Deck 20: Urinary System

Question 1

A renal corpuscle is a ________, whereas a renal tubule is a ________.

A)cluster of blood capillaries and glomerular capsule; highly coiled tubule exiting the glomerular capsule
B)special blood cell in the kidneys; tubule that leads from the kidneys to the bladder
C)storage area for urine; tubule that carries urine from the urinary bladder outside
D)glandular structure that regulates blood pressure; blood vessel that regulates the flow of blood into the glomerulus

Answer 1

A

Question 2

During development, the embryo is injected with anti-VEGF (which negates VEGF functions). Which of the following effects will occur? 

A)Mesangial cells will be hyper-stimulated to specialize because VEGF is inhibited, so glomerular filtration rate will be highly decreased.
B)VEGF won't stimulate growth of the proximal convoluted tubule.
C)The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule will not be formed, as the squamous epithelium won't be attracted to VEGF.
D)Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)will be mass-produced and cause unchecked growth and development of mesangial cells.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the

A)glomerular capsule.
B)nephron loop.
C)proximal convoluted tubule.
D)distal convoluted tubule.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Select the sequence that indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from beginning to end.

A)Proximal convoluted tubule, ascending limb of nephron loop, descending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
B)Distal convoluted tubule, ascending limb of nephron loop, descending limb of nephron loop, proximal convoluted tubule
C)Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
D)Collecting duct, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

Question 5

Which of the following is correct concerning the location of the kidneys?

A)The right kidney is usually higher than the left one.
B)They are located behind the parietal peritoneum.
C)Their upper borders are about at the level of the third lumbar vertebra.
D)They are against the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity.

Question 6

A biochemical important in glomerulus formation in the embryo is

A)ADH.
B)ADP.
C)renin.
D)VEGF.

Question 7

A nephron consists of

A)a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
B)an afferent and efferent arteriole.
C)a cortex and a medulla.
D)a bladder and a ureter.

Question 8

Select the sequence that best indicates the flow of blood through the kidney from beginning to end.

A)Renal artery, afferent arterioles, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, glomerular capillaries, peritubular capillaries, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, efferent arterioles, renal vein
B)Renal artery, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, renal vein
C)Interlobar artery, renal artery, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, peritubular capillaries, efferent arterioles, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, renal vein
D)Renal artery, afferent arterioles, cortical radiate arteries, arcuate arteries, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, arcuate veins, cortical radiate veins, renal vein

Question 9

The organs of the urinary system are

A)the renal cortex, renal pelvis, and renal medulla.
B)the glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct.
C)a kidney, a ureter, and paired bladders and urethras.
D)paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra.

Question 10

When sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are

A)reabsorbed by active transport.
B)reabsorbed by passive transport.
C)secreted by active transport.
D)secreted by passive transport.

Question 11

A renal corpuscle includes the

A)glomerulus and glomerular capsule.
B)glomerulus and renal tubule.
C)glomerular capsule and renal tubule.
D)renal tubule and collecting tubule.

Question 12

When plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold,

A)the glomerular filtration rate increases.
B)the volume of urine decreases.
C)glucose is secreted into the peritubular capillary.
D)glucose appears in the urine.

Question 13

The renal medulla is composed of ________, whereas the renal cortex is composed of ________.

A)renal pyramids; ureters from nephrons
B)renal columns; renal pyramids and nephrons
C)renal corpuscles; nephron loops
D)renal pyramids; renal corpuscles

Question 14

The first capillary bed associated with the nephron

A)filters blood.
B)reabsorbs nutrients.
C)adjusts pH.
D)reverses the flow of blood.

Question 15

You are dissecting a kidney in class and, after cutting a sagittal section through the kidney, decide to remove some of the lighter-colored inner structures near the superior end of the ureter. You remove a funnel-shaped sac that connects directly into the ureter, along with many tubes that converge to form the funnel-shaped sac. Which structures have you removed?

A)The renal medulla and renal pyramids
B)The renal pelvis and the calyces
C)The renal cortex and the renal medulla
D)The adrenal glands

Question 16

You are doing a dissection in class. You need to cut open a kidney, but first you must remove a tough, fibrous membrane covering it. What is this structure?

A)The renal medulla
B)The major calyx
C)The renal cortex
D)The tunic fibrosa

Question 17

Once in the glomerular capsule, the filtrate moves into the

A)renal pelvis.
B)minor calyx.
C)renal tubule.
D)ureter.

Question 18

Podocytes and pedicels are part of the

A)collecting duct.
B)distal convoluted tubule.
C)glomerular capsule.
D)peritubular capillaries.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

A)Maintaining volume, pH, and composition of body fluids within normal ranges
B)Removal of excess chemicals
C)Removal of metabolic wastes
D)Synthesis of plasma proteins

Question 20

Athletes might abuse which of the following chemicals made in the urinary system to improve performance by increasing red blood cell production?

A)ADH
B)Erythropoietin (EPO)
C)Glomerular filtrate
D)Urea

Question 21

A fetus develops without macula densa in its nephrons. Which of the following will occur as a result?

A)The ability to detect sodium, potassium, and chloride ions in the nephron loop and secrete renin in response will be lost.
B)Renin secretion in response to renal baroreceptors during low blood pressure conditions cannot occur.
C)Fluid cannot pass from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule, so blood cannot be filtered.
D)Renin will be able to convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin I, but angiotensin I cannot be converted into angiotensin II.

Question 22

Which choice describes the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop?

A)Water moves out of the ascending limb; sodium moves into the ascending limb
B)Water moves into the ascending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb
C)Water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb
D)Water moves into the descending limb; sodium moves out of the descending limb

Question 23

Which of the following is a normal constituent of urine?

A)Glucose
B)Creatinine
C)Large proteins
D)Blood

Question 24

As a result of very low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A)rises and filtration increases.
B)rises and filtration decreases.
C)drops and filtration increases.
D)drops and filtration decreases.

Question 25

The countercurrent mechanism in the nephron

A)creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts when they are permeable to water.
B)is a method to move sodium to control its concentration.
C)keeps the volume of water lost in the urine relatively constant.
D)keeps interstitial fluid hydrated to maintain blood pressure.

Question 26

The countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the

A)renal corpuscle.
B)proximal convoluted tubule.
C)distal convoluted tubule
D)nephron loop.

Question 27

Most hydrogen ions are secreted

A)passively into the proximal convoluted tubule.
B)passively from the distal convoluted tubule.
C)actively into the entire renal tubule.
D)actively from the distal convoluted tubule.

Question 28

What would be the likely outcome if tubular reabsorption in the nephron did not occur?

A)Bioaccumulation of toxic waste
B)Excessive loss of fluids and, eventually, death
C)Cessation of urination
D)Excessive retention of electrolytes and glucose

Question 29

A renal clearance test determines the rate at which the kidneys can

A)excrete water.
B)reabsorb ions.
C)remove a particular substance from the blood.
D)add a substance to the blood.

Question 30

The hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the wall(s)of the

A)distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
B)proximal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
C)ascending limb of the nephron loop.
D)descending limb of the nephron loop.

Question 31

An increase in glomerular osmotic pressure ________ the rate of glomerular filtration.

A)increases
B)decreases
C)does not change
D)has a variable effect on

Question 32

The efferent arteriole is stimulated to vasoconstrict. What effect will this have on glomerular filtration?

A)Glomerular filtration will be encouraged.
B)Glomerular filtration will be discouraged.
C)Glomerular filtration will stop.
D)Less water and electrolytes will pass from the capillaries into the capsule.

Question 33

Which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration?

A)Decreased blood pressure
B)Increased blood pressure
C)A constricted afferent arteriole
D)A dilated efferent arteriole

Question 34

Liam is a body builder and frequently consumes protein powder as part of his fitness regimen. He consumes more protein than his body actually uses. What happens to the excess protein?

A)It is filtered through the glomerular capillary into the glomerular capsule and into the nephron, where it is finally excreted in the urine.
B)It is broken down into urea by the liver, which is then filtered into the glomerular capsule and also secreted elsewhere in the nephron.
C)The large proteins are secreted into the distal convoluted tubule by tubular secretion.
D)It is stored in adipocytes after being converted into fats.

Question 35

Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be

A)excreted and potassium ions to be conserved.
B)excreted and potassium ions to be excreted.
C)conserved and potassium ions to be conserved.
D)conserved and potassium ions to be excreted.

Question 36

In which of the following regions of the nephron is water actively transported?

A)Proximal convoluted tubule
B)Descending limb of the nephron loop
C)Peritubular capillaries
D)Collecting duct

Question 37

Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by

A)vasodilation of the afferent arteriole only.
B)vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole only.
C)both vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole.
D)both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole.

Question 38

A dye (with small, water-soluble particles)is injected into the renal artery and blood is then pumped artificially. A glomerulus and surrounding structures are then inspected for dye. Which structures and substances will contain dye?

A)Afferent arteriole only
B)Afferent arteriole, glomerular capsule, and efferent arteriole only
C)Afferent arteriole, glomerular capsule, efferent arteriole, urine, and lymph
D)Afferent arteriole, glomerular capsule, and urine only

Question 39

Michael is 26 years old. He becomes dehydrated after a long run if he has not drunk enough. His infant son Sean, however, becomes dehydrated fairly frequently. This difference in susceptibility to dehydration is because

A)adults drink more liquid.
B)infants grow rapidly.
C)infant kidneys are less able to conserve water.
D)the infant thirst mechanism is underdeveloped.

Question 40

Barbara has the disease gout. The inflammation and pain in her joints is due to excess ________ in her plasma, which leads to crystal deposits in her great toe joint.

A)uric acid
B)urea
C)calcium ions
D)amino acids

Question 41

Up to ________ of urea is filtered and recycled.

A)33%
B)55%
C)80%
D)100%

Question 42

Secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide

A)decreases sodium excretion.
B)increases sodium excretion.
C)decreases potassium excretion.
D)increases potassium excretion.

Question 43

Certain substances, like caffeine and citrus juices, are classified as diuretics. This means that they cause diuresis in the kidneys. What effect will diuretics have on the urinary system?

A)They increase volume of urine excreted.
B)They decrease volume of urine excreted.
C)They increase amount of urea produced.
D)They decrease GFR.

Question 44

If glucose is not reabsorbed in the tubular fluid ________ increases.

A)hydrostatic pressure
B)glomerular filtration rate
C)sodium reabsorption
D)the osmotic pressure

Question 45

A product of the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases is

A)uric acid.
B)urea.
C)ammonia.
D)water.

Question 46

The composition of glomerular filtrate differs from that of plasma by including

A)many different substances that are absent from plasma.
B)the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules.
C)less water and electrolytes than does plasma.
D)much more uric acid and creatinine than plasma.

Question 47

Shigatoxin is associated with

A)endemic nephropathy.
B)urinary tract infection.
C)edema.
D)hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Question 48

The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by ________.

A)vasodilation of the peritubular capillaries
B)vasoconstriction of the peritubular capillaries
C)renin-angiotensin II vasoconstricting both the afferent and efferent arterioles
D)increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule

Question 49

Glomerular filtration produces about ________ liters of fluid in twenty-four hours.

A)40
B)96
C)144
D)180

Question 50

The relative concentration of potassium is

A)higher in urine than plasma or glomerular filtrate.
B)higher in plasma and glomerular filtrate than in urine.
C)about equal in plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine.
D)lower in urine than plasma or glomerular filtrate.

Question 51

An adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule for reabsorption is

A)thin walls.
B)rugae folds that increase surface area.
C)secreting enzymes that activate absorption of substances.
D)microscopic projections called microvilli.

Question 52

A by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver is

A)uric acid.
B)urea.
C)ammonia.
D)water.

Question 53

Water channels in cell membranes formed by ________ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys.

A)podocytes
B)cytopores
C)aquaporins
D)pyrogens

Question 54

Marvin goes on vacation to Maine and for a week eats nothing but seafood. The next week, he experiences intense pain in his big toe. He probably has

A)Balkan endemic nephropathy.
B)diuresis.
C)edema.
D)gout.

Question 55

Autoregulation refers to

A)maintaining constant GFR.
B)secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide at a constant rate.
C)secretion of renin at a constant rate.
D)actions of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 56

Choose the glomerular filtrate list that would indicate an improperly functioning glomerular filtration system.

A)Phosphate, potassium, sodium, water
B)Uric acid, creatinine, phosphate, sodium
C)Water, large proteins, glucose, potassium
D)Glucose, amino acids, creatine, urea, bicarbonate

Question 57

At the renal plasma threshold

A)more glucose is in the filtrate than active transport can handle.
B)blood volume is so great that nephrons cannot keep up.
C)the urine has too little glucose.
D)more glucose is in the blood, limiting the amount of glucose that can be reabsorbed.

Question 58

A decrease in the glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure will ________ the rate of glomerular filtration.

A)increase
B)decrease
C)not change
D)have a variable effect on

Question 59

About how many liters of fluid will an average adult filter through both kidneys in two days?

A)360
B)540
C)250
D)180

Question 60

An antibiotic is circulating through the blood when it passes through the kidneys. Only a miniscule amount of it passes through the glomerular capillary and enters the glomerular filtrate, but when its presence in the urine is measured, it has been almost completely excreted! How is this possible?

A)During the process of reabsorption, flow of water across the tubular membrane into the peritubular capillary passively encourages the antibiotic to cross the opposite way.
B)Stimulation from nerves causes the efferent arteriole to constrict and force the antibiotic through the glomerular capillary into the filtrate.
C)The antibiotic is actively transported into the proximal tubule during tubular secretion.
D)Sodium ions crossing into the blood of the peritubular capillary increases osmotic pressure and forces the antibiotic into the proximal tubule.

Question 61

Females are at higher risk of contracting a urinary tract infection because

A)the female urethra is shorter than the male's.
B)the female urethra is longer than the male's.
C)women sit down to urinate.
D)women use toilet paper when they urinate.

Question 62

Which of the following is not part of the male urethra?

A)Prostatic urethra
B)Membranous urethra
C)Penile urethra
D)Ductus deferens

Question 63

Karl is around 60 years old. He begins to notice that he can't control his bladder as efficiently lately. Leakage of urine is starting to become common. He might have

A)enlarged kidneys.
B)an enlarged prostate.
C)less vitamin D.
D)damaged nephrons.

Question 64

The micturition reflex can be voluntarily controlled by the

A)person controlling contraction and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter.
B)sympathetic impulses stimulating the internal urethral sphincter.
C)relaxation of the external urethral sphincter.
D)voluntary contractions or inhibition of the prostate gland.

Question 65

Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron?

A)Calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
B)Renal pelvis, calyx, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
C)Calyx, renal pelvis, urethra, ureter, urinary bladder
D)Renal pelvis, calyx, urinary bladder, ureter, urethra

Question 66

One concern with certain antibiotics is how quickly they are excreted via active transport in tubular secretion. Would you expect an older individual to have this same problem with antibiotics?

A)No. After a certain age, active transport of drugs and other substances completely stops.
B)No. During the process of aging, tubular functions like secretion become less efficient, so antibiotics will stay in the system longer than usual.
C)Yes. Aging doesn't really affect tubular secretion as much as it affects the other functions of the kidneys.
D)Yes. Aging causes renal processing to become unusually fast, with many substances being excessively excreted.

Question 67

Kidney stones are least likely to be composed of

A)nucleic acid byproducts.
B)calcium oxalate.
C)cholesterol.
D)magnesium phosphate.

Question 68

Conscious control of micturition inhibits the micturition reflex by using nerve centers in the

A)medulla oblongata.
B)spinal cord.
C)brainstem and cerebral cortex.
D)pons and hypothalamus.

Question 69

Which of the following does not occur with aging of the urinary system?

A)Decreased GFR
B)Renal tubules become encased in fat
C)Fibrous connective tissue accumulates around the kidney capsule
D)Nephrons invert

Question 70

The detrusor muscle is in the

A)ureter.
B)urethra.
C)kidneys.
D)urinary bladder.

Question 71

Nocturnal enuresis is

A)an infection.
B)bedwetting.
C)kidney damage from a toxin that E. coli produces.
D)a form of kidney cancer.

Question 72

Kidney shrinkage with age is due to

A)spooling of collecting ducts.
B)loss of glomeruli.
C)merging of proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
D)proliferating nephron loops.

Question 73

The layers of a ureter are

A)outer fibrous coat, middle muscular coat, inner mucous coat.
B)inner fibrous coat, middle muscular coat, outer mucous coat.
C)inner muscular coat, middle fibrous coat, outer inner mucous coat.
D)inner vascular coat, middle neural coat, outer mucous coat.

Question 74

Kidney cells die as early as age

A)20.
B)30.
C)40.
D)50.

Question 75

The micturition reflex center is in the

A)sacral segments of the spinal cord.
B)medulla oblongata.
C)pons.
D)hypothalamus.

Question 76

The ureter extends downward

A)behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from above.
B)behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below.
C)in front of the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from above.
D)in front of the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below.

Question 77

As a 20-year-old, Karl had his GFR measured by a urologist and found that it was 125 mL/minute. Now as Karl approaches 75 years old, he can expect that number to be cut

A)by a quarter.
B)by a third.
C)in half or more.
D)by a fifth.

Question 78

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy is used to treat

A)kidney failure.
B)a urinary tract infection.
C)kidney stones.
D)gout.

Question 79

The ________ is the tube that conveys urine outside the body.

A)ureter
B)urethra
C)collecting duct
D)nephron loop

Question 80

The trigone is

A)a group of three neighboring nephrons in a kidney.
B)a triangular area on the floor of the urinary bladder.
C)a region where the glomerulus meets the glomerular capsule.
D)a muscle layer that surrounds each kidney.