Deck 20: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society

Question 1

The water frame spinning machine was invented by

A)James Hargreaves.
B)James Watts.
C)Benjamin Franklin.
D)Richard Arkwright.
E)Matthew Boulton.

Answer 1

Richard Arkwright.

Question 2

The Industrial Revolution in Britain was largely inspired by

A)the urgent need to solve the great poverty in the eighteenth century.
B)the failure of the cottage industry.
C)entrepreneurs who sought and accepted the new profitable manufacturing methods.
D)the industrialization of the Dutch and French.
E)the economic and technological needs engendered by the French Revolution.

Answer 2

entrepreneurs who sought and accepted the new profitable manufacturing methods.

Question 3

Many of the exhibits shown in Britain's Great Exhibition were housed in the Houses of Parliament, to show the connection between industrial might and political power.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In Britain, the Industrial Revolution was built upon the coal and iron of heavy industry, while industrialization on the Continent was led by the cotton industry.

Question 5

The world's first industrial fair was held in Paris in 1851, commemorating the rebuilding of the city under the leadership of Emperor Napoleon III.

Question 6

Working-class British children in the nineteenth century were generally treated well by their employers and paid sufficient wages to ensure their social advancement.

Question 7

Britain's cotton industry in the late eighteenth century

A)could not keep up with French textile production.
B)was inspired by the textile industry found in the United States.
C)declined due to the lack of technical innovation.
D)immediately declined with the success of the Industrial Revolution.
E)was responsible for the creation of the first modern factories.

Question 8

Historians generally agree that the Industrial Revolution began

A)before 1700.
B)between 1700 and 1750.
C)sometime after 1750.
D)shortly after 1800.
E)shortly before 1850.

Question 9

Steam engines were powered by

A)gasoline.
B)iron.
C)coal.
D)oil.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 10

By 1870, most of the world had begun to industrialize according to the models established in western Europe and the United States.

Question 11

The British government played a significant role in Britain's industrialization by providing stability and enacting laws that protected private property.

Question 12

The infrastructure advantages in Britain promoting rapid industrialization included all of the following EXCEPT

A)canals.
B)roads.
C)bridges.
D)internal customs posts.
E)railroads.

Question 13

​The Luddites favored a policy of rapid industrialization.

Question 14

​James Hargreaves pioneered the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line.

Question 15

The newly industrialized European nations actively encouraged industrialization in their colonies, such as the British did in India, believing that more production would reduce the cost of goods, thus satisfying domestic consumers.

Question 16

The first step toward the Industrial Revolution in Britain occurred within its

A)cotton textile industry.
B)wool textile industry.
C)iron industry.
D)railroad industry.
E)mining industry.

Question 17

The eighteenth-century agricultural revolution in Britain reduced the cost of food, thus giving the British extra income to purchase items produced by the Industrial Revolution.

Question 18

Many of Britain's industrial entrepreneurs were Quakers and other religious minorities, in part because they were excluded from many public positions and lacked opportunities other than in the new industrial capitalism.

Question 19

Britain's emergence as the first industrial power was aided by all of the following EXCEPT

A)a rapid population growth and a surplus pool of labor.
B)the agricultural revolution of the eighteenth century.
C)a ready supply of domestic and colonial markets.
D)Parliament's heavy and controlling involvement in private enterprise.
E)a developed financial system.

Question 20

Abundant local capital and limits on British imports allowed for the robust growth of new manufacturing operations in India.

Question 21

In 1804, Richard Trevithick pioneered

A)an oil-fired locomotive.
B)the steering wheel for trains.
C)the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line.
D)the first electric-powered locomotive for military use.
E)the motion-picture camera.

Question 22

A frequent method employed to make the many very young boys and girls working in new British industries obey the owner's factory discipline was

A)the promise of increased wages.
B)deportation to the colonies.
C)heavy fines for lost time.
D)lectures and schooling in the rules to parents.
E)repeated beatings.

Question 23

The Englishman Henry Cort was responsible for the process in iron smelting known as

A)puddling.
B)cottling.
C)the open hearth.
D)skimming.
E)corking.

Question 24

The development of the railroads in the Industrial Revolution was important in

A)increasing British supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering.
B)increasing the size of markets and the price of goods.
C)bringing about the demise of joint-stock companies.
D)defeating Napoleon.
E)making London a great port city.

Question 25

The first Continental nations to completely establish a comprehensive railroad system were

A)France and Italy.
B)Belgium and Germany.
C)Prussia and Poland.
D)Russia and Austria.
E)the Scandinavian countries.

Question 26

James Watt was vital to the Industrial Revolution for his invention of

A)the spinning jenny.
B)the mule-powered Newcomen engine.
C)a rotary engine that could spin and weave cotton.
D)the first steam-powered locomotive.
E)the power loom.

Question 27

The rise of the industrial factory system deeply affected the lives and status of workers who now

A)were often paid in kind.
B)no longer owned the means of economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage.
C)were less vulnerable to more rapid cycles of economic boom and bust.
D)got both good wages and many fringe benefits unknown before.
E)became serfs, legally tied to factories.

Question 28

The success of the steam engine in the Industrial Revolution made Britain dependent upon

A)timber.
B)coal.
C)water power.
D)electricity.
E)copper.

Question 29

One of the differences between British and Continental industrialization was that

A)government played a larger role in British industrialization.
B)Britain relied upon railroads while Continental nations primarily made use of rivers and canals.
C)government played a larger role in Continental industrialization.
D)Continental industrialization relied more upon textile manufacturing than did Britain.
E)None of these are correct.

Question 30

The Industrial Revolution on the Continent occurred between 1815 and 1850 in

A)Belgium.
B)Spain.
C)the Austrian Empire.
D)Russia.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 31

Which of the following inventions proved vital to the industrialization of British cotton manufacturing?

A)Arkwright's spinning frame.
B)Hargreaves' spinning jenny.
C)Cartwright's power loom.
D)Compton's mule.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 32

During the second half of the eighteenth century, the import of raw cotton into Britain

A)increased dramatically.
B)decreased dramatically.
C)remained largely unchanged.
D)increased slightly.
E)decreased slightly.

Question 33

Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851 was held

A)in Manchester.
B)at Kensington Palace.
C)in the newly built Crystal Palace.
D)at scattered locations across England and Wales.
E)at the Houses of Parliament.

Question 34

To keep their industrial monopoly, Britain attempted to

A)export fewer goods to Continental countries.
B)prohibit industrial artisans from going abroad.
C)limit financial investment overseas.
D)increase tariffs to keep out foreign manufactured goods.
E)permanently dismantle its empire.

Question 35

The new set of values established by factory owners during the Industrial Revolution

A)was rejected by evangelical religions as being "unchristian."
B)was basically a continuation from the cottage industry system.
C)was never adopted by the working class.
D)relegated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor.
E)was inspired by the examples of Belgium and France.

Question 36

The book's excerpt from Mark Twain's Life on the Mississippi describes

A)life on a cotton plantation in the American South.
B)the first American railroads.
C)the American Civil War's impact on those living along the Mississippi.
D)the impact of steamboats on a town located on the Mississippi.
E)political struggles in small town America during the nineteenth century.

Question 37

Which one of the following men established the first textile factory using water-powered spinning machines in Rhode Island in 1790?

A)Samuel Slater.
B)Richard Arkwright.
C)Eli Whitney.
D)Samuel Newcomen.
E)John Brown.

Question 38

Friedrich List showed how Germany could catch up with British industry by

A)using serfs to provide cheap labor in factories.
B)paying workers extremely high wages, as Henry Ford would later do.
C)protecting infant industries with high tariffs.
D)freeing private enterprise from government interference.
E)conquering neighboring countries to provide captive markets.

Question 39

By 1850, all of the following countries were close to Britain in industrial output EXCEPT

A)Germany.
B)Belgium.
C)the United States.
D)France.
E)Russia.

Question 40

One of the chief reasons why Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization was a lack of

A)banking facilities.
B)roads and means of transportation.
C)manpower.
D)capital for investment.
E)political will.

Question 41

In the early nineteenth century, much of India fell under the control of

A)the Dutch East India Company.
B)the French Foreign Legion.
C)the Qing dynasty of China.
D)the British East India Company.
E)the United States military.

Question 42

Compared to Britain, American industrialization was a capital-intensive endeavor because

A)Britain had more unskilled laborers.
B)there was a skilled labor surplus in the U.S.
C)there was a skilled labor surplus in Britain.
D)there was a larger pool of unskilled laborers in the U.S.
E)there was a labor surplus in the U.S.

Question 43

Members of the new industrial entrepreneurial class in the early nineteenth century

A)particularly excluded aristocrats.
B)were responsible for the predominance of giant corporate firms by 1850.
C)were usually resourceful individuals with diverse social backgrounds.
D)were more often from the lower classes than the bourgeoisie.
E)were always from the bourgeoisie.

Question 44

Demographic changes that resulted from industrialization saw

A)the aristocracy move from cities to escape the ill effects of factory development.
B)the new middle class move to the suburbs of cities to escape the urban poor.
C)laboring classes become more affluent and varied in their places of residence.
D)rich and poor more commonly living together in new suburban housing developments.
E)the abandonment of the central city.

Question 45

The so-called American System

A)involved the use of high tariffs to protect new industries.
B)reduced costs and revolutionized production through labor-saving innovations in manufacturing.
C)referred to the establishment of a common market for the western hemisphere.
D)embraced free trade and the absence of tariffs.
E)was reminiscent of the medieval guild system of wage and price controls.

Question 46

Urbanization in the first half of the nineteenth century

A)was more dramatic for the Continent than Great Britain.
B)caused over fifty percent of the Russian population to live in cities by 1850.
C)was a phenomenon directly tied to industrialization.
D)accounted for widespread poverty in rural areas of Europe.
E)reduced the cost of the central governments.

Question 47

Edwin Chadwick

A)was a leader in expressing the dislike of the middle class for the working poor.
B)wrote the Treatise on the Iron Law of Wages.
C)advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain's first Public Health Act.
D)was representative of the new entrepreneurial, industrial class.
E)opposed any and all government involvement in economic and social issues.

Question 48

The early center of American industrialization was

A)the South.
B)the Midwest.
C)the Northwest.
D)the Northeast.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 49

The Industrial Revolution's effect on the standard of living

A)especially benefited the middle classes.
B)led to much increased disparity between the richest and poorest classes in society.
C)eventually led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the working classes.
D)created higher per capita incomes.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 50

Women who worked in the early factories of the Industrial Revolution

A)were given the same pay as men.
B)instigated dramatic change in pre-industrial kinship patterns.
C)never represented a large percentage of the workers in textile factories.
D)did not result in a significant transformation in female working patterns.
E)increased their social status.

Question 51

By 1860 the richest 10 percent of the population in the cities held what percentage of the wealth?

A)10 percent
B)25 percent
C)50 percent
D)70 to 80 percent
E)90 to 95 percent

Question 52

The new social class of industrial workers in the early Industrial Revolution

A)did not include women.
B)worked under dangerous conditions for long hours.
C)excluded children from factory work.
D)unionized and achieved a good amount of political power.
E)demanded a socialist economic system.

Question 53

The English Poor Law Act of 1834

A)established workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live.
B)placed a tax rate of 50 percent on the wealthy and redistributed that money to the poor.
C)never got out of parliament.
D)reclassified people with less than one hundred pounds annual income as poor.
E)forced the poor into the British navy.

Question 54

The Great Hunger in Ireland stemmed from the spread of a fungus that attacked

A)cattle.
B)sheep.
C)the wheat crop.
D)the rye and barley crops.
E)the potato crop.

Question 55

The nineteenth-century novelist who described the coal towns as a place "where the struggling vegetation sickened and sank under the hot breath of kiln and furnace" was

A)Mark Twain.
B)Emile Zola.
C)Herman Melville.
D)Charles Dickens.
E)George Eliot.

Question 56

By 1850, the European population

A)could not be closely approximated as government statistics were not yet kept.
B)was close to figures from 1800.
C)was over 58 million.
D)was over 173 million.
E)was over 265 million.

Question 57

Which of the following statements best applies to urban life in the early nineteenth century?

A)Government intervention prevented consumer fraud and food adulteration.
B)A tremendous decline in urban death rates accounted for the increased population of most large cities.
C)Lower-class family dwellings were on the whole much better than in the countryside.
D)Filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the city authorities' slow response to take responsibility for public health.
E)Modern urban planning began in the city of London in the 1850s.

Question 58

The People's Charter drawn up in 1838 called for

A)workers throughout the country to break machines and burn factories.
B)universal male suffrage and annual sessions of Parliament.
C)the replacement of Parliament with a scheme of local governments.
D)government to provide a chart of national expenditures to expose political corruption.
E)a weakening of labor unions.

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a reason owners of cotton factories employed children?

A)The small size of children facilitated their movement around machines.
B)Children represented a cheap supply of labor.
C)Children made up an abundant supply of labor.
D)Children were more easily broken to the discipline of factory work than adults.
E)Compulsory education from ages five to eight meant they could follow written instructions from factory supervisors.

Question 60

The European population explosion of the nineteenth century

A)was primarily the result of increased birthrates across Europe.
B)was largely attributable to the disappearance of famine from western Europe.
C)was due to the lack of emigration.
D)was due to increased immigration.
E)occurred despite the proliferation of major epidemic diseases.

Question 61

Did industrialization bring an improved standard of living to the people of Europe? Why or why not?

Question 62

Compare and contrast the patterns of industrialization in Continental Europe and the United States with those of Great Britain.

Question 63

Who gained most from the early Industrial Revolution, and whose lives were most adversely affected? Why?

Question 64

The Luddites

A)received little support in their areas of activity.
B)destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood.
C)were composed of the lowest unskilled workers in Great Britain.
D)was the first movement of working-class consciousness on the Continent.
E)demanded the establishment of a socialist economy.

Question 65

Did governments do more to promote the interests of workers or of employers during the Industrial Revolution, and why?

Question 66

Discuss and trace the role of the factory in the early Industrial Revolution.What made the factory system possible? What impact did it have on the lives of workers, especially on women and children?

Question 67

How are changes in population growth and the development of urbanization related to the Industrial Revolution?

Question 68

What attitudes and lifestyle defined the new industrial middle class?

Question 69

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?

Question 70

Efforts at industrial reform in the 1830s and 1840s in Great Britain achieved all of the following EXCEPT the

A)establishment of a national system of trade unions by 1847.
B)reduction of working hours for children to no more than 12 hours a day.
C)outlawing of women and children in coal mines.
D)requirement of daily education for working children.
E)appointment of government factory inspectors.

Question 71

Discuss the impact of the early Industrial Revolution upon the family, the role of women, and the living and working conditions of the industrial workers.

Question 72

Did the Industrial Revolution create entirely new collective identities in the form of distinct classes? How did these classes differ from former social groupings?