Deck 10: Cities and Urban Economies

Question 1

During the Industrial Revolution in the United States,all of the following cities were important,EXCEPT

A) New York.
B) Boston.
C) Philadelphia.
D) Baltimore.
E) St. Louis.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Typically,the most important criterion when people select a home is accessibility to

A) the best school district.
B) work.
C) shopping.
D) family members.
E) entertainment.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to your textbook,linkages among cities are largely linkages among

A) families.
B) governments.
C) firms.
D) ethnic groups.
E) All of the above

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Set of changes caused by the multiplier effect include all of the following EXCEPT

A) direct effects.
B) indirect effects.
C) induced effects.
D) all of the above
E) direct and indirect effects only

Question 5

The non-basic sector in cities is ________-oriented.

A) resource
B) government
C) locally
D) export
E) import

Question 6

The breakdown of the feudalist barriers to production that contributed to the capitalist formation of the city included all of the following EXCEPT

A) accumulation of capital.
B) growth of social classes.
C) scientific and technological breakthroughs.
D) new trade networks.
E) stable population growth.

Question 7

The multiplier in a given location is highest when subcontracts of the basic sector are

A) in Mexico.
B) located offshore.
C) local.
D) formalized.
E) informal.

Question 8

The basic sector in cities is ________ -oriented.

A) resource
B) government
C) locally
D) import
E) export

Question 9

Why do relatively prosperous people tend to live in the cheaper land in the suburbs while the poor tend to concentrate in the inner city?

A) Prosperous people have access to better transportation.
B) tax incentives
C) historical inertia
D) institutionalized racial segregation in housing
E) It is a random result.

Question 10

As the U.S.Manufacturing Belt came into being,which of the following cities arose?

A) New York
B) Boston
C) Philadelphia
D) St. Louis
E) Baltimore

Question 11

The system that ties cities together via various tiers stratified by population size and economic significance is called the

A) non-basic sector.
B) urban hierarchy.
C) the central business district.
D) global city.
E) none of the above

Question 12

The contemporary Western city has been influenced by large corporations in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A) corporate buildings dominate skylines.
B) corporations have needed to find ways to absorb their surplus by creating new markets.
C) they, along with governments, have poured resources into urban renewal projects.
D) corporations have needed to find ways to absorb their surplus by commodifying social life.
E) they have been responsible for much of the economic devastation occurring in most Western cities.

Question 13

All of the following pairs of cities and the services they export are correct,EXCEPT

A) Las Vegas: health care services.
B) New York: financial services.
C) Los Angeles: television and film services.
D) Washington, DC: government services.
E) Las Vegas: tourism.

Question 14

European colonization and conquest threatened the urban civilizations of all of these regions,EXCEPT

A) Asia.
B) Europe.
C) Africa.
D) North America.
E) South America.

Question 15

The filtering model describes

A) how gentrification gets started in a community.
B) which neighborhoods are selected for new subdivisions.
C) the relationship between school districts and income levels.
D) why low-income households occupy used rather than new housing.
E) where retail activities are located within a city.

Question 16

Cities

A) are a built environment.
B) consist of dense webs of social forces.
C) are where the engines of capitalist growth are located.
D) centers of innovation.
E) all of the above

Question 17

What do the cities of Calcutta,Hong Kong,and Singapore have in common?

A) They originated as colonial or trading cities.
B) They are all in China.
C) They were never colonized.
D) They were important for religious reasons.
E) They will have all been hit by earthquakes in the past five years.

Question 18

The basic sector typically includes such economic sectors as

A) retail trade.
B) eating and drinking establishments.
C) real estate.
D) personal services.
E) manufactured goods.

Question 19

Colonial cities dominated the urban patterns of Africa,Asia,and Latin America from

A) 1400s to the 1600s.
B) 1400s to the 1700s.
C) 1500s to the 1700s.
D) 1500s to the 1800s.
E) 1500s to the 1900s.

Question 20

The Canadian urban core became established for the same reasons as the U.S.Manufacturing Belt.These include all of the following EXCEPT

A) the Industrial Revolution.
B) consolidation of agricultural trade.
C) establishment of a national railroad system.
D) rapid urban growth.
E) the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway.

Question 21

The automobile has been a great influence in the movement of population and retailing to suburbs in which of the following ways?

A) The need for parking areas for shopping drove many retailers to the suburbs.
B) Automobile companies began buying and shutting down mass transportation.
C) Freeways made land almost anywhere on the urban fringe accessible.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 22

What begins the process of exurb migration and urban blight?

A) gentrification
B) excessive taxation of inner city properties
C) movement of affluent residents to suburbs
D) a natural disaster
E) business failures

Question 23

What technology made suburbs possible?

A) automobiles
B) highways
C) telephones
D) electrical energy
E) all of the above

Question 24

All of the following are examples of important supply side factors in the residential housing market EXCEPT

A) the amount of construction of new housing units.
B) construction standards.
C) the number of people in the housing market.
D) zoning codes.
E) availability of financing.

Question 25

What is the source of suburbanization?

A) combination of free market and government
B) government
C) free market
D) command economy
E) random chance

Question 26

All of the following are specific ways in which suburbanization has catastrophically affected central cities EXCEPT

A) suburbs have incorporated to avoid paying taxes to central cities.
B) decreasing revenues from property, income and sales taxes make it difficult for central cities to provide public services.
C) declining population has eroded the political clout of inner city governments.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 27

Suburbanization has had a particularly negative effect on which of the following?

A) large corporations
B) government
C) housing values in the suburbs
D) prime farmland
E) all of the above

Question 28

Why did retailers move to the suburbs?

A) to follow the flight of home-owners to the suburbs
B) to provide customers with adequate parking
C) to put in place new merchandising techniques
D) Older, central city retail centers had become obsolete.
E) all of the above

Question 29

How has migration to the suburbs changed the ethnic composition of central cities?

A) It has decreased the percentage of non-white people in central cities.
B) It has increased the percentage of non-white people in central cities.
C) It has increased the diversity of ethnic groups in the central city.
D) It has increased the number of Asians in central cities.
E) It has increased the number of white people in the central cities.

Question 30

The "filtering model" of housing markets is based on what principle?

A) Housing quality rises and falls in regular cycles.
B) Zoning ordinances evens out differences in housing quality.
C) Gentrification evens out differences in housing quality.
D) There is an increase in the quality of a house over time.
E) There is a decrease in quality of a house over time.

Question 31

All of the following are externalities generated by urban sprawl EXCEPT

A) uneven development.
B) irrational use of space.
C) traffic congestion.
D) pollution.
E) urban homesteaders.

Question 32

Exurbs are "boomtowns" that are in remote areas for only one reason--access to

A) hiking and camping.
B) farmland.
C) wildlife.
D) affordable housing.
E) free parking.

Question 33

What becomes of the original residents after gentrification occurs?

A) They eventually decide to move to the suburbs.
B) They become wealthy from selling their central city properties.
C) They often bring legal action against the gentrification process.
D) They are often displaced.
E) They often open home remodeling businesses.

Question 34

Gentrification can be explained by

A) the growth of producer services and their propensity to agglomerate in centralized locations.
B) "yuppies" were attracted to the central cities by the services economies that formed there.
C) the changing structure of the family, particularly the increase in DINKS.
D) all of the above
E) A and B only

Question 35

Which of the following was most important in encouraging suburban sprawl?

A) loan guarantees for home purchasers (especially veterans)
B) property-tax reductions for owner-occupied homes
C) massive highway subsidies
D) cheap land
E) cheap transportation

Question 36

This process refers to the resurgence of growth in many central city areas.

A) recentralization
B) urban realms model
C) counterurbanization
D) gerrymandering
E) gentrification

Question 37

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) Decentralization of manufacturing began before 1900, but it took the construction of the Interstate Highway System to speed the process to completion.
B) Decentralization of the manufacturing process began after the completion of the Interstate Highway System.
C) Decentralization of manufacturing began before 1900 and was complete before the Interstate Highway System was fully funded.
D) Decentralization of manufacturing began before 1900 and was complete before the Interstate Highway System was construction.
E) Decentralization of manufacturing began in the 1950s, then continued until the Interstate Highway System was complete.

Question 38

Moving out to the suburbs is associated with

A) becoming a farmer.
B) downward social mobility.
C) greater economic risk.
D) changing employers.
E) upward social mobility.

Question 39

A factor that reinforced suburban sprawl was

A) low mortgage interest rates.
B) loan guarantees provided by the federal government.
C) property tax reductions for owner-occupied housing.
D) cheap transportation.
E) all of the above

Question 40

How has suburbanization affected central cities?

A) Suburbanization has drained people, businesses, tax dollars and wealth from central cities.
B) Suburbanization brings wealth to the entire region, which also helps central cities.
C) Suburbanization has a slightly negative effect on central cities.
D) Suburbanization has had a slightly positive effect on central cities.
E) Suburbanization has had little, if any, effect on central cities.

Question 41

To what does spatial mismatch refer?

A) zoning laws in the inner city that encourage suburban flight
B) shortage of appropriate housing in inner city neighborhoods
C) shortage of parking in inner city neighborhoods
D) new employment opportunities that match work skills of inner city residents are usually found in suburbs
E) lack of grocery stores in inner city neighborhoods

Question 42

What has happened to unemployment rates in central cities since the 1960s?

A) They have risen steadily.
B) They have declined steadily.
C) They declined in the 1960s, then rose consistently since then.
D) They rose steadily in the 1960s, but have declined significantly since that time.
E) They have remained steady.

Question 43

Colonial cities dominated the urban patterns of Africa,Asia,and Latin America from the 1400s to the 1800s.

Question 44

Conservative explanations for the inner-city ghetto focus on

A) deindustrialization.
B) welfare and public assistance.
C) lack of education.
D) a rise in out-of-wedlock births.
E) poverty.

Question 45

An important second tier of world cities includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) Paris.
B) Berlin.
C) Madrid.
D) Miami.
E) Chicago.

Question 46

What activities are found in a global city?

A) creative innovations, news, fashion, and culture industries
B) raising and managing investment capital
C) advertising, marketing, legal services, accounting
D) management, planning and control centers for government and NGOs
E) all of the above

Question 47

Inner-city poverty rates are often ________ those found among whites and suburbanites.

A) double
B) quadruple
C) five times
D) six times
E) ten times

Question 48

Shopping malls and retail stores exemplify the urban non-basic sector.

Question 49

Urban specialization is an important part of the geography of capitalism.

Question 50

What is the primary function of global cities?

A) national capitals
B) command and control centers
C) state or provincial capitals
D) port cities
E) major education centers

Question 51

In economic base analysis,export means foreign exports.

Question 52

A preeminent international location for business decision making and corporate services is called

A) an urban agglomeration.
B) a global city.
C) an exurb.
D) a major city.
E) central business district.

Question 53

Cities impact the environment in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A) they only affect the environment in their local areas.
B) changes in albedo and hydrologic capacities.
C) production of solid waste that is not collected.
D) global losses in topsoil.
E) production of fossil fuels emissions.

Question 54

Urban growth that can occur over long periods by minimizing environmental impacts is

A) urban sustainability.
B) the green cities movement.
C) industrial restructuring.
D) deindustrialization.
E) none of the above

Question 55

Barriers to reverse commuting include all of the following EXCEPT

A) constraints on transportation.
B) communication constraints.
C) biased hiring practices.
D) substandard work skills of the inner-city poor.
E) high crime rates.

Question 56

Which of the following are problems of inner cities?

A) crisis housing
B) inadequate funding of inner-city schools
C) Health care in the inner city is poor.
D) Crime rates in inner city areas are higher.
E) all of the above

Question 57

Internationalization of economic activity has resulted in the growth of global cities like

A) Singapore.
B) Hong Kong.
C) New York City.
D) Los Angeles.
E) Rio de Janeiro.

Question 58

The cities of Calcutta,Hong Kong,and Singapore all originated as colonial or trading cities.

Question 59

Development in what city has been suggested as the model for contemporary globalized,service-oriented urbanization?

A) Buenos Aires
B) Hong Kong
C) Mumbai (Bombay)
D) Los Angeles
E) Paris

Question 60

According to your textbook,linkages among cities are largely linkages among families.

Question 61

Typically,the most important criterion when people select a home is accessibility to work.

Question 62

Unemployment rates in central cities have remained steady since the 1960s.

Question 63

The outermost edges of metropolitan areas are called suburbs.

Question 64

One externality generated by urban sprawl is irrational use of space.

Question 65

Cities that are distant from downtown are called sprawled cities.

Question 66

Changes in firms that sell goods and services to the export base through subcontracts are called direct effects.

Question 67

Urban core areas are called CBDs (Central Business Districts).

Question 68

Exurbs are "boomtowns" that are in remote areas for only one reason --- access to affordable housing.

Question 69

The basic sector in cities is export-oriented.

Question 70

Firms that must have the most access to clients and suppliers of inputs and services tend to agglomerate on the urban periphery.

Question 71

The basic sector recycles corporate and personal incomes in ways that meet the demands of firms and households locally.

Question 72

Gentrification is a market-driven phenomenon.

Question 73

Cheap land was the most important factor in encouraging suburban sprawl.

Question 74

Having a diversified economy in the local economy is important in order to limit any negative multiplier effects that may occur from declines in a single industry.

Question 75

Suburbanization has had a particularly negative effect on housing values in the suburbs.

Question 76

Movement of affluent residents to suburbs usually begins the process of exurb migration and urban blight.

Question 77

The investment in a given city is highest when subcontractors of the basic sector are local.

Question 78

Residential revitalization in the central business district spawned a return-to- the-city movement by suburbanites.

Question 79

Multiplier effects can work both for a region and against a region.

Question 80

Induced effects occur primarily in the non-basic sector of the economy.