Deck 25: Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

Question 1

Which of the following is not a reason that ribosomal RNA is useful for studying the evolutionary relationships among living organisms?

A) Ribosomal RNA undergoes a high degree of lateral transfer.
B) No free-living organism lacks ribosomal RNA.
C) Ribosomal RNA plays a critical role in the translation process in all organisms.
D) Ribosomal RNA evolves slowly, so it can be analyzed across a wide range of organisms.
E) Ribosomal RNA is evolutionarily ancient and was present in the common ancestor of all life forms.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Before biologists had the ability to decipher nucleotide sequences, prokaryotes were characterized according to several characteristics.Which of the following was not one of these characteristics?

A) Nutritional requirements
B) Phenotypic characteristics, like shape or color
C) Sensitivity to antibiotics
D) Modes of locomotion
E) The presence of multiple genes

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which statement concerning bacteria is true?

A) They reproduce only asexually.
B) They reproduce only sexually.
C) They exchange genetic information during sexual reproduction.
D) They all produce structures called spores.
E) They all have alternating cell morphologies.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is not a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

A) A membrane-enclosed nucleus
B) A photosynthetic membrane system
C) Peptidoglycan
D) Circular DNA
E) Ribosomes

Question 5

Which of the following is not evidence for the theory that all known life has a single origin?

A) All organisms have cell membranes.
B) All organisms have ribosomes.
C) All organisms replicate their DNA semiconservatively.
D) All organisms use DNA as their genetic material.
E) All organisms replicate their RNA semiconservatively.

Question 6

Which statement about Gram-positive bacteria is true?

A) They stain blue to purple and have walls with a relatively high concentration of peptidoglycan.
B) They stain pink to red and have relatively little peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
C) They weigh more than a gram.
D) They were discovered before Gram-negative bacteria.
E) They have no peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

Question 7

Match the name of the bacteria from the list below with the description that follows.

A) Cyanobacteria
B) Spirochetes
C) Chlamydias
D) Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria
E) Actinobacteria These bacteria are not a monophyletic group.

Question 8

The earliest prokaryotic fossils date back at least _______ years.

A) 35,000
B) 350,000
C) 3.5 million
D) 3.5 billion
E) 3.5 trillion

Question 9

The common ancestor of life probably had

A) membrane-bound organelles.
B) operons.
C) a Golgi apparatus.
D) a circular chromosome.
E) a nucleus.

Question 10

Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria

A) are all closely related.
B) include Escherichia coli.
C) can reproduce only within the cells of other organisms.
D) all possess structures called axial filaments.
E) include the important genera Bacillus and Clostridium.

Question 11

The Gram-staining method is useful for classifying all bacteria that

A) have two plasma membranes.
B) associate to form chains, plates, or clusters of cells.
C) have cell walls with at least some peptidoglycan.
D) are prokaryotic.
E) form endospores.

Question 12

The common ancestry (monophyly) of all of life is confirmed by

A) the similar appearances of organisms in all major groups.
B) ample fossil evidence.
C) DNA as the genetic material that codes for proteins.
D) the presence of specialized cell membrane infoldings.
E) the biochemical similarities in membrane composition.

Question 13

The space between the outer membrane and the cell membrane of a Gram-negative bacterium is called the _______ space.

A) periplasmic
B) negative
C) perimembrane
D) enzymatic
E) resistance

Question 14

Which of the following interfere(s) with the synthesis of peptidoglycan-containing cell walls?

A) Archaea
B) Antibiotics
C) Bacteria
D) High toxigenicity
E) Gram stains

Question 15

Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A) have membrane-enclosed organelles.
B) have a system for generating ATP.
C) have a nucleus.
D) have mitochondria.
E) undergo mitosis.

Question 16

Clostridium and Escherichia are both well-known genera of rod-shaped bacteria, but they are classified into different groups based on the distribution of peptidoglycan in their cell walls.If E.coli stains red during a Gram stain test, then we know that Clostridium is

A) one of the archaea.
B) Gram-positive.
C) a eukaryote.
D) Gram-negative.
E) a spirochete.

Question 17

The deepest split on the tree of life occurs between which groups?

A) Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
B) Bacteria, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
C) Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
D) Plants and Animals
E) Bacteria and Archaea

Question 18

Prokaryotic cells do not possess

A) DNA.
B) RNA.
C) enzymes for transcription and translation.
D) a system for generating ATP.
E) an immune system.

Question 19

How are prokaryote phylogenies different from mammal phylogenies?

A) There is a high degree of lateral gene transfer in mammals.
B) Mammal phylogenies are constructed from evidence based in DNA, whereas prokaryote phylogenies are based in RNA.
C) There is a high degree of lateral gene transfer in prokaryotes.
D) The phylogenetic reconstruction process is much simpler for prokaryotes because they are much smaller.
E) Mammal phylogenies are constructed from evidence based in RNA, whereas prokaryote phylogenies are based in DNA.

Question 20

The sequencing of rRNA allowed scientists a clear understanding

A) of the unambiguous relationships among different prokaryotic species.
B) that certain nucleic acid sequences are unique to archaea and eukaryotes.
C) that archaea are more similar to bacteria than to eukaryotes.
D) that all DNA is relatively the same across domains.
E) that half of the sequences of archaea were previously unknown.

Question 21

Genes that are likely to undergo lateral transfer are those that

A) are involved in basic biological processes.
B) confer a fitness advantage to the recipient.
C) are highly conserved and involved in DNA replication.
D) encode proteins involved in cell morphology.
E) determine rRNA sequences.

Question 22

Which is/are the closest monophyletic group(s) to the Bacteria?

A) Eukarya
B) A subset of Eukarya
C) Archaea (including eukaryotes)
D) Bacteria plus Eukarya
E) Prokaryotes

Question 23

Match the name of the bacteria from the list below with the description that follows.

A) Cyanobacteria
B) Spirochetes
C) Chlamydias
D) Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria
E) Actinobacteria These bacteria photosynthesize using chlorophyll a, produced the oxygen of Earth's early atmosphere, and contain photosynthetic lamellae.

Question 24

Unknown bacteria are cultured from a scaly patch on the skin's surface.Upon further characterization, they are found to contain half the DNA of most bacteria and are not affected by the application of penicillin.Based on these two criteria, you conclude these bacteria are

A) mycoplasmas.
B) actinobacteria.
C) prokaryotic archaea.
D) cyanobacteria.
E) spirochetes.

Question 25

Which statement about hyperthermophilic bacteria is true?

A) Their high metabolic rates create high temperatures.
B) Their metabolic rates speed up as the temperature drops.
C) They live in conditions that may resemble those of Earth's early environments.
D) They cannot tolerate high temperatures.
E) They lack properly folded proteins at high temperatures.

Question 26

Actinobacteria

A) are photoheterotrophs.
B) are the source of many important antibiotics.
C) are Gram-negative bacteria.
D) were once classified as protists.
E) are the only bacteria that divide by fission.

Question 27

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows researchers to amplify a gene of interest in a reaction using temperature cycling, salts, and various buffers and reagents.Assess why the DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus was instrumental in the development of PCR.

A) Its DNA polymerase is stable and functional at the high temperatures required during PCR cycling.
B) Its DNA polymerase is capable of generating DNA from an RNA precursor.
C) It is the only polymerase that also demonstrates exonuclease activity.
D) Its DNA polymerase is stable at a very low pH.
E) Its DNA polymerase is stable at very high salt concentrations.

Question 28

Ecosystems based on chemoautotrophic prokaryotes occur around deep-sea hydrothermal vents at 2,500 m below the ocean surface.These bacteria

A) obtain energy from sunlight.
B) obtain energy as endoparasites of giant worms.
C) obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide.
D) oxidize organic compounds for energy.
E) obtain energy by reducing heavy metals.

Question 29

Most prokaryotes

A) are agents of disease.
B) lack ribosomes.
C) evolved from the most ancient eukaryotes.
D) lack a cell wall.
E) have not been fully characterized.

Question 30

Which of the following would be favored by acidophilic thermophiles?

A) The stomachs of many herbivores
B) Hot alkaline springs
C) Anaerobic conditions
D) Hot sulfur springs
E) Deep-sea volcanic vents

Question 31

Refer to the figure, which shows the phylogenetic tree of major groups of living organisms. Based on the figure, which statement about the evolutionary history of life is false?

A) Eukarya shares a more recent common ancestor with prokaryotic Archaea than with Bacteria.
B) Bacteria shares a more recent common ancestor with Eukarya than with prokaryotic Archaea.
C) The common ancestor of Bacteria and Archaea predates that of Archaea and Eukarya.
D) All living organisms share a common origin.
E) An ancient prokaryotic species was the ancestor of all life on Earth.

Question 32

Mycoplasmas typically

A) lack cell walls and form a branched, filamentous mycelium.
B) have cell walls with peptidoglycan and the smallest amount of DNA known in a cell.
C) lack cell walls and have the smallest amount of DNA known in a cell.
D) possess elaborate internal membrane systems and no cell wall.
E) form a branched, filamentous mycelium containing peptidoglycan.

Question 33

The best place to look for a new, heat-tolerant DNA polymerase enzyme would be among the

A) acidophilic thermophiles.
B) methanogens.
C) strict halophiles.
D) proteobacteria.
E) cyanobacteria.

Question 34

Match the name of the bacteria from the list below with the description that follows.

A) Cyanobacteria
B) Spirochetes
C) Chlamydias
D) Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria
E) Actinobacteria These bacteria form filaments. In some species chains of spores occur at the ends of the filaments. They include the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and those that produce the antibiotic streptomycin. Most antibiotics come from bacteria in this group.

Question 35

Refer to the figure, which shows the phylogenetic tree of major groups of living organisms. Based on the figure, which statement about the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic mitochondria is true?

A) Mitochondria are derived from endosymbiotic bacteria.
B) The common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya possessed mitochondria.
C) Some prokaryotic archaea possess mitochondria.
D) Mammals possess chloroplasts, which become functional during starvation.
E) Bacteria is more closely related to Eukarya than to Archaea.

Question 36

Which statement about endospores is false?

A) Parent cells can produce more than one endospore.
B) Endospores can survive harsh environmental conditions.
C) Endospores contain some cytoplasm and replicated nucleic acid.
D) Endospores are enclosed within a tough cell wall.
E) An endospore is a resting structure, not a reproductive structure.

Question 37

Lateral gene transfer is a process by which

A) scientists make transgenic organisms.
B) organisms within a species exchange genetic information during conjugation.
C) organisms acquire DNA from a different species.
D) genes are passed to daughter cells.
E) genes move within an organism from one region of a chromosome to another.

Question 38

A consensus tree summarizing the evolutionary relationships among organisms consists of a phylogenetic tree

A) based on morphological characteristics only.
B) that uses data from multiple gene sequences.
C) showing lateral gene transfer for a single gene.
D) based on a single DNA sequence.
E) based solely on rRNA sequence.

Question 39

_______ are more closely related to _______ than they are to _______.

A) Bacteria; prokaryotic archaea; eukaryotes
B) Bacteria; eukaryotes; prokaryotic archaea
C) Prokaryotic archaea; bacteria; eukaryotes
D) Eukaryotes; prokaryotic archaea; bacteria
E) Eukaryotes; bacteria; prokaryotic archaea

Question 40

Bacteria that lack cell walls, are mostly plant and animal parasites, and are among the smallest cellular creatures are

A) cyanobacteria.
B) spirochetes.
C) chlamydias.
D) actinobacteria.
E) mycoplasmas.

Question 41

Which group of prokaryotes was responsible for converting Earth's early atmosphere from an anaerobic to an aerobic environment?

A) Proteobacteria
B) Halophiles
C) Cyanobacteria
D) Spirochetes
E) Actinobacteria

Question 42

Choose the most robust method to compellingly differentiate individuals from the two prokaryotic domains.

A) Cellular morphology
B) Cell wall composition
C) Nutritional requirements
D) A single gene sequence
E) Multiple gene sequences

Question 43

Refer to the figure, which shows a prokaryote. Which statement about the structures labeled "internal flagella" (which compose the axial filament) is true?

A) They are uniformly dispersed throughout the cell.
B) They contain the structural polymer cellulose.
C) Their organization is consistent with structures that could be used in locomotion.
D) They play a role in digestion.
E) They are composed primarily of peptidoglycan.

Question 44

Match the name of the bacteria from the list below with the description that follows.

A) Cyanobacteria
B) Spirochetes
C) Chlamydias
D) Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria
E) Actinobacteria These bacteria use axial filaments to move and include the bacterium that causes syphilis.

Question 45

Some cyanobacteria that form filamentous colonies possess heterocysts, which are

A) a means of locomotion.
B) endospores.
C) resting stages.
D) cells specialized for nitrogen fixation.
E) cells specialized for photosynthesis.

Question 46

Which statement about prokaryotic archaea is false?

A) Some species inhabit environments with extreme salinity and low oxygen.
B) Their cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a unique archaeal feature.
C) Their ribosomes differ from those of eukaryotes.
D) Some species are obligate anaerobes that produce most of the atmospheric methane.
E) Some species thrive at 75 $\degree$ C heat and become metabolically inactive at 55 $\degree$ C (131 $\degree$ F).

Question 47

Cyanobacteria

A) constitute a diverse group of unrelated bacteria.
B) use chlorophyll a and release oxygen during photosynthesis.
C) constitute the only group of photosynthetic bacteria.
D) can reproduce sexually.
E) are obligate aerobes.

Question 48

Refer to the figure, which shows a prokaryote. Which statement about the organism shown is true?

A) It is a bacteriophage that controls the bacteria that cause bubonic plague.
B) It has several important genes in common with eukaryotes.
C) It is a member of a group that first generated atmospheric oxygen on Earth.
D) It is of a type that causes syphilis in humans.
E) It is an important source of antibiotics.

Question 49

Which of the following statements concerning axial filaments is false?

A) They are attached to spirochetes by motor proteins.
B) They are modified flagella.
C) They cause spiral movement.
D) They create a current that draws food particles into a bacterium.
E) They are found only in spirochetes.

Question 50

Match the name of the bacteria from the list below with the description that follows.

A) Cyanobacteria
B) Spirochetes
C) Chlamydias
D) Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria
E) Actinobacteria These bacteria are small intracellular parasites that have a unique, complex reproductive cycle and include strains that cause eye infections and venereal disease.

Question 51

Chlamydias

A) can form heterocysts.
B) form branched, filamentous mycelia.
C) contain less DNA than any other type of organism.
D) can live only within the cells of other organisms.
E) were once classified as fungi.

Question 52

Which statement about prokaryotic archaea is false?

A) They can live in harsh environments.
B) Their cell walls lack peptidoglycan.
C) They are unlike most bacteria.
D) Their ribosomes share characteristics with bacteria.
E) They make up a recently evolved group.

Question 53

Which of the following bacterial groups includes the greatest number of known species?

A) Chlamydias
B) Proteobacteria
C) Actinobacteria
D) Mycoplasmas
E) Cyanobacteria

Question 54

Spirochetes

A) are all free-living.
B) are the only spiral-shaped bacteria.
C) can form chains of cells.
D) possess structures called axial filaments.
E) are all parasites of other bacteria.

Question 55

Prokaryotic archaea are characterized by

A) their unique cell shape.
B) lipids containing unbranched, long-chain hydrocarbons.
C) the presence of peptidoglycan.
D) lipids containing hydrocarbons connected to glycerol by ether linkages.
E) the presence of membrane-bound organelles.

Question 56

Based on the phylogenetic relationship and genes shared by the lokiarchaeotes and eukaryotes, one might predict that

A) lokiarchaeotes share similar cellular morphologies with certain eukaryotes.
B) lokiarchaeotes can tolerate high temperatures.
C) lokiarchaeote genomes primarily result from lateral gene transfer.
D) lokiarchaeotes and eukaryotes are capable of interbreeding.
E) lokiarchaeotes have arisen from eukaryotes.

Question 57

Which of Koch's postulates would be especially difficult to satisfy when diagnosing an infection caused by a chlamydia?

A) The microorganism is always found in individuals with the disease.
B) The microorganism can be taken from the host and grown in pure culture.
C) A sample of the culture produces the same disease when injected into a new, healthy host.
D) The newly infected host yields a new, pure culture of microorganisms identical to those obtained in the original diseased individual.
E) Chlamydias meet all the requirements to validate Koch's postulates.

Question 58

Which statement about methanogens is false?

A) Methane is their preferred carbon source.
B) They are associated with mammalian flatulence.
C) They prefer anaerobic conditions.
D) Some are thermophilic.
E) Some live in volcanic vents on the ocean floor.

Question 59

Methanogenic euryarchaeotes are obligate anaerobes, some of which live in the intestinal tracts of mammals and other animals.From this information, one can conclude that the environment in the intestinal tracts

A) is rich in oxygen.
B) is rich in sulfur.
C) is low in oxygen.
D) lacks methane.
E) contains termites.

Question 60

Evidence supporting the lokiarchaeotes as the closest relatives of the eukaryotes is based on the presence of certain genes in the lokiarchaeote genome.Scientists are confident of this newly described relationship because the genes found

A) in these prokaryotic archaea confer a fitness advantage.
B) are involved in fundamental biological processes that take place in eukaryotes.
C) are conserved in all three domains of life.
D) are unique to prokaryotic archaea.
E) are more closely related to those found in bacteria.

Question 61

Which statement about prokaryotes that use chlorophyll a as their photosynthetic pigment is true?

A) They use hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) as an electron acceptor.
B) They always produce O₂.
C) They can grow under dense mats of algae.
D) They can absorb lights of longer wavelengths than prokaryotes that use bacteriochlorophyll.
E) They include cyanobacteria.

Question 62

One factor that determines the consequences of a bacterial infection for the host is the ability of the bacterium to produce chemical substances injurious to the host's tissues.The anthrax-causing bacterium Bacillus anthracis produces a small amount of a few toxins.However, it can multiply readily, and ultimately it invades the entire bloodstream.Such a bacterium, therefore, has qualities of _______ invasiveness and _______ toxigenicity.

A) low; high
B) high; high
C) low; low
D) high; low
E) moderate; moderate

Question 63

In light, purple sulfur bacteria use H₂S as an electron donor and release pure sulfur as a waste product.Purple sulfur bacteria are thus

A) photoautotrophs.
B) photoheterotrophs.
C) chemoautotrophs.
D) chemoheterotrophs.
E) deep-sea, volcanic vent bacteria.

Question 64

Which nutritional category of bacteria can exist independently of other organisms?

A) Heterophysiotrophs
B) Photoheterotrophs
C) Chemoautotrophs
D) Chemophysiotrophs
E) Heteroautotrophs

Question 65

Because of complications during delivery of identical twins, "Baby A" is born vaginally while "Baby B" is born by cesarean section.As the twins have aged, Baby B alone has begun to experience rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Which explanation most likely accounts for the autoimmune disease endured by Baby B?

A) Baby B has led a more active lifestyle, contributing to joint degeneration.
B) Baby B has a genetic profile that is more predisposed to RA than Baby A.
C) Baby B has a microbiome consisting of species less well suited for human health.
D) Baby B has eaten a less diverse diet and not acquired health-promoting bacteria in her microbiome.
E) Baby B has been infected by a bacterium that causes RA.

Question 66

All photosynthetic prokaryotes

A) use chlorophyll a as their photosynthetic pigment.
B) use bacteriochlorophyll as their photosynthetic pigment.
C) release oxygen gas.
D) produce particles of sulfur.
E) are photoautotrophs.

Question 67

Which statement about the biofilm found in the human large intestine is false?

A) It is made up of numerous species of toxic bacteria.
B) It facilitates nutrient transfer from the intestine to the body.
C) It is essential for human health.
D) Its exact species makeup varies from region to region in the intestines.
E) Humans obtain vitamins B₁₂ and K from the bacterial waste products.

Question 68

Which of the following is not a potential application of biofilms?

A) The creation of an impermeable film to protect teeth from decay.
B) A biofilm "transplant," composed of beneficial gut microbes to replace microbes known to cause obesity.
C) The use of biofilm formation as a qualitative indicator of cell density.
D) The introduction of biofilms to break down metal waste.
E) The study of fossilized biofilms to evaluate and learn about the history of life on Earth.

Question 69

Which statement about bacteria is false?

A) Some species live in our intestines, but none can exist in the highly acidic conditions of our stomachs.
B) Some species contribute to atmospheric greenhouse gases.
C) Some species live in conditions that may resemble those of early Earth environments.
D) Some species are able to use sunlight as a source of energy.
E) Some species can form endospores capable of enduring harsh conditions.

Question 70

Refer to the figure, which shows the formation of a biofilm. According to the figure, which statement about biofilms is true?

A) Only one species of microorganism can inhabit any one biofilm.
B) A biofilm matures once it attaches to a substrate.
C) Signaling molecules from the biofilm attract other organisms.
D) Signaling molecules from the biofilm digest the matrix.
E) Species that normally occur in biofilms cannot be free-living.

Question 71

Which of the following is not one of Koch's postulates for determining whether a particular microorganism causes a particular disease?

A) The microorganism is always found in the diseased individual.
B) The microorganism taken from the diseased host can be grown in pure culture.
C) A sample of the pure culture of the microorganism produces the disease when it is injected into an uninfected host.
D) A host infected by injection from the cultured microorganism yields a new culture of the microorganism identical to the original culture.
E) A host infected by the microorganism can infect another organism by transmission of the microorganism through an insect vector.

Question 72

Which of the following is a broad nutritional category of prokaryotes that is recognized by biologists?

A) Physioautotrophs
B) Heteroautotrophs
C) Chemoautotrophs
D) Heterophysiotrophs
E) Chemophysiotrophs

Question 73

Medications and environmental influences that destroy numerous microbes in the human body would

A) promote good health.
B) prevent all infections.
C) likely be injurious to human health.
D) affect only pathogenic bacteria.
E) result in fewer autoimmune diseases.

Question 74

Legionella pneumophila is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause Legionnaires' disease in immunocompromised individuals.Much of its success is attributed to its ability to form a biofilm in the lungs of its host.In this instance, what is the best explanation for the advantage conferred by biofilm formation?

A) The formation of a biofilm prevents individual bacterial cells from drying out.
B) Biofilm formation prevents host immune cells from attacking the bacteria present.
C) The biofilm matrix hampers penetration of antibiotics used to kill L. pneumophila.
D) L. pneumophila recruits other bacterial species, thus causing secondary infections that suppress the immune response.
E) The biofilm causes an increase in nutrient exchange between host cells and the pathogen.

Question 75

The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is found on the skin of many healthy adults; however, it is a common source of wound infection.Which hurdle facing potential pathogens is overcome when a wound is infected?

A) A pathogen must arrive at the body surface of a potential host.
B) A pathogen must be able to enter the host's body.
C) A pathogen must be able to evade host defenses.
D) A pathogen must be able to reproduce inside the host.
E) A pathogen must be able to infect a new host.

Question 76

The majority of bacteria are

A) photoautotrophs.
B) photoheterotrophs.
C) chemoautotrophs.
D) chemoheterotrophs.
E) pathogenic.

Question 77

In an effort to lead a healthier lifestyle, you reduce the amount of sugar in your diet and start using a sugar substitute that tastes sweet but is not taken up by mammalian cells.After a few weeks you experience stomach cramps and lethargy.Based on what you know about microbiomes, what would be a reasonable hypothesis to explain your discomfort?

A) The bacteria living in your gut have become aerobic and can no longer survive in your intestines.
B) The bacteria living in your gut have become pathogenic and are funneling nutrients from your cells.
C) The composition of bacterial species normally present in your intestines has changed, and thus compromised your body's ability to function normally.
D) The bacterial species in your gut have formed a biofilm.
E) You are allergic to the sugar substitute.

Question 78

An important set of rules for the determination of bacterial disease transmission is known as

A) Ehrlich's optimal laws.
B) Koch's postulates.
C) Occam's razor.
D) Zeno's paradox.
E) Darwin's law of evolution by natural selection.

Question 79

Refer to the figure, which shows the formation of a biofilm. According to the figure, which statement about biofilms is false?

A) Once in a biofilm, bacteria cannot escape from it.
B) A biofilm forms on surfaces.
C) Bacteria within biofilms divide.
D) Biofilms attract other organisms.
E) A biofilm is not considered mature until there are multiple species present.

Question 80

Cattle depend on prokaryotes to perform important steps in digestion of plant material, such as producing the enzyme

A) amylase.
B) cellulase.
C) kinase.
D) telomerase.
E) glyoxalase.