Deck 2: Stress and Coping

Question 1

Which of the following illustrates the correct order for the general adaptation syndrome?

A)stress,strain,recovery
B)resistance,submission,exhaustion
C)alarm,resistance,exhaustion
D)stress,alarm,resistance
E)stress,eustress,homeostasis

Answer 1

alarm,resistance,exhaustion

Question 2

A self-generated coping strategy in which an attempt is made to reinterpret past events more positively is called a

A)reappraisal
B)primary reappraisal
C)defensive appraisal
D)challenge appraisal
E)comforting appraisal

Answer 2

defensive appraisal

Question 3

The term "fight or flight" is not always appropriate in the contemporary world because

A)contemporary responses to stress vary significantly from a thousand years ago
B)physiological responses to stress may be gender specific
C)behavioural responses to stress have evolved
D)the behavioural response no longer exists
E)men today are more secure and less threatened by other males

Answer 3

behavioural responses to stress have evolved

Question 4

According to Lazurus and Folkman,the level of stress that a person experiences will depend on

A)the effort used to cope with the stress
B)the level of physiological arousal
C)the level of psychological arousal
D)the individual's cognitive appraisal
E)the culture in which the person is raised

Question 5

The difference in the autonomic nervous system response to stress and the endocrine system response is

A)the endocrine system is slower but the impact continues longer
B)the autonomic nervous system is slower but the impact continues longer
C)the autonomic nervous system is quicker but the effect lasts longer
D)the endocrine system is quicker but the effect lasts longer
E)there is no appreciable difference in the rate of responding

Question 6

When a threat is perceived,either actual or imagined,the body is alerted to mobilize its coping resources.This response begins with the

A)adrenal medulla
B)limbic system
C)reticular formation
D)hypothalamus
E)sympathetic nervous system

Question 7

Don and Tom work at different companies.On the same day that Don was told his services would no longer be needed,Tom was promoted.Tom was also told that the company was making many changes related to products.According to Lazarus and Folkman's Cognitive Transactional Model the primary appraisal for both men would be considered stressful.Don's type of stressful appraisal would be ___________ and Tom's would be __________________.

A)harm/loss;threat
B)harm/loss;challenge
C)threat;challenge
D)challenge;challenge
E)threat;harm/loss

Question 8

Taylor et al (2000)distinguishes between the behavioural component and the physiological component of the fight or flight response by proposing

A)behaviourally,females are more likely to tend and befriend
B)behaviourally,males are more likely to be aggressive
C)physiologically,males sweat more frequently
D)physiologically,males heart rate accelerates more rapidly
E)physiologically,females response more slowly

Question 9

Selye called the problems of cardiovascular disease,hypertension,bronchial asthma and increased risk of infection

A)diseases of exhaustion
B)diseases of survival
C)diseases of adaptation
D)diseases of resistance
E)diseases of the mind

Question 10

Hans Selye

A)originated the biological concept of stress
B)coined the term euphoria to describe positive stress
C)wrote a book called the JOY OF STRESS
D)thought all stress was harmful
E)coined the term distress

Question 11

Selye's general adaptation syndrome refers to

A)a consistent pattern of responses to noxious stimuli
B)a psychological response to stress observed in rats
C)a psychological response to stress observed in human behaviour
D)a stereotypic response to psychologically stressful events
E)a stereotypic flight or fight response

Question 12

The hormone cortisol

A)increases blood sugar
B)decreases blood sugar by storing it
C)increases blood pressure and respiration rate
D)decreases blood pressure and respiration rate
E)converts stored protein and fats to glucose

Question 13

One problem with any discussion of stress and coping is

A)the subjectivity of the experience
B)the definition of the terms
C)the stress literacy effect
D)distinguishing the effects of the two
E)the psychological,emotional and physical components

Question 14

Selye's theory was criticized because

A)he neglected genetic processes
B)he neglected cognitive processes
C)he exaggerated physiological responses to stress
D)he emphasized psychosocial factors over physiological factors
E)he proposed peptic ulcers as a disease of adaptation

Question 15

There are two major components of the physical response to stress.They are

A)the nervous system and the digestive system
B)the endocrine system and the digestive system
C)the nervous system and the endocrine system
D)the endocrine system and the musculoskeletal system
E)the nervous system and the musculoskeletal system

Question 16

In 1939,Canon expressed concern over the implications for physical illness through the continuous activation of the

A)homeostatic response
B)fight or flight response
C)general adaptation response
D)central nervous system
E)stress response

Question 17

According to Rice (1999)stress has three distinct meanings.Which of the following is not one of those three meanings?

A)environmental demands placed upon us that cause us to feel stressed
B)subjective response to an environmental event
C)the body's physical response to events as described by Selye
D)a biobehavioural alternative to the flight or fight response
E)cognitive or interpretive response to events

Question 18

Laurie got off the bus in a city 1000 miles from her home.She saw a lady coming towards her with outstretched arms.She immediately realized that it was her beloved aunt who she hadn't seen for 5 years.According to Lazarus and Folkman's Cognitive Transactional Model her primary appraisal would be called

A)challenge
B)threat
C)irrelevant
D)benign-positive
E)stressful

Question 19

One difference between the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex is

A)the adrenal medulla secretes aldosterone
B)the adrenal cortex is activated by the pituitary gland
C)the adrenal medulla secretes cortisol
D)the adrenal cortex is activated by the hypothalamus
E)the adrenal medulla is located above the kidneys

Question 20

According to the Cognitive Transactional Model proposed by Lazarus and Folkman,secondary appraisal is

A)a continuous experience in which existing appraisals are changed or modified on the basis of new information
B)concerned with a person's evaluation of his or her ability to cope with a situation
C)concerned with the initial evaluation of a situation
D)only occurs after the primary appraisal is complete
E)the same as a defensive appraisal

Question 21

When potential stressors are anticipated and acted on in advance to prevent or decrease their impact the type of coping is

A)emotion focused
B)coping response
C)proactive
D)combative
E)stress management

Question 22

All of the following are examples of relaxation techniques except

A)progressive atrial fibrillation
B)progressive muscular relaxation
C)biofeedback
D)transcendental meditation
E)autogenic training

Question 23

Jason,a 4-year-old boy and his mother are taking a walk around their block.They meet their neighbour who is walking her dog.Jason is fearful of dogs.His mother pats the dog and then has Jason do the same.This would most accurately be called

A)cognitive restructuring
B)systematic desensitization
C)biofeedback
D)participant modeling
E)inoculation training

Question 24

The fight or flight response results in a _________________ state while most relaxation techniques result in a ___________________ state.

A)parasympathetic;sympathetic
B)hypermetabolic;hypometabolic
C)hypometabolic;hypermetabolic
D)hypometabolic;hypometabolic
E)hypermetabolic;hypermetabolic

Question 25

In determining the importance of social support,it is clearly the ___________________ which is most important

A)informational support
B)tangible support
C)emotional support
D)perception of social support
E)social situation

Question 26

A person with a Type A Behaviour pattern was described by Friedman and Rosenman as

A)appearing relaxed and calm
B)competitive and displaying a sense of time urgency
C)frequently seeking medical advice
D)socially dominant
E)slow to anger

Question 27

Behavioural control over an event increases one's sense of _____________

A)imminence
B)duration
C)temporal uncertainty
D)emotional control
E)predictability

Question 28

Elan rushes from one meeting to the next during the day,uses his car phone for business calls on the way home,when he isn't honking at the drivers of other cars who he thinks are going too slowly even though they are going the posted speed limit.Jack would appear to be displaying

A)a lack of coping skills
B)a need to reappraise
C)Type A behaviour
D)Type B behaviour
E)Stress

Question 29

Which of the following is not a form of social support?

A)emotional
B)informational
C)tangible
D)direct aid or services
E)problem focused

Question 30

The importance of identifying individuals exhibiting a Type A Behaviour pattern is that

A)they frequently have few or no coping strategies
B)they tend to make inaccurate primary appraisals
C)they make their coworkers uncomfortable
D)make up a large proportion of the prison population
E)they are at risk for coronary heart disease

Question 31

Using cognitive processes such as avoidance or minimization that are intended to decrease emotional distress is called

A)problem focused coping
B)emotion focused coping
C)secondary appraisal
D)proactive coping
E)combative coping

Question 32

Altering a situation by defining the problem,looking at alternative solutions,evaluating the implications of the alternatives and choosing the best one to act on is known as

A)setting coping goals
B)coping outcomes
C)Type A behaviour
D)problem focused coping
E)emotion focused coping

Question 33

The distinction between a coping response and a stress response depends on

A)the type of coping strategy employed
B)the type of stress appraisal
C)the primary appraisal
D)whether an intentional act occurs in response to a stressor
E)whether an unintended emotion occurs in response to a stressor

Question 34

According to the Cognitive Transactional Model,normal life events may become sources of stress when the event

A)occurs at the wrong time in the life cycle
B)lasts more than 60 days
C)is imminent
D)has an unusual outcome
E)was previously unimportant to the individual

Question 35

The principle underlying Wolpe's systematic desensitization is

A)reciprocal inhibition
B)the relaxation response
C)biofeedback
D)cognitive exposure
E)repeated exposure

Question 36

Relaxation techniques share all of the following features except

A)eyes are closed
B)requires a quiet,undisturbed setting
C)muscles are completely relaxed
D)deep rhythmical breathing occurs
E)control over physiological processes

Question 37

There is a tendency to use emotion-focused coping when

A)the stressor is emotional
B)the individual believes nothing can be done
C)preparing for a stress response
D)the individual is without social support
E)the stress intensity is too large

Question 38

The stress-buffering hypothesis suggests that

A)problem focused coping is the best method of coping
B)emotion focused coping is the best method of coping
C)social support acts as a buffer to protect the individual from stress
D)personal control acts as a buffer to protect the individual from stress
E)positive psychology increases positive human functioning

Question 39

Any response that reflects a spontaneous emotional or behavioural reaction to stress is called a

A)coping response
B)stress response
C)coping outcome
D)coping goal
E)emotion focused coping

Question 40

Sureya is going to be playing the organ at church for the first time on Sunday morning.It is still one month away.Lazarus and Folkman would identify the property of the situation responsible for Jane's stress as

A)event uncertainty
B)imminence
C)temporal uncertainty
D)duration
E)novelty

Question 41

Describe the three types of appraisal proposed by the Cognitive Transactional Model of stress.Include examples of person and situation variables that influence appraisal.

Question 42

Compare Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome to the Cognitive Transactional model of stress.Be sure to include the major components of each theory.

Question 43

The degree to which an individual is knowledgeable about the effects of stress is described as

A)coping
B)homeostasis
C)stress literacy
D)general adaptation
E)stress-diathesis model

Question 44

Personal control,a factor that influences a person' ability to cope with stress,may be achieved

A)emotionally or behaviourally
B)cognitively or behaviourally
C)emotionally or cognitively
D)socially or psychologically
E)socially or emotionally

Question 45

All of the following are components of stress inoculation training except:

A)psychoeducation
B)behavioural analysis of individual patterns of stress-related behaviours
C)time management
D)cognitive restructuring
E)systematic desensitization

Question 46

A type of appraisal in which,though an event is perceived to be stressful,the focus is one of positive excitement and the potential for growth is called

A)secondary appraisal
B)reappraisal
C)irrelevant appraisal
D)benign-positive appraisal
E)challenge appraisal

Question 47

Programs designed to change maladaptive behaviours are not usually described in terms of coping but are more likely to be described as

A)diathesis -stress model
B)stress management
C)resistance
D)resilience
E)informational support

Question 48

Brittney has had a difficult childhood moving from foster family to foster family and eventually ending up in a group home.Still she is determined to get the best education she can.She has just been accepted into graduate studies in clinical psychology and hopes to apply her professional skills to other children with similar troubled childhoods.Brittney clearly represents

A)the stress-diathesis model
B)stress management techniques
C)resilience
D)emotion focussed coping
E)social dominance

Question 49

Distinguish between problem-focused coping and emotion focused coping giving examples of each.

Question 50

Describe the physiological changes that take place when the flight or fight response occurs with activation of the sympathetic adrenomedullary system.

Question 51

Outline the physiological stress response of the HPA axis beginning with the hypothalamus and ending with the release of cortisol.

Question 52

Self-help manuals that provide do-it-yourself instruction in coping with stress

A)Only work for those who are stress literate
B)Provide evidence about the pervasiveness of stress
C)Are not useful and could be dangerous
D)Are regulated by the Canadian Psychology Association
E)Grew out of the positive psychology approach

Question 53

In SAM,the hypothalamus causes the adrenal medulla to secrete which of the following hormones

A)glucocorticoids
B)mineralocorticoids
C)ACTH
D)catecholamines
E)cortisol

Question 54

Which of the following Psychologists and their associated cognitive therapy are inaccurate

A)Beck and cognitive therapy
B)Ellis and Rational emotive behaviour therapy
C)Meichenbaum and stress inoculation training
D)Wolpe and systematic desensitization
E)Bandura and biofeedback

Question 55

The HPA system causes the adrenal cortex to secrete all but one of the following hormones

A)glucocorticoids
B)mineralocorticoids
C)catecholamines
D)cortisol
E)aldosterone

Question 56

An emerging field that encourages psychologists to use fewer negative frameworks and focus more on effective human functioning is

A)personal control psychology
B)cognitive psychology
C)positive psychology
D)psychosomatic medicine
E)stress inoculation training

Question 57

Describe Wright's multi-causal pathway that outlines factors in the Type A behaviour pattern which have been linked to coronary heart disease.

Question 58

According to the diathesis-stress model,disease outcomes result from

A)the nature of the stressor a person experiences
B)one's physiological vulnerabilities
C)changes in health behaviour
D)the interaction between psychological and physiological predispositions and stress
E)a genetic predisposition

Question 59

Describe each stage of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome and include the criticisms of the theory that have emerged.

Question 60

Smith and Ruiz identified a risk factor for coronary disease which they identified as

A)hostility
B)social dominance
C)Type A behaviour
D)Type B behaviour
E)time urgency

Question 61

Explain the stress-diathesis model and how it can be applied to cardiovascular disease?

Question 62

Describe the different types of social support and give specific examples of each type.

Question 63

It is clear that lack of social support is a risk factor for disease.What evidence exists to support this statement? Describe a possible mechanism for the effect of social support on the coping response.

Question 64

What role do the limbic system and the reticular formation play in the stress response?

Question 65

In Lazarus and Folkman's Cognitive Transactional Model,person and situation variables have been identified that influence the reappraisal process.Name and describe one person variable and three situation variables that have been identified.Explain how each variable influences appraisal.

Question 66

What has been learned from the study of eastern meditative disciplines and how can that information be applied to western practices of stress management.

Question 67

Choose one behaviour therapy/cognitive therapy technique and one relaxation technique of stress management and describe how these two methods might be helpful for someone currently experiencing the demands of student life.

Question 68

Describe three forms of cognitive therapy frequently used in stress management.

Question 69

Describe in detail one method of inducing relaxation.