __________.

A) redistribution
B) rehabilitation
C) resolve
D) reconstruction

Question 40

__________ is an exchange of products in which a person trades one type of product for another type of product.

A) Barter
B) Balanced reciprocity
C) Negative reciprocity
D) Trade

Question 41

Industrialization began in northern Europe in the __________.

A) seventeenth century
B) mid-nineteenth century
C) late eighteenth century
D) mid-sixteenth century

Question 42

In the mid-eighteenth century, the Spanish established __________ along the coast of California.

A) fortresses
B) naval bases
C) trading posts
D) missions

Question 43

Industrial agriculture is characterized by __________ general features.

A) six
B) three
C) two
D) nine

Question 44

The new complex machinery and new sources of energy enabled workers to __________.

A) create more products in the same amount of time
B) create more products in more time
C) create less products in more time
D) create less products in less time

Question 45

__________ was the most extreme exploitation of labor of indigenous peoples by colonial nations.

A) The North American fur trade
B) The copra trade
C) Slavery
D) The Spice trade

Question 46

In capitalism, workers are dependent on __________ to organize and produce goods and services, sell their labor for wages or salaries, and produce a surplus value that the owners retain as profit.

A) consumers
B) owners
C) laborers
D) partners

Question 47

Which of the following is an example of how industrial production of farming has led to a decline in the number of varieties of crops?

A) The decrease in availability of meat resources.
B) By the 1990's only 6 varieties of corn accounted for 46% of the crop.
C) The decrease in variety of soy products.
D) The decrease in availability of resources to grow more varieties of crops.

Question 48

What does the statement "Workers do not own the means of production" mean?

A) In capitalist societies workers are banned from owning factories.
B) In capitalist societies workers do not produce their own food.
C) In capitalist societies group ownership of enterprises is ineffective.
D) In capitalist societies workers cannot produce by themselves the goods they need for survival.

Question 49

Another means of controlling indigenous labor was the imposition of __________.

A) land fines
B) food rationing
C) poll taxes
D) religious conversion

Question 50

By __________ manufacturing incorporated complex machinery and new sources of energy such as coal.

A) 1780
B) 1820
C) 1850
D) 1890

Question 51

In the U.S. one of the first industries to develop was __________ manufacturing.

A) automobile
B) steel
C) weapons
D) textile

Question 52

In 1832 the Spanish government relieved the Catholic Church of its authority over California missions, resulting in __________.

A) the release of Native Americans confined on them
B) little change since the missions continued to be run in the same fashion by secular overseers
C) claims of cruelty by Native Americans who appealed against the church to the Spanish government
D) a pretext for the Americans taking of California in order to protect Native Americans

Question 53

European economic expansion was closely connected with __________.

A) voluntary labor
B) nation building
C) technological advancement
D) warfare

Question 54

The origins of industrial production originated in __________ in Great Britain.

A) water mills
B) glass production
C) sugar production
D) cottage piecework

Question 55

Conquered or dominated peoples were incorporated as __________ into European economic systems through colonialism.

A) consumers
B) customers
C) extractors of resources
D) partners

Question 56

After the United States gained control of California, Native American children were often __________.

A) kidnapped and sold as slaves
B) killed
C) required to pay poll taxes
D) used as labor

Question 57

Poverty results from social and economic __________.

A) equalities
B) development
C) upheaval
D) inequalities

Question 58

Capitalism as an ideology-based economic system arose __________, based on the principles of private property, individual rights, free trade, profit, and the amassing of wealth.

A) in China in the eighteenth century
B) in the Spanish Americas in the sixteenth century
C) in Europe in the sixteenth century
D) in the Middle East in the eighteenth century

Question 59

Initially, during the fifteenth century, why did European explorers, traders, soldiers, missionaries, and settlers travel throughout the world?

A) to acquire new resources
B) to acquire slaves
C) to control and conquer lands and peoples
D) to expand their national wealth and power

Question 60

Policies in which countries establish colonies in distant places in order to exploit their resources and labor, and possibly to establish settlements of their own citizens abroad.

A) mercantilism
B) colonialism
C) capitalism
D) imperialism

Question 61

Which of the following is an important difference between consumer spending in the developed, versus the developing, world?

A) Developing nations produce goods for much less than developed nations so consumers pay less.
B) When prices are scaled to incomes, there is little difference between consumer spending in the developing and the developed world.
C) Developing nations usually lack an industrial base so they pay more for imported goods than developed nations do.
D) Developed nations produce goods for much less than developing nations so consumers pay less

Question 62

Summarize the 2002 report by the International Labor Office on the status of child labor in the world.

Question 63

Due to lack of __________ in rural communities, many people migrate to cities or towns.

A) employment
B) transportation
C) medical facilities
D) food resources

Question 64

Countries deriving higher percentages of their gross domestic product from agriculture tend to have higher rates of __________.

A) poverty
B) hunger
C) unemployment
D) child labor

Question 65

Which subsistence farming technique has been used for centuries to clear fields for planting and to control invasive species?

A) plowing
B) setting fire
C) spraying with pesticides
D) utilizing goats

Question 66

A comparison of the production, consumption, and leisure time of middle-class French people and Machiguenga horticulturalists in Peru showed that French men and women __________.

A) consume much more, work more, and spend less time on leisure than Machiguenga men and women
B) consume much less, work more, and spend less time on leisure than Machiguenga men and women
C) consume much more, work less, and spend less time on leisure than Machiguenga men and women
D) consume much more, work more, and spend more time on leisure than Machiguenga men and women

Question 67

What has lead to diets around the world becoming more limited and less nutritious?

A) government programs
B) the subsidy of agriculture research
C) the concentration of foods grown for multinational companies
D) capitalism and financial institutions

Question 68

Which of the following is an example of how conflicts between state agencies and indigenous peoples occur over traditional subsistence practices?

A) The use of pesticides by the state.
B) The traditional methods versus the more advanced methods used by the state.
C) The state supports deforestation of indigenous lands.
D) For centuries subsistence farmers have used fire to clear fields for planting, however the state views fire as destructive.

Question 69

Mechanization has lead to __________.

A) farmers being threatened by large, corporate-run farms or agribusiness
B) industrial agriculture
C) pastoralism
D) foraging

Question 70

The culture of consumption has grown __________.

A) among all economic classes in all parts of the world
B) among the developing nations
C) only in India
D) only in Brazil

Question 71

In modern, industrial market economies, demand is __________ through an ideology that promotes the acquisition of material goods as the means of achieving pleasure and progress.

A) carefully measured
B) generally understood
C) artificially created and maintained
D) consumer driven

Question 72

The __________ lifestyle is often a burden for the sick, elderly, and pregnant whose mobility may be limited.

A) foraging
B) agricultural
C) pastoralist
D) horticulturalist

Question 73

__________ companies contribute to environmental exploitation.

A) Farming
B) Coal and oil
C) Horticultural
D) Timber, mineral, and oil

Question 74

What has led to a sharp drop in the number of farms in the United States?

A) intense capital investment and competition
B) increased unemployment
C) industrial agriculture
D) increased competition

Question 75

A frequently overlooked issue in environmental degradation is __________.

A) a reduction in CO₂
B) air pollution
C) access to potable water
D) loss of animal habitats

Question 76

The World Summit on Sustainable Development was held in __________.

A) 1999
B) 2000
C) 2002
D) 2005

Question 77

Genetic engineering has become standard, but controversial because of __________.

A) the potential danger due to manipulation of genetic codes for foodstuffs and introduction of harmful substances
B) disease born illnesses
C) bruising of produce
D) increased use of hormones

Question 78

The __________ region has become a representative of global deforestation.

A) Amazonian
B) Sub-Saharan
C) Central Asian
D) Western European

Question 79

As service industries and information technologies increase, heavy industry declines, prompting some analysts to refer to Western nations as __________.

A) postindustrial
B) preindustrial
C) industrial
D) nonindustrial

Question 80

A __________ anthropologist might test a new product for a company or observe shoppers in a new setting.

A) forensic
B) biological
C) economic
D) archaeological