Deck 7: Depth and Size Perception

Question 1

In the following photograph, we infer that the swan is in front of the fence because the image of the swan breaks up the continuous image of the fence.What is the technical term for this depth cue?

A)accommodation
B)relative monocular distance
C)occlusion
D)movement-based

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Francois is a passenger in a car moving at 65 miles per hour down the highway.When Francois looks out the windows, nearby objects will appear to rush by him in the opposite direction, but objects farther way appear to move more slowly relative to the car.Which depth cue is this associated with?

A)binocular disparity
B)motion parallax
C)linear perspective
D)optic flow

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Nagata et al.(2012) were interested in the neural mechanisms Adanson's jumping spiders use for depth perception.They found that the spiders ______.

A)use color information but not depth perception
B)see in depth by coordinating information from across their many eyes
C)compare images on different levels of their retinae to determine depth
D)use the comparison of their vision and their jump to infer distance

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is an accurate statement about shadow cues?

A)The angle of the shadow can provide some information about how far the object is in front of the background.
B)Shadows can exist only in an environment with an atmosphere, which provides depth cues.
C)If an object is in an indentation, then its shadow will be away from the sun.
D)If an object is on the side of a mountain, then its shadow will be toward the sun.

Question 5

The region in space where the two images from an object fall on corresponding locations on the two retinae is known as the ______.

A)corresponding point
B)vergence point
C)horopter
D)parallax

Question 6

Linear perspective refers to ______.

A)a visual cue that occurs when one object partially hides or obstructs the view of a second object
B)a visual cue in which objects closer to the horizon are seen as more distant
C)retinal size alone
D)the pictorial depth cue that arises from the fact that parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance

Question 7

As Sonya moves forward in a field, the cow in front of her appears larger.Sonya is using a motion depth cue called ______.

A)motion parallax
B)motion disparity
C)linear intervention
D)optic flow

Question 8

The region of small disparity around the horopter where the two images can be united into a single perception is known as ______.

A)the Gelb region
B)Panum's area of fusion
C)the area of linear perspective
D)Benham's static parallax

Question 9

In the photo below, depth is indicated mainly by ______.

A)oculomotor cues
B)stereopsis
C)atmospheric perspective
D)relative height

Question 10

Which of these depth cues is prominent in the photograph below?

A)vergence
B)optic flow
C)linear perspective
D)disparity

Question 11

Heinrich knows that a vase is much smaller than a statue.However, because the vase appears larger, Heinrich knows it must be closer.Heinrich is using ______.

A)relative height
B)relative distance
C)linear perspective
D)familiar size

Question 12

The inward rotation of the eyes when looking at closer objects is known as ______, and the process of adjusting the lens of the eye so that both near and far objects can be seen clearly is known as ______.

A)accommodation; monocular inference
B)vergence; accommodation
C)monocular inference; vergence
D)random-dot stereopsis; monocular inference

Question 13

When you are holding your hand out at arm's length and looking at your thumb, the image of your thumb falls on ______ on each of your retinae.

A)corresponding points
B)noncorresponding points
C)the horoptic perimeter
D)the locus of disparity

Question 14

The sense of depth we perceive from the visual system's processing of the comparison of the two different images from each retina is known as ______.

A)stereopsis
B)optic comparisons
C)retinal parallax
D)binocular rivalry

Question 15

To focus on an object close to our eyes, we contract the ______ muscles.

A)ciliary
B)vergence
C)convergence
D)monocular

Question 16

The adjustments that your eyes make as they look from objects near to objects far away or from objects far away to objects closer can serve as cues to depth in and of themselves.This source of information about depth is known as ______.

A)oculomotor depth cues
B)monocular depth cues
C)eye motion depth cues
D)the cue approach to depth perception

Question 17

As we watch an object move relative to another object, we judge the object that disappears, known as ______, and reappears, known as ______.

A)flow; disruption
B)parallax; perspective
C)deletion; accretion
D)disparity; convergence

Question 18

As Ramon stares at a photograph of Jean standing in a garden, he judges that Jean is about five feet away from a decorative statue.To make this judgment, Ramon uses ______.

A)movement-based cues
B)pictorial cues
C)stereo cues
D)monocular depth cues

Question 19

When Marietta goes to a movie theater showing a 3D film, she puts on 3D glasses.As a result, a space ship on the screen appears to be flying into the movie theater directly toward her.This happens because the 3D glasses she wears while watching the film create ______ that her brain uses to extract depth from the moving image.

A)better vergence cues
B)better monocular depth cues
C)visual-auditory simulations
D)binocular disparity

Question 20

The blueish tinge in the upper portion of the photograph below is indicative of which depth cue?

A)atmospheric perspective
B)cloud-based depth cues
C)optic flow
D)occlusion

Question 21

Size constancy is ______.

A)the invariance of visual angle as a function of disparity when an object gets closer or moves father away
B)the principle that predicts where the horopter will be on each retina of a person's eyes
C)an illusion in which relative size is distorted, despite the fact that the size of the object has not changed
D)the perception of an object as having a fixed size, despite the change in the size of the visual angle that accompanies changes in distance

Question 22

A stereogram in which the images consist of a randomly arranged set of black and white dots, with the left-eye and right-eye images arranged identically except that some of the dots are moved to the left or the right in one of the images, creating either a crossed or an uncrossed disparity, is known as a(n) ______.

A)achromatic-dot stereogram
B)random-dot stereogram
C)anaglyph-dot stereogram
D)binocular-dot stereogram

Question 23

When a person is visually fixated on a particular object, items beyond that object will have ______.

A)crossed disparity
B)uncrossed disparity
C)vertigo
D)image enhancement

Question 24

Veronica appears to be holding up a needle next to a distant tree, which seems to be the same size as the needle.This example shows the effect of ______.

A)size constancy
B)size-distance invariance
C)visual angles
D)the Ponzo illusion

Question 25

If object recognition is necessary for matching correspondence, then random-dot stereograms will not result in a 3D perception.However, if correspondence matching occurs before object recognition, then it should be possible for people to extract binocular depth cues from random-dot stereograms.What has research found?

A)Random-dot stereograms can be detected only while in motion.
B)People can extract binocular depth cues from random-dot stereogram.
C)People cannot extract binocular depth cues from random-dot stereogram.
D)Random-dot stereograms cannot produce 3D perception in the absence of monocular depth cues.

Question 26

A Wheatstone stereoscope presents ______.

A)different images to each eye
B)the same image printed in red to the left eye and green to the right eye
C)anaglyph images to both eyes
D)the same image printed in color to the left eye and black and white to the right eye

Question 27

Akil moves a chair from 20 m away to 10 m away, thereby increasing its ______.

A)size constancy ratio
B)visual angle
C)disparity
D)correspondence ratio

Question 28

In the image below, the higher cow is seen as larger than the lower one.This is an example of which illusion?

A)Müller-Lyer illusion
B)Ponzo illusion
C)the moon illusion
D)the Gelb illusion

Question 29

Where are disparity-tuned cells found in the visual cortex?

A)in V1 and V3
B)in V1 and the lateral geniculate nucleus
C)in both the ventral and dorsal pathways
D)in the lateral geniculate nucleus and dorsal pathways

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of an anaglyph?

A)Pablo uses two cameras separated by 3 cm to take a picture of the same scene, prints both photos in green, and them combines them into one image.
B)Rachel uses one camera to take a picture of two scenes, prints one photo in red and other in blue, and then combines them into one image.
C)John uses two cameras separated by 6 cm to take a picture of the same scene, prints one photo in red and the other in blue, and then combines them into one image.
D)Trung uses one camera to take a picture of two scenes, prints one photo in yellow and other in green, and then combines them into one image.

Question 31

The relation between perceived size and perceived distance, whereby the perceived size of an object depends on its perceived distance, and the perceived distance of an object may depend on its perceived size, is known as ______.

A)the Gelb area
B)size-distance invariance
C)size parallax
D)monocular distance principle

Question 32

Preferential looking tasks show that infants start becoming sensitive to disparity ______.

A)immediately at birth
B)at about 3 weeks of age
C)prior to their first birthday
D)not until they are about 2 years old

Question 33

In the photograph below, one of the important cues for depth perception is ______.

A)occlusion
B)motion parallax
C)accretion
D)texture gradient

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of size constancy?

A)Even though Jake sees tiny Yuna on the horizon, he knows that she is about 5'8" tall.
B)Looking at Yuna from a distance, Jakes sees her as the same height as a nearby tree.
C)As Jake reads a book at arm's length, he sees Yuna as larger than the book.
D)As Jake sees Yuna without context clues, he has difficulty estimating her height.

Question 35

In the Ponzo illusion, which two monocular depth cues are considered important?

A)familiar size and linear perspective
B)shadow and atmospheric perspective
C)optic flow and vergence
D)accommodation and stereopsis

Question 36

Santiago caught 50% of the tennis balls thrown to him with one eye blindfolded.When the blindfold was removed, he caught 95% of the balls.What does this example show?

A)People rely mostly on optic flow when catching balls.
B)People rely mostly on motion parallax when catching balls.
C)Stereopsis is relevant to catching balls.
D)Linear perspective is relevant to catching balls.

Question 37

Hofeldt and Hoefle (1993) compared professional baseball players in the highest professional league (the major leagues) with professional baseball players who had not made the highest professional league (the minor leagues).They found that ______.

A)the better baseball players were more likely to misperceive the Ponzo illusion
B)stereopsis did not predict baseball performance in either league
C)the major league players did not have a dominant eye but the minor league players did
D)the major league players were more accurate at a stereoscopic task than the minor league players

Question 38

In the Ames room, we look through the viewing hole, we cannot distinguish the trapezoids, and we use our cues of familiar sizes and shapes to infer a normal room.Our visual systems convert the trapezoids into squares, so that we can perceive the room itself as normal.This results in ______.

A)binocular rivalry
B)an illusion of optic flow
C)a breakdown of size constancy
D)an interruption in motion parallax

Question 39

You see a poodle and an elephant in the distance.They appear to be the same size.Considering this, which of the following statements is accurate?

A)The poodle and elephant have zero visual angle.
B)The elephant has a larger visual angle.
C)The poodle has a larger visual angle.
D)The poodle and elephant have the same visual angle.

Question 40

In a 3D movie, if a filmmaker wants an image to come out of the screen toward the viewer, the filmmaker will create ______.

A)stereoscopic disparity
B)zero disparity
C)uncrossed disparity
D)crossed disparity

Question 41

Relative size refers to the fact that the closer an object is, the smaller the image will be on the retina.

Question 42

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.With respect to the underlying physiology of stereopsis, which of the following statements are TRUE?
a.There are binocular cells that respond best to varying degrees of disparity.
b.There are binocular cells in the cortex that respond optimally when the images are on corresponding points on each retina.
c.There are binocular cells in V3 of the occipital cortex.
d.There are binocular cells that respond best when similar images lie in front of or behind the horopter.

Question 43

Panum's area of fusion is the region of large disparity around the horopter where the two images cannot be fused into a single perception.

Question 44

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.In a flat, barren desert, Ji-hun sees two statues in the distance that appear to be the same size.However, when his friend crosses in front of the statue on the right, walks up to the statue on the left, and lays a hand on it, Ji-hun realizes that the statue on the right is really much bigger and farther away.What clues did Ji-hun combine to reach this conclusion?
a.size constancy
b.optic flow
c.visual angles
d.occlusion

Question 45

Random-dot stereograms are used to show that the perception of stereopsis occurs before objects are recognized.

Question 46

What is the difference between motion parallax and optic flow?

Question 47

What causes the moon illusion?

Question 48

Explain the difference between size-distance invariance and size constancy.Give an example for each.

Question 49

Research by Hofeldt and others shows that stereopsis offers no real advantages for baseball players in either hitting or fielding.

Question 50

When a person walks behind a boundary, we call it deletion, and when the person emerges again, we call it accretion.

Question 51

Explain diplopia and give an example.

Question 52

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.Which of the following are accurate statements about binocular disparity?
a.Binocular disparity takes place because our two eyes are in different locations in our head.
b.Binocular disparity happens because each of our eyes has a slightly different view of the world.
c.Binocular disparity involves corresponding and noncorresponding points.
d.Binocular disparity is determined by the principles of deletion and accretion.

Question 53

Visual angles are the angles of objects relative to an individual's eyes.

Question 54

The horopter is the region in space where the two images from an object fall on corresponding locations on the two retinae.

Question 55

Accommodation is considered an oculomotor cue to depth.

Question 56

Explain how vergence relates to the distance of objects.

Question 57

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.In the Müller-Lyer illusion, the smaller lines that split off from the main line create the illusion that the main line is longer or shorter.The explanations for this illusion are that ______.
a.it is the result of accurately applied size constancy
b.we mistakenly see size differences when the size is actually the same
c.it is the result of an illusion based on the relation of size and depth
d.the visual system wants to keep objects of different size looking the same size

Question 58

Convergence is more useful than accommodation because it can provide the visual system with ______.

A)more cues to determine motion parallax
B)more information needed for depth perception
C)the ability to focus on both near and far objects
D)reliable depth information and more precise images

Question 59

The moon illusion is considered a size illusion because the moon is a huge object but we see it as an object about the size of a fingernail.

Question 60

Size constancy is the perception of an object having a different size, even though the size of the visual angle remains the same.