Deck 10: Gender

Question 1

How does gender identity affect language use?

A) Women are more interruptive speakers than men.
B) Women are more direct speakers than men.
C) Women are more deferential speakers than men.
D) There is no difference in men's and women's speech.

Answer 1

Women are more deferential speakers than men.

Question 2

In many societies, the contrasting activities performed by women and men are constrained by __________.

A) age
B) reproductive roles
C) education
D) intelligence

Answer 2

reproductive roles

Question 3

__________ denotes the biological differences between males and females.

A) Gender
B) Gender constructs
C) Evolutionary psychology
D) Sex

Answer 3

Sex

Question 4

Transvestism is defined as __________.

A) homosexuality
B) gender confusion
C) a mental disorder resulting in homophobia
D) cross-dressing to look like someone of the opposite gender

Question 5

What anatomical difference between men and women appears in the fossil record around 2 million years ago?

A) increased sexual dimorphism
B) longer legs in males
C) wider pelves in females
D) bigger brains in males

Question 6

__________ teachings view homosexual behavior as contrary to natural law.

A) Christian, Judaic, and Islamic
B) Hindu and Christian
C) Hindu and Buddhist
D) Judaic and Buddhist

Question 7

Cultural constructs are powerful influences on __________ in forming gender identity.

A) children
B) men
C) women
D) society

Question 8

The __________ represent a third-gender role in India, translated as "neither man nor woman."

A) two-spirit people
B) transvestites
C) hijra
D) kathoey

Question 9

Several horticultural societies in New Guinea, including the Etoro, consider heterosexual activity to __________.

A) be the only permissible type of sexual relationship
B) drain men of their life force
C) be harmful to women
D) blur the distinctions between genders

Question 10

The story of the leopard woman comes from which country?

A) Botswana
B) Liberia
C) Kenya
D) Nigeria

Question 11

The symbol of yin and yang represent the idea of the complementary nature of genders with yin representing __________ and yang representing __________.

A) maleness, femaleness
B) femaleness, maleness
C) heterosexuality, homosexuality
D) homosexuality, heterosexuality

Question 12

__________ is/are a set of cultural assumptions about gender roles and values.

A) Cultural constructs
B) Gender
C) Sex
D) Gender constructs

Question 13

In addition to clothing or hair styles, what behaviors help distinguish men from women?

A) body language
B) morals
C) intelligence
D) beliefs

Question 14

Which of the following assumptions regarding the "man the hunter" model is likely false?

A) Bipedalism developed to free the hands for tool use.
B) Males were the primary hunters.
C) Males and females lived together in social groups.
D) Human ancestors ate meat.

Question 15

A universal expression of gender identity is __________.

A) hunting activities
B) personality
C) bodily adornment
D) access to technology

Question 16

Several horticultural societies in New Guinea, including the Etoro, consider homosexual activity to __________.

A) be punishable by death
B) inhibit normal development
C) enhance a man's physical growth
D) be appropriate only for women

Question 17

All societies have some sort of taboo against __________.

A) same-sex marriage
B) arranged marriage
C) pre-marital sex
D) incest

Question 18

__________ is the term for the roles that people perform in their households and communities and the values and attitudes that people have regarding men and women.

A) Sex
B) Biology
C) Gender
D) Constructs

Question 19

Adultery is most strongly punished in __________.

A) some traditional societies
B) some industrialized societies
C) some Islamic societies
D) some Latin-American countries

Question 20

Which of these statements are true, according to our current understanding of the fossil record?

A) Males have always been the dominant sex.
B) Females used to be the dominant sex.
C) Males and females used to be relatively egalitarian.
D) It is impossible to determine social dominance from the fossil record.

Question 21

In addition to a gendered division of labor, tasks are often divided by __________.

A) age
B) education
C) social rank
D) income

Question 22

In many Native American societies berdaches are __________.

A) perfect examples of maleness
B) single women past marriageable age
C) a third gender
D) infertile women

Question 23

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the number of Two-Spirits declined due to __________.

A) loss of their economic value
B) a switch to agriculture by Native Americans
C) contact with and pressure by Euro-American attitudes and practices
D) an increase in gender equality in Native American societies

Question 24

Gender equality is most likely to exist in societies where __________.

A) men own property but women provide the labor to make it productive
B) all individuals make contributions to subsistence and hierarchies are weak or absent
C) agriculture is the means of subsistence
D) matrilineal kinship systems are the norm

Question 25

Which of the following is/are tasks with variable gender assignments cross-culturally?

A) hunting small animals
B) caring for children
C) clearing fields for planting
D) building a house

Question 26

We know more about men's roles and interests around the world than about women's because __________.

A) women are shy and unwilling to talk to anthropologists
B) early travelers, anthropologists, and historians were predominantly male
C) women are the submissive sex in nearly all indigenous cultures
D) men's and women's roles are identical in most traditional cultures

Question 27

Which of the following is a task usually performed by men cross-culturally?

A) clearing fields for planting
B) keeping up dwellings
C) herding small animals
D) fishing as a secondary resource

Question 28

Which of the following contributes to the ability of men to dominate gender relationships?

A) a foraging or horticultural society
B) patrilocal residence
C) small family sizes
D) industrialized society

Question 29

Industrialized societies maintain gendered divisions of labor that are not economic, but based on __________.

A) merit
B) legal systems
C) political systems
D) beliefs and attitudes about gender

Question 30

Which of the following is a task usually performed by women cross-culturally?

A) clearing fields for planting
B) keeping up dwellings
C) herding small animals
D) fishing as a secondary resource

Question 31

Which of the following is an example of how gender ideologies affect labor roles?

A) Women are thought to make good leaders, because of the value they place on compromise.
B) Women are thought to make good nurses because they are innately nurturing.
C) Men are thought to make good teachers because they are natural scholars.
D) Men are thought to make good business because of the value they place on collaboration.

Question 32

Which of the following generally is true of Native American Two-Spirits?

A) they were social outcasts
B) they were prosperous
C) they did not have children
D) they were considered homosexual within their societies

Question 33

The term __________ describes the norms of interaction between men and women, which may reflect differences in the relative status, prestige, and power of women and men.

A) gender
B) gender relations
C) gender roles
D) gender model

Question 34

One prominent theory to explain the origin of gender-based division of labor is that women were restricted from some activities due to __________.

A) a lack of physical strength
B) a lack of mobility due to their reproductive roles
C) religious taboos
D) differences in brain organization between males and females

Question 35

The term __________ describes the constellation of rights, duties, attitudes, and behaviors that are culturally associated with each gender.

A) gender relations
B) gender model
C) gender
D) gender roles

Question 36

Egalitarian relationships between genders __________.

A) existed in some non-western societies, but were undermined by the effects of colonialism
B) have never existed in any known society
C) have been most closely realized in European and American traditions
D) are unlikely to occur because of biological differences between the sexes

Question 37

Who are most likely to engage in activities in the public sphere?

A) men
B) women
C) children
D) the elderly

Question 38

In Native American societies, people became Two-Spirits by __________.

A) birth order, third children were chosen if they were male
B) birth order, third children were chosen if they were female
C) personal inclination only
D) personal inclination, spiritual calling, or parental selection

Question 39

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the current anthropological understanding of gender relations?

A) All known societies are strongly patriarchal.
B) Some societies are matriarchal.
C) Although in some societies gender equality generally prevails, most societies are male dominated.
D) Although males dominate to a degree in some societies, most societies are basically egalitarian.

Question 40

The term __________ is now often used instead of berdache.

A) Two-Spirit
B) Man-Woman
C) homosexual
D) transvestite

Question 41

During the early industrial phase in 19^th century America, textile workers were young women because __________.

A) industrial production was a secondary economic activity and unmarried women contributed the least to household economies
B) it was illegal for married women to work outside the home
C) industrial production was a very low status occupation and men refused those jobs offered to them
D) textile production was unskilled labor

Question 42

A correlation exists between female status and __________.

A) legal protections for women in a society
B) women's economic importance in a society
C) the existence of advocacy groups for women
D) the importance placed on child rearing in a society

Question 43

Which of the following staples, produced by men, are primary resources for the Igbo of Nigeria?

A) cow's milk and blood
B) pig meat
C) yams and cassava
D) barley

Question 44

Complex societies with centralized political systems that maintain some degree of control over local areas within the state are known as __________.

A) agrarian states
B) feudal states
C) foraging states
D) pastoral states

Question 45

In traditional Iroquois society women controlled __________.

A) food production and distribution
B) arranged marriages
C) all religious ceremonies
D) burial rituals

Question 46

Why are women marginalized in traditional Maasai society?

A) they cannot attend school
B) they cannot become elders
C) they cannot be clan leaders
D) they cannot be herders

Question 47

An important element in Confucianism was the idea of __________.

A) gender equality
B) filial piety
C) female inheritance in equal proportion to male inheritance
D) just warfare

Question 48

How has the gendered division of labor changed for the Inuit people of the arctic?

A) there are no longer male- or female-typical jobs
B) women have higher-paid positions than men
C) wage labor positions are now available for both men and women
D) they maintain their traditional division of labor, but forage with advanced technology

Question 49

In Yanomamo society only men may be __________, the only sources for accruing status.

A) warriors and plantation owners
B) warriors and traders
C) warriors and craftsmen
D) warriors and shaman

Question 50

In traditional Chinese society __________ was practiced on all but the poorest women.

A) female circumcision
B) foot binding
C) arranged marriage
D) child marriage

Question 51

The constellation of beliefs popular in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that promoted the notion that women were, by nature and biology, suited to the domestic tasks of nurturing and caring for their husbands and children.

A) cult of domesticity
B) gender gap
C) male dominance
D) gender relations

Question 52

Igbo women can achieve independence through __________.

A) divorce
B) being successful traders
C) inheritance
D) women's networks

Question 53

Yanomamo women are dominated by men because __________.

A) strict religious doctrines demand male dominance
B) women have so many children to care for
C) women are excluded from all important aspects of food production
D) none of these

Question 54

In Southeast Asia, including Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan, women are the majority of employees in the __________ sector of the economy.

A) agricultural
B) light industrial
C) heavy industrial
D) sales and service

Question 55

In foraging societies, women's status __________.

A) is always higher than in non-foraging societies
B) is higher if they hunt
C) is higher in cases where they provide a greater percentage of caloric intake
D) is almost always very inferior to men's status

Question 56

The __________ are a case of a foraging society with great degrees of gender inequality.

A) Ju/'hoansi
B) Karenni
C) Inuit
D) Iroquois

Question 57

In traditional Chinese society, __________ often acted as "surrogates for male authority."

A) sons
B) local political leaders
C) mothers-in-law
D) daughters

Question 58

The "One-Child Certificate Program" in __________ has caused a significant population imbalance because people prefer to have sons.

A) Canada
B) Nigeria
C) China
D) India

Question 59

Which African society combines patrilineal descent and residence with female property rights?

A) Maasai
B) Igbo
C) Turkana
D) Ju/'hoansi

Question 60

Gender gaps in industrialized society have been justified by the ideology that __________.

A) women have fewer financial responsibilities
B) men are more skilled workers
C) male status would decline if women's wages were comparable
D) women are only interested in working until they are married

Question 61

From 1975 to 2009 the segment of women in the workforce which increased the most was __________.

A) women without college educations
B) women without children
C) women with very young children
D) women in managerial positions

Question 62

As of 2009, __________ of women with children of all ages were working in America.

A) 40%
B) 50%
C) 63%
D) 72%

Question 63

Women's political representation has __________ in Russia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

A) been outlawed
B) been legalized
C) increased
D) decreased

Question 64

Post-World War II American attitudes toward parenting were __________.

A) focused on providing material benefits to children
B) influenced by the idea that hands-off parenting was the best way to raise children
C) focused on motherhood as the paramount responsibility of women
D) strictly authoritarian, with an increased participatory role for fathers

Question 65

Colonialism undermined women's status in non-Western societies in all of the following ways EXCEPT __________.

A) Europeans tended to ignore female leaders in favor of male leaders
B) the growth of trade with Europeans tended to strengthen male economic positions
C) missionaries altered attitudes about the appropriate roles of men and women
D) it did not as native women refused to speak with the colonists

Question 66

Government statistics show that in the United States in 2000, __________ of households consisted of a married couple.

A) 52%
B) 65%
C) 77%
D) 89%

Question 67

Throughout American history, during __________ large numbers of women have tended to briefly enter the workforce for limited amounts of time.

A) wartime
B) depressions
C) economic booms
D) civil rights demonstrations

Question 68

In Africa and Asia, studies have suggested that modernization has __________.

A) harmed the status of women
B) improved the status of women
C) had little effect on the status of women
D) bypassed women, who still live traditional lives

Question 69

Post-Second World War interest in popular psychology reinforced what type of gender ideologies in the United States?

A) Men were inherently aggressive and domineering while women were inherently passive and docile.
B) Culture was the most powerful arbitrator of gender identity and parenting could not affect gender roles as other forms of enculturation would win out.
C) While gender differences were not inherent, the teaching of gender roles that ran counter to social expectations would lead to unhappiness.
D) Men and women were seen as similar and equally capable in terms of employment and work, but fundamentally different as parents.

Question 70

In the modern history of industrial societies, when men and women have competed for jobs __________.

A) women have not replaced men because of their lower pay
B) labor and political leaders have sought to limit women's role in the workplace
C) women have been able to expect higher pay
D) women have out-competed men because of their more flexible work schedules

Question 71

Women's advocacy groups such as IFAD have argued that gender inequality is a major cause of __________.

A) religious extremism
B) population decline
C) urbanization
D) poverty

Question 72

Although full employment was available for women in socialist states such as the former Soviet Union, they still suffered from __________.

A) lack of educational opportunities
B) occupational segregation
C) lack of political representation
D) few reproductive rights

Question 73

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Women no longer face occupational segregation in the types of jobs for which they are hired.
B) Women continue to face occupational segregation in the types of jobs for which they are hired.
C) Men and women are hired to equivalent types of jobs.
D) Men and women have reversed their gender-typical types of jobs.

Question 74

__________ is defined as the care and sustenance of people who will be able to contribute productively to society.

A) Care giving
B) Childcare
C) Welfare
D) Social reproduction

Question 75

In industrializing nations young women often benefit from their jobs because __________.

A) they may escape intense family control by living outside their households
B) they may save enough money to establish their own households
C) the skills they acquire help them find more desirable husbands
D) young women do not benefit from jobs in industrializing nations

Question 76

Over the course of American history women have entered the workforce in which pattern?

A) immigrant women, young single women, married women
B) young single women, immigrant women, married women
C) immigrant women, married women, young single women
D) young single women, married women, immigrant women

Question 77

Surveys of various types of employment show considerable __________ in the United States as of 2009.

A) income gains by women
B) income losses by women
C) gendered labor segregation
D) reduction of gendered labor segregation

Question 78

Tsetsele Fantan, from the African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnership, identifies all of the following as major reasons for the spread of HIV/AIDS in Botswana EXCEPT __________.

A) the social/cultural context
B) sexual subordination of women
C) economic subordination of women
D) the biology of females

Question 79

In assessments of labor contributions, __________ are often ignored.

A) women's incomes
B) women's contribution of domestic labor
C) women's personal savings
D) combined family incomes

Question 80

In the United States, the women's suffrage movement secured women's right to vote in __________.

A) 1887
B) 1897
C) 1920
D) 1938