Deck 13: Globalization, Culture, and Indigenous Societies

Question 1

Dependency theory was influenced by Marxism.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A country will be classified as underdeveloped because of poor health care and high infant mortality even if the total value of goods and services produced by that country is as high as that of a developed country.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The Mbuti pygmies are an example of an aboriginal people devastated by civil wars and corporate exploitation of the rainforest in which they live.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Globalization refers to the rise of industrial states and the social, economic, political, and cultural consequences this industrialism has had on nonindustrial societies, among other things.

Question 5

Poland and Hungary would be classified as First World countries.

Question 6

The Yanomamö have become one of the wealthiest Native American tribes since gold was discovered on their traditional lands.

Question 7

Missionaries in Venezuela have helped preserve the Yanomamö culture.

Question 8

Although the Iroquois traded beaver skins and other furs to the French, they refused to accept guns, ammunition, and liquor as payment.

Question 9

Ju/'hoansi San men fought against guerrillas who opposed apartheid as members of the South African military.

Question 10

Anthropologists feel strongly that classifying societies as traditional and modern helps us understand globalization.

Question 11

Rates of alcoholism among the Ju/'hoansi San have increased as a result of wage labor.

Question 12

"Ethnocide" refers to the physical extermination of a particular group of people.

Question 13

According to modernization theory, self-sustained growth requires the consistent reinvestment of savings and capital into modern technology.

Question 14

Globalization began in the middle of the last century.

Question 15

Native Americans no longer sing the songs associated with the Ghost Dance because of its failure as a resistance movement.

Question 16

Immanuel Wallerstein, the chief proponent of world-systems theory, agrees with dependency theorists that industrial nations prosper through the economic domination and exploitation of nonindustrial peoples.

Question 17

One of the preconditions for modernization is the acceptance of the belief that progress is both necessary and beneficial to society and the individual.

Question 18

The Ju/'hoansi San were protected from exploitation and assimilation by the South African government.

Question 19

Mbuti pygmies have adapted well to a lifestyle based on mining and farming.

Question 20

As recently as 1934, Native Americans were not considered U.S. citizens but wards of the state.

Question 21

The displacement of Native Americans from their tribal lands in the United States in order to make the land available to white settlers was __________.

A) accomplished mostly by outlaws and hired guns
B) a formal policy of the U.S. government
C) a myth invented by radical Indian activists
D) undertaken mostly by foreign immigrants

Question 22

Resettlement of Mbuti pygmies on plantations outside the rainforest by the government of Zaire has resulted in __________.

A) increased participation in the national political process
B) a greater contribution to the economy through taxation
C) increased success at agricultural production
D) declining health

Question 23

Modernization theory provides a model to explain how __________ would cause social and cultural change.

A) traditionalism
B) dependency
C) the world system
D) industrial capitalism

Question 24

Eric Wolf emphasized which of the following in terms of how ethnographers should conduct their research in the current era of globalization?

A) Ethnographers should integrate studies of local processes with broader perspective views of globalization.
B) Ethnographers should maintain their focus on the local and leave global trends to political scientists and historians.
C) In today's world, the local has become global, so ethnographers should switch their focus to global processes.
D) Anthropologists should adopt neoliberal positions and practice ways of applying their research.

Question 25

A principal criticism of world-systems theory is that it tends to overemphasize the importance of __________.

A) economic factors
B) cultural traditions
C) political institutions
D) religious ideology

Question 26

Dependency theory states that global economic inequality results from __________.

A) exploitation of Third World countries by First World countries
B) the persistence of traditionalism in preindustrial societies
C) exclusion from international trade agreements
D) lack of education, which prevents modernization

Question 27

A principal criticism of dependency theory is that it __________.

A) overestimates the dependency of First World nations on Third World labor
B) neglects internal conditions of Third World countries that inhibit economic development
C) implies that the Third World has benefited from relations with the First World
D) supports the activities of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund

Question 28

Dependency theory identifies multinational corporations based in the industrialized capitalist societies as __________.

A) advocates of increased economic and military aid
B) designers of global education programs stressing free market entrepreneurship
C) purveyors of a new imperialism, neoimperialism
D) promoters of centralization of economic and political decision making

Question 29

The introduction of a cash economy has disrupted traditional Ju/'hoansi San patterns of __________.

A) egalitarianism and reciprocity
B) food storage and redistribution
C) centralized decision making
D) rapid population growth

Question 30

The adoption of the shotgun by Yanomamö hunters has resulted in __________.

A) depletion of game animals from rainforest habitats
B) protein surpluses in the Yanomamö diet
C) reduction of hunting ranges
D) independence from a Western cash economy

Question 31

The world-systems theory of Immanuel Wallerstein classifies all countries within the categories of __________.

A) dominant, predominant, and submissive
B) dependent, codependent, and independent
C) core, peripheral, and semiperipheral
D) imperialistic, neoimperialistic, and colonial

Question 32

The term "Second World" refers to __________.

A) modern industrial states
B) premodern agricultural states
C) industrial states with socialist economies
D) North, Central, and South America

Question 33

According to modernization theorists, the primary impediments to economic development are __________.

A) foreign investment and exchange
B) poor nutrition and health care
C) cultural values and traditionalism
D) international relief agencies

Question 34

With the emergence of postindustrial societies, the global economy has been transformed by __________.

A) global trade
B) multinational corporations
C) manual labor
D) work in the information sector

Question 35

Since the 1960s, the Ju/'hoansi San have become __________.

A) increasingly independent and isolated from the modern world
B) middle-class citizens of the nation of South Africa
C) increasingly dependent on government assistance
D) one of the few indigenous societies to become financially independent

Question 36

The main issue anthropologists have with the work of political scientists studying conflicts in the Middle East is that __________.

A) they prioritize religion over political motivation
B) they do not address the amount of cultural diversity that exists in the region
C) they view the United States as culturally superior
D) they ignore the stereotypical truths about Arab societies

Question 37

The discovery of gold within Yanomamö territory has led to __________.

A) economic prosperity for certain rainforest tribes
B) increased government taxation of Indian communities
C) massacres of Yanomamö men, women, and children
D) better definitions of reservation boundaries

Question 38

One of the principal criticisms of modernization theory is that __________.

A) it holds Western industrial capitalist society as superior to all others
B) its proponents advocate a "back-to-nature" approach
C) it ignores the needs and rights of individual entrepreneurs
D) it promotes traditional family values

Question 39

Which of the following statements about Yanomamö Indians who chose to reside in Christian mission stations is accurate?

A) They have enjoyed unprecedented economic success.
B) They are unusually 100 percent literate in their native language.
C) They were taught to value and preserve their native culture.
D) They have become completely dependent on the missionaries.

Question 40

Saudi Arabian control of the Al-Murrah Bedouins has been accomplished by making their traditional leader, the emir, __________.

A) the head of an independent state
B) a common Saudi citizen
C) a prisoner for life
D) a dependent government official

Question 41

What are the principal elements of Immanuel Wallerstein's "world-systems theory"? How has it been used in anthropology?

Question 42

Using one example of each, compare and contrast a First World, a Second World, and a Third World country with one another. What would need to happen in order for your Third World example to become a member of the First World?

Question 43

Compare and contrast two revitalization movements discussed in your text. In what ways were they similar and different? How did the particular historical, social, economic, political, and religious circumstances factor into each? Were the outcomes similar or different? Explain why you think this was the case.

Question 44

As the head of state of an underdeveloped nation, what are the public policies that you would implement if you wished to modernize your society?

Question 45

Attempts by indigenous peoples to reinstitute traditional cultural values and beliefs are called __________.

A) revitalization movements
B) cultural adaptations
C) cultural revolutions
D) enculturations

Question 46

Why do some anthropologists refer to their ethnographic projects as studying "globalization from below"? Compare and contrast how ethnographers would apply and/or critique two of the following as they attempt to understand human society and behavior: modernization theory, dependency models, world-systems approaches, and neoliberalism.

Question 47

In one of the rituals of the Native American Church, participants use __________ as a form of communal sacrament to partake of the Holy Spirit.

A) specially prepared maize bread
B) modern fast-food items from McDonald's
C) the bones of their ancestors
D) hallucinogenic cactus buds

Question 48

A principal belief of the Ghost Dance movement was that __________.

A) white people would go away
B) indigenous people would go to battle against ghosts
C) the world would come to an end
D) Hawaii would be ruled again by traditional chiefdoms

Question 49

As a result of policies of industrialization and modernization under the shah of Iran, the Qashqa'i nomads began to __________.

A) demand more autonomy
B) manufacture cigars
C) adapt an agricultural way of life
D) live in cities like Tehran

Question 50

Through contact with European traders, the Hawaiian chiefdom was transformed from a political organization based on __________ to one based on __________.

A) kinship; personal charisma
B) reciprocity; redistribution
C) personal ability; divine right
D) theocracy; military force

Question 51

Throughout the Arabian Peninsula, Bedouin communities are becoming __________.

A) absorbed into existing nation-states
B) economically self-sufficient
C) autonomous nations with their own governments
D) wealthy through oil revenues

Question 52

Christian missionaries to the Hawaiian Islands in the nineteenth century taught native children that their traditional cultural activities were __________.

A) gifts from God
B) to be honored and respected
C) barbaric and uncivilized
D) similar to those of the ancient Hebrews

Question 53

Describe the five stages by which a traditional society undergoes modernization to reach a level of high economic growth.

Question 54

Cargo cults helped do which of the following?

A) mobilize political resistance against colonial powers
B) drive away Western settlers
C) increase foreign exports
D) get soft drinks imported to Melanesia

Question 55

Given a choice between modernization theory and dependency theory, which model do you prefer to explain the existence of vast inequities between countries of the First World and the Third World? What are the strengths of the model you prefer? What are its weaknesses?

Question 56

Describe some of the changes that have occurred within Ju/'hoansi San society as a result of global industrialization. Support your answer with specific examples.

Question 57

What were the effects of resettlement on the Mbuti of Zaire? As a policy advisor to an African government, what recommendations would you make regarding the relocation of hunting-and-gathering societies?

Question 58

Based on your own knowledge, do you agree with what modernization theory has to say about traditionalism? Do you believe that traditional attitudes of reciprocity will always work against the drive for individual economic success? Why or why not?

Question 59

U.S. plantation owners responded to the decline in native Hawaiian populations through infectious diseases by __________.

A) creating indigenous preserves and reservations
B) importing labor from China, Japan, and the Philippines
C) providing universal health care
D) relocating native Hawaiians to reservations in South Dakota

Question 60

What led to the end of the Ghost Dance movement?

A) the massacre of 200 Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota
B) the assassination of King Kamehameha
C) government repression of New Guinea tribesmen in the 1970s
D) the Mexican Revolution and subsequent land reform