Deck 10: Decision Making by Individuals and Groups

Question 1

Styles of decision making remain uniform among cultures.​

Answer 1

False

Question 2

By using the Z problem-solving model, managers can use only their preferences to make decisions.​

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The United States is a culture with high uncertainty avoidance.​

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Power distance does not affect decision making.​

Question 5

Devil's advocacy or dialectical inquiry facilitates groupthink.​

Question 6

Those prone to making risky decisions are less likely to take the lead in group discussions.​

Question 7

​When individuals in a group are racially dissimilar, they engage in less open information sharing.

Question 8

Research indicates that men are more risk averse than women and that younger, less experienced managers are more risk averse than older managers.​

Question 9

Feminine cultures value quick, assertive decisions.​

Question 10

A quality circle is a team that is part of an organization's structure and is empowered to act on its decisions regarding product and service quality.​

Question 11

Time orientation does not affect the frame of reference of a decision.​

Question 12

Strategic decision making in firms can vary widely by culture.​

Question 13

According to the Z model, Intuiting is used to gather information about a problem.​

Question 14

Managers never use their intuition to make decisions.​

Question 15

Over optimism is one of the reasons for escalation of commitment.​

Question 16

Participation buffers employees from the negative experiences of organizational politics.​

Question 17

Incubation means seeking out new experiences and opportunities to learn because creativity grows from a base of knowledge.​

Question 18

Individuals with higher self-esteem and those who are given an opportunity to affirm an important value are less likely to de-escalate.​

Question 19

As an economy becomes increasingly based on knowledge work, participative decision making decreases.​

Question 20

Illumination is conducted to determine if a solution or idea is valid.​

Question 21

The bounded rationality model assumes that managers:​

A)​select the alternative that is rational.
B)always select the best possible alternative.​
C)recognize that their conception of the world is complex.​
D)are comfortable making decisions without identifying all the options.​

Question 22

Using the _____ can help an individual develop his nonpreferences.​

A)​truth-wins rule
B)two-thirds-majority rule​
C)bounded rationality model​
D)Z problem-solving model​

Question 23

Jake, the CEO of WinWest Inc., decided to launch a high-risk product.Despite the product's persistent failure, he was unwilling to withdraw it from the market.This scenario is an example of _____.​

A)​path dependency
B)risk aversion​
C)escalation of commitment​
D)participative decision making​

Question 24

In situations characterized by _____, individuals who make decisions that turn out to be poor choices tend to hold fast to those choices, even when substantial costs are incurred.​

A)​escalation of commitment
B)path dependency​
C)group polarization​
D)participative decision making​

Question 25

The _____ rests on the idea that there are constraints that force a decision maker to be less than completely rational.​

A)​rational model
B)truth-wins rule​
C)bounded rationality model​
D)two-thirds-majority rule​

Question 26

Cognitive style is defined as an individual's:​

A)​preferred method for gathering information and evaluating alternatives.
B)tendency to choose options that entail fewer risks and less uncertainty.​
C)tendency to continue to support a failing course of action.​
D)new, complex decision that requires a creative solution.​

Question 27

Which of the following is an assumption of the bounded rationality model?​

A)​Managers are aware of all the possible alternatives.
B)Managers have a consistent system of preferences, which is used to choose the best alternative.​
C)Managers can calculate the probability of success for each alternative.​
D)Managers develop shortcuts, called heuristics, to make decisions in order to save mental activity.​

Question 28

Which of the following is true of programmed decisions?​

A)​They are new and complex decisions.
B)They require creative solutions.​
C)They have an established decision rule.​
D)They require detailed judgement.​

Question 29

In the rational model, the decision maker strives to:​

A)​satisfice.
B)optimize.​
C)support a failing course of action.​
D)develop shortcuts.​

Question 30

One of the reasons managers face limits to their rationality is that they:​

A)​are aware of all the possible alternatives.
B)must make decisions under risk and time pressure.​
C)have a consistent system of preferences.​
D)do not calculate the probability of success for each alternative.​

Question 31

The rational model of decision making assumes that the:​

A)​decision maker has an inconsistent system of preferences.
B)decision maker is not aware of all the possible alternatives.​
C)outcomes will be completely irrational.​
D)decision maker can calculate the probability of success for each alternative.​

Question 32

Alex, a manager at WizzWare Inc., is in charge of making a decision about merging with another company.This decision is a _____.​

A)​programmed decision
B)simple decision​
C)routine decision​
D)nonprogrammed decision​

Question 33

Bounded rationality assumes that managers _____ because the costs of optimizing in terms of time and effort are too great.​

A)​satisfice
B)​optimize
C)examine facts and details​
D)​reject heuristics

Question 34

The capability to become physically involved in participative activities is an individual prerequisite for participative decision making.​

Question 35

Which of the following is an assumption of the rational model of decision making?​

A)​The outcome will be completely irrational.
B)The decision maker is aware of all the possible alternatives.​
C)The decision maker cannot calculate the probability of success for each alternative.​
D)The decision maker has an inconsistent system of preferences, which is used to choose alternatives.​

Question 36

_____ are new and complex decisions that require considerable judgment.​

A)​Programmed decisions
B)Routine decisions​
C)Simple decisions​
D)Nonprogrammed decisions​

Question 37

In the context of the decision-making process, after a solution is implemented, the next step is to:​

A)​monitor the situation.
B)calculate the probability of success.​
C)evaluate alternatives.​
D)evaluate data.​

Question 38

Which of the following preferences is used in the final step of the Z problem-solving model to determine how the people involved will be affected?​

A)​Feeling
B)Sensing​
C)Intuiting​
D)Thinking​

Question 39

In the context of personality, attitudes, and values, the left side of the brain is the center for _____.​

A)​creative functions
B)planning​
C)incubation​
D)innovative ideas​

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true in the context of risk aversion?​

A)​Women are more risk averse than men.
B)Younger managers are more risk averse than more experienced managers.​
C)Successful managers are more risk averse than unsuccessful managers.​
D)Men are more risk averse than women.​

Question 41

Participative decision making is associated with:​

A)​the ability to know the possibilities of a situation.
B)less creativity among employees.​
C)reduced productivity.​
D)employee job satisfaction.​

Question 42

Recent research examining the effects of cultural diversity on decision making has found that when individuals in a group are racially dissimilar, _____.​

A)​they engage in less open information sharing
B)they discourage dissenting perspectives​
C)they arrive at better decisions than racially similar groups​
D)they tend to make decisions slower than racially similar groups​

Question 43

What are the elements of the decision making process?​

Question 44

Which of the following is true of quality circles?​

A)​They extend participative decision making into teams.
B)They are included in total quality management.​
C)They are empowered to act on their own recommendations.​
D)They are generated from the top down.​

Question 45

The advantages of group decision making include:​

A)​no pressure within the group to conform and fit in.
B)more knowledge through the pooling of group member resources.​
C)less amount of time required.​
D)decreased acceptance of and commitment to the decision.​

Question 46

One social decision scheme is the _____, in which a group supports whatever position is taken by most of its members.​

A)​majority-wins rule
B)truth-wins rule​
C)two-thirds-majority rule​
D)first-shift rule​

Question 47

In the context of creativity, _____ occurs when an individual senses an insight for solving a problem.​

A)​incubation
B)illumination​
C)verification​
D)preparation​

Question 48

Which of the following is an individual prerequisite for participative decision making?​

A)​The capability to prevent critical analysis of decisions
B)​The motivation to act autonomously
C)​The motivation to protect a group from negative feedback
D)​The capability to become psychologically detached in participative activities

Question 49

Describe the effect of diversity and culture on decision making.​

Question 50

Describe the advantages of group decision making.​

Question 51

A _____ is a small group of employees who work voluntarily on company time, typically one hour per week, to address work-related problems such as quality control, cost reduction, production planning and techniques, and even product design.​

A)​quality circle
B)quality team​
C)social group​
D)planning team​

Question 52

Describe the individual and organizational influences on creativity.​

Question 53

Which of the following is true of quality teams?​

A)​They emphasize the generation of ideas.
B)They operate in parallel fashion to an organization's structure.​
C)They extend participative decision making into teams.​
D)They make data-based decisions about improving product and service quality.​

Question 54

_____ has been described as the ability to know or recognize quickly and readily the possibilities of a situation.​

A)​Preparation
B)Intuition​
C)Verification​
D)Illumination​

Question 55

Which of the following is an assumption of intuition?​

A)​It involves learned patterns of information.
B)It is used at a level above consciousness.​
C)It is a negative force in decision making.​
D)It is slow.​

Question 56

_____ are simple rules used to determine final group decisions.​

A)​Heuristics
B)Social decision schemes​
C)Nominal group techniques​
D)Mindguards​

Question 57

Which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?​

A)​Illusions of group immorality
B)Illusions of vulnerability​
C)Low cohesiveness​
D)Peer pressure​

Question 58

The organizational foundations include a _____ that is essential because of the uncertainty within the organization.​

A)​nominal group technique
B)social organizational scheme​
C)supportive organizational culture​
D)social comparison approach​

Question 59

Which of the following encourages groupthink?​

A)​Low cohesiveness
B)Diversity among group members​
C)Domination of the group by one forceful member​
D)Time constraints​

Question 60

The use of intuition may lead to more _____ as intuition allows an individual to take on another's role with ease.​

A)​effective decisions
B)heuristics​
C)creativity​
D)ethical decisions​

Question 61

Describe the foundations for participation and empowerment.​