Deck 16: Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance

Question 1

Excess absorbed glucose is initially converted to triacylglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein by

A)adipose cells.
B)liver cells.
C)intestinal mucosa cells.
D)muscle cells.
E)lymphoid cells.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When plasma glucose concentration increases,the secretion of insulin is ________ and the secretion of glucagon is ________.An increase in sympathetic activity will cause ________ secretion of insulin and ________ secretion of glucagon.

A)decreased;increased;increased;decreased
B)increased;decreased;decreased;increased
C)increased;decreased;increased;decreased
D)increased;increased;decreased;increased
E)decreased;decreased;increased;unchanged

Answer 2

B

Question 3

You are guaranteed to not gain body fat in a diet that is entirely composed of

A)carbohydrates.
B)None of these answers are correct.
C)fats.
D)protein.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

During the absorptive state of metabolism,amino acids

A)are used for protein synthesis in most body cells.
B)are used for glycogen synthesis in the liver.
C)may be converted to ketones in the liver.
D)are burned as fuel in muscles,creating urea as a waste product.
E)are mobilized from muscle and other tissues faster than they are taken up by those tissues.

Question 5

Talia is a busy store clerk on Black Friday.She ate breakfast at 7 am but was not able to take a lunch break because the store was too busy.Its now 3 pm and she's beginning to feel a bit odd.Which of the following does NOT describe Talia's physiological state?

A)Hyperglycemia is occurring.
B)Gluconeogenesis is occurring.
C)Glucose-sparing reactions are occurring.
D)Insulin secretion is lower than in the absorptive state.
E)Glucagon secretion is higher than in the absorptive state.

Question 6

During the absorptive state of metabolism

A)liver glycogen is broken down to glucose,which is released into the blood.
B)glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose,which is used for energy.
C)lipoprotein lipase breaks down triacylglycerols in adipose tissue capillaries.
D)fatty acids and glycerol are released from adipose tissue.
E)lactate and pyruvate secretion into the bloodstream by the muscles increases.

Question 7

You go see a scary movie.By the end of the movie your heart is racing thanks to high levels of epinephrine in your bloodstream.You ate nothing during the movie,but your blood glucose level is likely

A)low due to an overall lack of nutrients.
B)low due to the action of cortisol on blood glucose regulation.
C)elevated due to healthy post-absorptive state mechanisms.
D)elevated due to the action of epinephrine on blood glucose regulation.
E)elevated due to the pasta meal consumed at home before the movie. 

Question 8

With regard to fat metabolism,insulin increases

A)the activity of lipoprotein lipase,which leads to increased triglyceride synthesis.
B)the export of fatty acids and monoglyceride from adipocytes.
C)the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase,which synthesizes triglycerides.
D)the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase,which catabolizes triglycerides.

Question 9

Sarah is a type 1 diabetic who forgot to bring insulin with her today.Which of the following will be TRUE of Sarah?

A)Her muscle and adipose tissue cells will not be able to take up as much glucose from the bloodstream.
B)Her brain cells will not be able to take up as much glucose from the bloodstream.
C)Her muscle cells will not be able to take up as many amino acids from the bloodstream.
D)Her liver will not breakdown glycogen.
E)None of these will occur.

Question 10

Which is TRUE regarding chylomicrons?

A)They readily cross the plasma membrane of adipocytes.
B)They are converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme inside muscle cells.
C)They are converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme found inside capillaries.
D)They are formed in the lumen of the GI tract by the action of bile salts.
E)They are too large to enter lacteals.

Question 11

Which of the following tissues is most dependent upon a constant blood supply of glucose?

A)Liver
B)Brain
C)Adipose
D)Skeletal muscle
E)Cardiac muscle

Question 12

Which of the these events follows the absorption of glucose? 

A)Glucose is stored as fat in skeletal muscle.
B)Glucose is stored as glycogen in adipose tissue.
C)Glucose is converted to fat in the liver.
D)Glucose is used to make energy by only the brain.
E)Glucose is converted to amino acids in the muscles.

Question 13

What enzyme converts chylomicron triacylglycerols into fatty acids and monoglycerides? 

A)Pancreatic lipase
B)Pancreatic amylase
C)Lipoprotein lipase
D)Pepsin
E)Hexokinase

Question 14

Dietary amino acids in a meal that are in excess of the body's need to make protein are

A)converted to glucose in the liver.
B)converted to fatty acids in the liver. 
C)excreted without being absorbed.
D)converted to fatty acids in adipose cells.
E)burned for fuel by cells of the nervous system.

Question 15

During the postabsorptive phase of metabolism

A)glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose,which is released into the blood.
B)liver glycogen is broken down to glucose,which is released into the blood.
C)triacylglycerols in adipose tissue are broken down to glucose by lipolysis.
D)the liver exports lactate to the muscles,which use it for fuel.
E)glycerol and fatty acids are rapidly assembled into triglycerides in adipose tissue.

Question 16

Glucagon secretion is stimulated by

A)hypoglycemia and parasympathetic nerve firing.
B)hyperglycemia and a high concentration of epinephrine.
C)high plasma epinephrine and high plasma incretin concentrations.
D)hypoglycemia and high plasma epinephrine concentration.
E)hyperglycemia and high plasma incretin concentration.

Question 17

Which results from insulin binding to its receptor in skeletal muscle plasma membranes?

A)Glycogen synthase is stimulated.
B)Glycogen phosphorylase is stimulated.
C)Lipoprotein lipase is inhibited.
D)Glucose transport into the cell is inhibited.
E)Protein catabolism is stimulated.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a fate of absorbed glucose?

A)It is converted to glycogen by liver cells.
B)It is converted to fatty acids and alpha-glycerol phosphate in adipose cells.
C)It is converted to glycogen in muscle cells.
D)It is converted to urea by liver cells.
E)It is converted to fatty acids and alpha-glycerol phosphate by liver cells.

Question 19

The major metabolic effects of glucagon include

A)stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.
B)stimulating triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue.
C)stimulating glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells.
D)stimulating the activity of glycogen synthase in the liver.
E)inhibiting the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase in the liver.

Question 20

Which correctly describes an action of the hormone insulin?

A)It increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue cells.
B)It is required for the uptake and utilization of glucose by nervous tissue.
C)It decreases the uptake of amino acids by muscle cells.
D)It stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver.
E)It inhibits the action of lipoprotein lipase in the capillaries of adipose tissue.

Question 21

Which is NOT stimulated by the hormone insulin?

A)An increase in the number of glucose transporters in cell membranes
B)An increase in amino acid uptake by cells
C)An increase in glycogen synthesis
D)An increase in triglyceride synthesis
E)An increase in ketone synthesis

Question 22

Aziz goes to the doctor and has a blood cholesterol test done.The results show that his total cholesterol is slightly high,his HDLs are very high,and his LDLs are low.Aziz is alarmed by the numbers because his father had atherosclerosis.Aziz's doctor gives him more information.Which of the following statements is the doctor likely to make? 

A)It is preferable to have a high concentration of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)in the plasma because LDLs operate to remove cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and carry it to the liver,which secretes it into the small intestine.
B)It is preferable to have a high concentration of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)in the plasma because HDLs operate to remove cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and carry it to the liver,which secretes it into the small intestine.
C)It is preferable to have equal concentrations of LDL and HDL.
D)Neither LDL nor HDL are involved in cholesterol regulation.
E)Plasma cholesterol concentration has no relationship to atherosclerosis.

Question 23

Which of the following would increase gluconeogenesis?

A)Increased plasma insulin levels
B)Increased plasma incretin levels
C)Increased plasma cortisol levels
D)Decreased plasma growth hormone levels
E)Decreased plasma glucagon levels

Question 24

In subjects with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent)diabetes mellitus,which of these occurs?

A)Pancreatic beta cell responses to increased plasma glucose concentration are normal.
B)Target tissues respond poorly to insulin.
C)Hypoglycemia is typically the first symptom.
D)Severe ketoacidosis is common.

Question 25

A group of students has declared a hunger strike to protest a perception of low-quality dorm food.Jose is one of the protesting students and he has not eaten for three days.Which of the following is likely TRUE of Jose's physiological state?

A)The secretion of insulin,glucagon,ACTH,and cortisol are all increased.
B)Brain metabolism has shifted to increase utilization of glucose and to decrease oxidation of ketones.
C)Muscle protein is broken down to provide substrates for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis.
D)The secretion of insulin,glucagon,ACTH,and cortisol are all decreased.
E)The secretion of insulin and cortisol are increased,while glucagon and ACTH secretion are decreased.

Question 26

Which of the following leads to an increase in the ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol? 

A)Estrogens
B)Cigarette smoking
C)Exercise
D)Weight reduction
E)All of these increase the LDL:HDL ratio.

Question 27

In untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus),acidosis occurs because

A)dehydration concentrates the blood so even though H⁺ production is normal,its concentration is high.
B)kidney failure results in a decreased ability to excrete the normal amount of H⁺.
C)excess plasma glucose is taken up by the liver and converted to fatty acids.
D)insulin levels are extremely high,and insulin is an acidic protein hormone.
E)excessive lipolysis results in increased plasma fatty acid levels,which the liver converts to acidic ketones.

Question 28

Which accurately describes the metabolic actions of cortisol during fasting?

A)It decreases blood glucose by increasing the sensitivity of muscle and adipose tissue to insulin.
B)It stimulates protein synthesis in muscle cells,and is permissive of triglyceride synthesis by adipocytes.
C)It increases sensitivity of muscle and adipose to insulin,and inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver.
D)It directly stimulates gluconeogenesis and lipolysis,and increases sensitivity of muscle and adipose tissue to insulin.
E)It is permissive of gluconeogenesis and lipolysis,and reduces sensitivity of muscle and adipose tissue to insulin.

Question 29

Sarah is a type 1 diabetic.She recently refilled her prescription,but was given glucagon instead of insulin.After her first glucagon injection,which of the following is likely TRUE? 

A)Increased glucose uptake by muscle cells
B)Increased triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue
C)Decreased glycogenolysis in muscle
D)Decreased gluconeogenesis in liver
E)Increased glycogenolysis in liver

Question 30

Sarah is a type 1 diabetic who forgot to bring her insulin today.By the end of the day,Sarah is not feeling well.Which would NOT be a characteristic of Sarah at the end of the day with no insulin injections? 

A)Decreased glycogen stores in muscles
B)Increased glucose-bound hemoglobin
C)Decreased blood pH
D)Increased urination frequency
E)Decreased thirst

Question 31

Which of the following acts to decrease blood glucose levels?

A)Glucagon
B)Insulin
C)Growth hormone
D)Epinephrine
E)Cortisol

Question 32

In Addison's disease,the adrenal cortices degenerate.Which will result if a patient with this disease undergoes prolonged fasting?

A)Hypoglycemia
B)Hyperglycemia
C)Excessive lipolysis
D)Decreased insulin sensitivity
E)Excessive liver gluconeogenesis

Question 33

Which of the following is a major metabolic effect of glucagon?

A)Increased glucose uptake by muscle cells
B)Increased triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue
C)Decreased glycogenolysis in muscle
D)Decreased gluconeogenesis in liver
E)Increased glycogenolysis in liver

Question 34

A group of students has declared a hunger strike to protest a perception of low-quality dorm food.Jose is one of the protesting students and he has not eaten for three days.A blood test reveals that there are high levels of ketones in Jose's blood.These ketones

A)are a waste product of amino acid metabolism that the kidneys must excrete.
B)can be used by the brain as an energy source.
C)are a by-product of anaerobic metabolism.
D)are converted to fatty acids and released into the blood.
E)are used to synthesize glucose by gluconeogenesis.

Question 35

Cholesterol is a

A)precursor of steroid hormones.
B)component of DNA.
C)precursor of bile pigments.
D)carbohydrate.
E)vitamin.

Question 36

Which of these is found in chylomicrons and plasma membranes,and is a precursor for bile salts and steroid hormones?

A)Amino acids
B)Cholesterol
C)Phospholipids
D)Monoglycerides
E)Protein

Question 37

Which event occurs during exercise but NOT during fasting?

A)Increased breakdown of triglycerides
B)Increased glycogenolysis
C)Increased glucose uptake by muscle
D)Increased fatty acid oxidation
E)Increased cortisol secretion

Question 38

Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by decreased levels of

A)epinephrine.
B)insulin.
C)glucocorticoids.
D)growth hormone.
E)glucagon.

Question 39

Sarah is a type 1 diabetic who forgot to bring her insulin today.By the end of the day,Sarah is not feeling well.She stops at the campus health center on her way back to her dorm,where they run a few tests on her blood.Which of these test results is likely?

A)Low plasma ketone levels
B)Increased blood volume
C)Decreased oxygen levels in Sarah's blood
D)Hyperglycemia
E)Decreased blood pressure

Question 40

During exercise

A)blood glucose levels fall dramatically.
B)epinephrine and glucagon stimulate glycogenolysis in liver cells.
C)decreased blood glucose and increased epinephrine stimulate insulin secretion.
D)epinephrine stimulates glucagon secretion and inhibits skeletal muscle uptake of glucose.
E)cortisol and growth hormone secretion are decreased.

Question 41

A person who has hypothyroidism would be expected to

A)have an increased basal metabolic rate.
B)have reduced tolerance for cold temperatures.
C)lose body weight.
D)be restless and irritable.
E)have symptoms similar to over-activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 42

The thermoneutral zone is defined as

A)the region in the central core of the body where temperature never changes.
B)the core body temperature at which no energy is expended to maintain homeostasis.
C)the environmental temperature range over which the changes in skin blood flow alone can regulate body temperature.
D)the region of the body halfway between the high-temperature core and the low-temperature skin.
E)the environmental temperature range in which shivering,changes in blood flow,and changes in thyroid hormone concentrations can maintain homeostasis of the body's core temperature.

Question 43

You are volunteering at a weight-loss clinic.You're in charge of a station that makes individualized recommendations for increasing daily metabolic rate.Which of the following lifestyle changes can increase metabolic rate to the greatest extent?

A)Increasing skeletal muscle activity
B)Increasing mental activity
C)Increasing dietary caloric intake
D)Increasing environmental temperature
E)Increasing blood glucose levels

Question 44

The primary integrator of body temperature control reflexes is the

A)medullary cardiovascular center.
B)cerebral cortex.
C)thyroid gland.
D)hypothalamus.
E)adrenal medulla.

Question 45

During the absorptive state,there is net synthesis of fat,glycogen,and protein,but this process is reversed during the postabsorptive state.

Question 46

If more calories are ingested in food than are expended by metabolism

A)a person will gain weight.
B)a person will lose weight.
C)a person will stay the same weight because the excess energy is destroyed.
D)whether weight is gained or lost depends upon whether the calories are in the form of proteins,carbohydrates,or fat.

Question 47

The principal means of increasing heat production in response to a cold environment is

A)vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin.
B)wearing warm clothing.
C)shivering thermogenesis and increased voluntary activity.
D)vasodilation of blood vessels in skin.
E)increasing food intake to elevate the metabolic rate.

Question 48

The source of the triglycerides used for synthesis of very low-density lipoproteins in the liver is fatty acids and glycerol absorbed from the bloodstream by the liver.

Question 49

Ghrelin is secreted by ________,and increases ________ while decreasing ________.

A)cells in the stomach;neuropeptide Y secretion;hunger
B) adipose tissue;growth hormone secretion;leptin secretion
C)muscle tissue;hunger;growth hormone secretion
D)cells in the stomach;hunger;fat breakdown
E)adipose tissue;hunger;fat breakdown

Question 50

You just enjoyed a delicious holiday meal with your family.You ate mashed potatoes,pasta,rice,and squash and topped it off with three slices of cake.Most of the glucose stored after the meal will be stored in the form of glycogen.

Question 51

It is not possible to gain body fat if you eat a non-fat diet.

Question 52

Which of the following contributes to a catabolic state?

A)Increased plasma cortisol concentration
B)Hypothyroidism
C)Increased plasma androgen concentrations
D)Increased plasma insulin concentration
E)Decreased plasma glucagon concentration

Question 53

The subjective feeling of hunger is stimulated when

A)plasma insulin concentration increases.
B)plasma ghrelin concentration decreases.
C)plasma leptin concentration decreases.
D)plasma glucose concentration increases.
E)body temperature increases.

Question 54

Acclimatization to a hot environment includes which of these physiological changes? 

A)A decrease in the set point temperature regulated by the hypothalamus
B)Decreased volume and increased salt concentration of sweat glands
C)Decreased volume and salt concentration of sweat from the sweat glands
D)Increased volume and salt concentration of sweat from the sweat glands
E)Increased volume and decreased salt concentration of sweat from the sweat glands

Question 55

A person's lowest metabolic rate

A)occurs during sleep.
B)occurs when they are younger.
C)occurs during exercise.
D)occurs after a meal.
E)occurs when body temperature increases.

Question 56

During normal metabolism of the human body,about 60% of the energy released from organic molecules

A)is used to perform internal work.
B)is stored as ATP.
C)appears immediately as heat.
D)is stored as triglycerides.
E)is used to perform external work.

Question 57

You are a pediatrician.You have a young patient who does not seem to be growing.You suspect that there might be stress in the home.You decide to perform a blood test for cortisol and expect to find

A)high plasma cortisol levels have led to overall state of catabolism.
B)high plasma cortisol levels have led to a decrease in available fuel in the bloodstream.
C)high plasma cortisol levels have led to a decrease in blood calcium levels.
D)high plasma cortisol levels have led to an increased skeletal muscle metabolic rate,there are no nutrients left for growth.
E)None of these answers are correct.

Question 58

 Endogenous pyrogen

A)is released by infection-fighting leukocytes and acts on muscle tissue.
B)is released by the hypothalamus and acts on infection-fighting leukocytes.
C)is released by infection-fighting leukocytes and has the same action as aspirin.
D)is released by infection-fighting leukocytes and acts on the temperature-integrating centers of the hypothalamus.
E)is released by the pyloric region of the stomach and raises the temperature of digestion.

Question 59

During the absorptive state,the body makes use of stored nutrients for energy.

Question 60

Most of the triglycerides absorbed as chylomicrons are ultimately stored as fat in the adipose tissue.

Question 61

The release of epinephrine during exercise contributes to an increase in nutrient levels in the blood.

Question 62

Sarah is a type 1 diabetic who forgot to bring insulin with her today.Due to high circulating ketone levels,it is likely that Sarah's blood pH may decrease.

Question 63

Insulin inhibits the enzymes in the liver that catalyze reactions leading to gluconeogenesis.

Question 64

One consequence of insulin deficiency is the decreased ability of the brain to take up blood glucose,a condition that can lead to brain dysfunction and death.

Question 65

The metabolic events characteristic of the absorptive state can be attributed to the presence of large amounts of insulin in the blood,whereas the events of the postabsorptive state can be attributed largely to decreased insulin levels.

Question 66

Lisa is on a low-cholesterol diet.She ingests almost no dietary cholesterol.When she goes into her doctor's office for a blood test,we expect her plasma cholesterol concentration to be almost zero as well.

Question 67

Talia is a busy store clerk on Black Friday.She ate breakfast at 7 am but was not able to take a lunch break because the store was too busy.Its now 3 pm and she's beginning to feel a bit odd.Her non-nervous tissues are probably utilizing fatty acids and ketones as energy sources.

Question 68

The chemoreceptors for the reflexes that stimulate sympathetic activity and epinephrine secretion in response to hypoglycemia are located in the carotid and aortic bodies.

Question 69

During exercise,skeletal muscle cells can upregulate alternative glucose transporters which are independent of insulin signaling,therefore exercise is useful for individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Question 70

During exercise,glucose uptake by muscle cells is increased because of increased insulin secretion.

Question 71

Fatty acids released by lipolysis of triglycerides in adipose tissue travel in the plasma as VLDL.

Question 72

The excretion of glucose in the urine of a diabetic patient is a result of the inability of the kidney tubules to reabsorb a normal amount of glucose in the absence of insulin.

Question 73

During stress,elevated levels of plasma cortisol stimulate the catabolism of muscle protein and the conversion of alpha-keto acids to glucose in the liver.

Question 74

A group of students has declared a hunger strike to protest a perception of low-quality dorm food.Jose is one of the protesting students and he has not eaten for three days.Most of the energy available in Jose's body is provided by gluconeogenesis.

Question 75

Chronic long-term stress could lead to weakening of cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues.

Question 76

Cholesterol is metabolized to bile salts in the liver.

Question 77

Insulin has no effect on the carrier-mediated transport of glucose in the liver;therefore,insulin does not stimulate the uptake of glucose by that organ.

Question 78

All other things being equal,a person who has hypothyroidism will have a higher BMR than a person whose thyroid function is normal.

Question 79

In untreated type 1 (insulin-dependent)diabetes mellitus,the liver converts fatty acids into ketones,which are released into the blood.

Question 80

Pituitary growth hormone has effects on protein metabolism similar to those of insulin,but its effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are similar to those of elevated cortisol.