Deck 1: Learning, Teaching, and Educational Psychology

Question 1

When beginning teachers confront everyday classroom life,they often experience ________.

Answer 1

reality shock

Question 2

Schools are evaluated based on test schools,which indicate if their students are making ________.

Answer 2

Adequately Yearly Progress (AYP)

Question 3

Wong's research indicated that when individuals read a research result,they tended to

A)become resistant toward using the strategy involved.
B)find the results more obvious than originally thought.
C)put the results into practice immediately.
D)seek more information on the subject.

Answer 3

find the results more obvious than originally thought.

Question 4

A correlation is a statistical description indicating the

A)direction but not the strength of a relationship.
B)direction and strength of a relationship.
C)strength and direction of a treatment effect.
D)strength but not the direction of a relationship.

Question 5

The concerns of educational psychology are distinctive in that they

A)are limited to the classroom.
B)do not overlap those of other fields of study.
C)have no place in the laboratory.
D)relate to improving learning and instruction.

Question 6

Use of the "common sense" approach to teaching is viewed by educational psychologists as

A)appropriate in most circumstances.
B)inappropriate unless supported by research.
C)more reliable than scientific judgments.
D)the main factor that differentiates experts from novices.

Question 7

Many educators believe that the mark of an expert teacher is the ability to be ________,demonstrated by frequently asking,"How am I doing?"

Question 8

According to the Woolfolk text,which of the following is true of expert teachers?

A)They are more likely than novices to ignore students' wrong answers.
B)They take more time to solve problems.
C)They judge their success based on their students' achievements.
D)They have a limited and focused knowledge base.

Question 9

The major concern of new teachers is that their knowledge of their subjects is limited.

Question 10

According to the law No Child Left Behind

A)research is not important for improving schools.
B)states have some say in defining "proficiency" for students.
C)initial hypotheses about education which have not been tested can still improve educational practices.
D)mandates all teachers must conduct a research project on an annual basis.

Question 11

According to James Popham,the law No Child Left Behind

A)will not affect teachers in secondary education schools.
B)will shorten the length of the school year.
C)will affect the lives of teachers every day.
D)relates to only teachers who teach in rural areas.
E)will go into effect after January 2009.

Question 12

When studies are based only on observations,the results should be expressed as

A)cause-and-effect relationships.
B)descriptions.
C)principles.
D)theories.

Question 13

A researcher concludes from his study that,on a typical school day,students spend only 50 percent of their time engaged in learning.What specific type of research must have been conducted in order for this conclusion to be valid?

A)Single-subject design
B)Participant-observer
C)Descriptive
D)Experimental

Question 14

As teachers' experience grows,they tend to become more likely to judge their success by their students' successes.

Question 15

A case study is an investigation of

A)a small group of people with similar backgrounds.
B)different groups of people over a period of time.
C)one person or group over a specific period of time.
D)people from one geographic area.

Question 16

A researcher participates in a class over a two-month period and analyzes the strategies the teacher employs to maintain discipline.This research is an example of what specific type of research study?

A)Cross-sectional
B)Ethnography
C)Experimental
D)Longitudinal

Question 17

Sanders and River's (1996)research shows that the effects of good teaching produce additional achievement gains for lower-achieving students.

Question 18

Research on acceleration for bright children suggests that acceleration is generally

A)beneficial for these children both academically and socially.
B)beneficial for younger children but detrimental for older children.
C)detrimental for younger children but beneficial for older children.
D)harmful for children at all age/grade levels.

Question 19

Research by Ogden,Brophy,and Evertson (1977)on selecting primary-grade students to read aloud suggests that the best method is to

A)ask for volunteers to read.
B)call on students in a prescribed order.
C)call on students at random.
D)have students read as a group (choral response).

Question 20

Discuss the problems or issues that most concern beginning teachers today.Which of those concerns would be the most important to you personally? Explain your choice(s).

Question 21

The study of the processes of teaching and learning is the focus of the discipline of ________.

Question 22

When a result from a research project involving an experimental design is reported in the literature as significant,this result

A)contradicts the prevailing theoretical views.
B)is unrelated to theory development.
C)is unlikely to have occurred by chance.
D)will indicate its practical importance.

Question 23

Random assignments would be most critical in what type of research?

A)Case study
B)Correlational
C)Descriptive
D)Experimental

Question 24

A researcher finds that students who were given computers to use at home demonstrated greater independent learning skills than a comparable group that was not selected to receive home computers.What type of research study was probably designed for this conclusion to be valid?

A)Correlational
B)Descriptive
C)Experimental
D)Observation

Question 25

Which one of the following instances is MOST like a random sample for a class of thirty students?

A)A coin is tossed in order to select students alternately one by one into the experimental and control groups.
B)The first ten students who enter the classroom are placed into the experimental group and the next ten into the control group.
C)The first twenty volunteers are selected from the physics class and alternately placed into experimental and control groups.
D)The twenty students with the highest GPAs are selected and alternately placed into experimental and control groups.

Question 26

A researcher who becomes a working member of a class over a period of time in order to record and gain understanding of the class dynamics is a(n)________.

Question 27

A correlation coefficient of 0.90 indicates that

A)one event has been caused by another event.
B)one event is strongly related to another event.
C)the two events are related 10 percent of the time.
D)the two events are related 90 percent of the time.

Question 28

What size or direction of correlation coefficient is likely to be obtained between children's ages (from five to 13 years)and the distance that they can long jump?

A)Close to zero
B)Either +1.00 or -1.00
C)Negative
D)Positive

Question 29

A correlation study indicates that teachers' interest in teaching and the amount of the day their students are engaged in learning correlate at +0.46.This coefficient would indicate that

A)as teacher interest decreases,engaged time increases.
B)as teacher interest increases,engaged time tends to increase.
C)interest in teaching leads to a large increase in engaged time.
D)there is virtually NO relationship between the two variables.

Question 30

According to the Point/Counterpoint discussion in Chapter 1,the following statement is true about what kind of research should guide education

A)Some researchers challenge the idea that educational research should be similar to research in medicine because humans in school settings are much too complex and function in frequently changing social environments.
B)Researchers agree educational research should be based on experimental trials,similar to medical studies.
C)Most researchers agree children in schools are over studied and too much research in taking place in school settings.
D)Most educational researchers agree teaching is an art and cannot be based on scientific research.

Question 31

A researcher reports that students who have the highest test scores in school tend to be more involved in extracurricular activities than are other students.What specific type of research study must have been conducted?

A)Correlational
B)Descriptive
C)Ethnographic
D)Experimental

Question 32

Dr.Patterson concludes from her research that using a systematic study strategy CAUSED good grades for students assigned to a particular group.For this conclusion to be valid,the type of research that was performed must have been what type of study?

A)Correlational
B)Descriptive
C)Experimental
D)Observational

Question 33

What type of correlation coefficient is likely to be obtained between reading ability and running ability of high-school students?

A)Close to zero
B)Either +1.00 or -1.00
C)Strong positive
D)Weak negative

Question 34

The type of research that attempts to record what happens in classrooms without attempting to manipulate any variables is called ________ research.

Question 35

What type of research participants should researchers use for studies of cause-and-effect relationships?

A)Controlled samples
B)Random samples
C)Related samples
D)Skilled samples

Question 36

Which one of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship?

A)-0.03
B)-0.78
C)+0.56
D)+0.70

Question 37

A positive correlation between two factors indicates that the factors

A)are NOT necessarily related.
B)are strongly related.
C)decrease proportionately.
D)tend to increase or decrease together.

Question 38

When a correlation coefficient of -0.80 is found between factor A and factor B,the most accurate interpretation is that

A)a decrease in factor A is strongly related to a decrease in factor B.
B)a decrease in factor A is strongly related to an increase in factor B.
C)there is NO significant relationship between the two factors.
D)there is a very weak relationship between the two factors.

Question 39

According to Woolfolk,over time,theories

A)have returned to the core ideas set forth years ago by Sigmund Freud.
B)have become less important in educational research and practice.
C)have become more systematic and scientific.
D)are less scientific compared to ten years ago.

Question 40

An explanation of how we remember things that we have learned is called a

A)construct.
B)correlation.
C)principle.
D)theory.

Question 41

A correlational study is a specific type of descriptive research.

Question 42

Research that is designed to determine the relations between two variables is a(n)________ study.

Question 43

Explain how principles and theories are derived.Discuss how knowledge of a theory (e.g. ,classroom management)can be helpful to a classroom teacher.

Question 44

A key element in a research experiment is random assignment of participants to groups.

Question 45

When findings in a given area repeatedly support the same conclusion,a(n)________ can be derived.

Question 46

Correlations provide a basis for making cause-effect interpretations.

Question 47

The type of research that attempts to establish cause and effect relationships is a(n)________ study.

Question 48

Discuss the purposes and procedures of the discipline of educational psychology today.What are the interests of educational psychology with regard to theory vs.application and learning vs.teaching?

Question 49

Each person is given an equal opportunity to be in a treatment or control group by means of ________ sampling.

Question 50

According to Woolfolk,there are three theories available today to explain human development,motivation,and learning.

Question 51

A correlational study is useful for helping to understand if one event causes another event to occur.

Question 52

Rigorous scientifically based research has been through a review by a journal or panel of experts.

Question 53

Broad frameworks that attempt to explain relationships between sets of variables are called ________.

Question 54

Negative correlations are typically weaker than positive correlations.

Question 55

A theory is an explanation of occurrences in a given field.

Question 56

Principles are the product of consistency in research findings over time.

Question 57

The major concern of new teachers is that their knowledge of their subjects is limited.

Question 58

If a statistically significant difference is found between the math scores of two groups,we can conclude the difference was due to a chance occurrence.

Question 59

Findings considered statistically unlikely to have occurred by chance are described as ________.

Question 60

A statistically significant result in experimental research indicates that the result is a true finding.

Question 61

If a teacher wanted to collaborate with a researcher to better understand why one student was having difficulty adding two fractions,would you recommend they use an experimental design or conduct a microgenetic investigation?

Question 62

Design an experimental study (basic elements,not detailed procedures)that could be used to answer the teachers' research question.

Question 63

Briefly describe a study that would support a causal interpretation of the results.Explain why your study could be a cause-effect study.

Question 64

One teacher speculates that students who are more social than others are likely to have greater appreciation of the cooperative learning method.What research approach should be used to answer this question? Use an example to illustrate an application of this type of research.

Question 65

How might descriptive research also be used in the above study? Describe an example.

Question 66

Jill received her Bachelor of Arts Degree in education in June and will be meeting her first class of second graders tomorrow at Briarview Elementary School.Her classroom will be adjacent to one assigned to Ms.Ferguson,a veteran first-grade teacher considered to be one of the most knowledgeable and skilled in the district.Ms.Ferguson will be starting her tenth year of teaching.
What are likely to be Jill's major concerns about her first months of teaching? Explain your choices.

Question 67

Differentiate between descriptive and experimental research orientations with regard to purpose,methods,and the interpretation of results.

Question 68

Jill received her Bachelor of Arts Degree in education in June and will be meeting her first class of second graders tomorrow at Briarview Elementary School.Her classroom will be adjacent to one assigned to Ms.Ferguson,a veteran first-grade teacher considered to be one of the most knowledgeable and skilled in the district.Ms.Ferguson will be starting her tenth year of teaching.
Discuss how the two teachers might differ in using achievement results as information about (a)student learning and (b)their own success in teaching.