Deck 9: Complex Cognitive Processes

Question 1

Sometimes students do not apply the problem-solving strategy they have learned when they should or could.We refer to this type of situation as students having a(n)________.

Answer 1

production deficiency

Question 2

The main difficulty that occurs when students are too quick to decide what a problem asks is that they may

A)activate an inappropriate schema.
B)become too reflective.
C)experience overgeneralization.
D)rely on heuristics instead of algorithms to solve it.

Answer 2

activate an inappropriate schema.

Question 3

Rory learned about divergent rays in physics class when he was studying the effects of lenses.Later,in his psychology class,he immediately understood the concept of "divergent thinking." What learning experience did Rory have?

A)A response set
B)Functional fixedness
C)General transfer
D)Negative transfer

Answer 3

General transfer

Question 4

The strategy of solving a crossword puzzle by doing "down" items before "across" items is an example of

A)a heuristic.
B)metacognition.
C)patterning.
D)top-down processing.

Question 5

Hernando looked at the problem and exclaimed: "Aha! This is just like when Ahab was obsessed with the great white whale,Moby Dick!" This comment is the result of

A)analogical thinking.
B)deductive logic.
C)overlearning.
D)the generate-test method.

Question 6

Asking students to make a prediction during a lesson encourages them to use ________ as their learning strategy.

Question 7

Which one of the following is the first step in the KWL reading strategy?

A)Asking "What have I learned?"
B)Asking "What do I already know about this subject?"
C)Asking "Which mnemonic will help me the most in this situation?"
D)Asking "What do I want to know?"
E)Asking "Which information is most likely to be on the test?"

Question 8

Sometimes students do not apply the problem-solving strategy they have learned when they should or could.We refer to this type of situation as students having a(n)________.

Question 9

Sgt.York couldn't get a shot at the enemy,who was keeping his head down in a foxhole."Why,he's acting just like the turkeys back in Kentucky!" Sgt.York thought and yelled out his best turkey gobble.The enemy stuck up his head to see what the noise was and found a bullet.What cognition process did the sergeant use?

A)Analogical thinking
B)Deductive logic
C)Overlearning
D)The generate-test method

Question 10

Roberto,an eleventh grade student,rereads his poem for the third time and asks himself again "Is this poem finished?" Roberto is engaging in ________ thinking.

Question 11

________ is a general plan for approaching a learning task.

Question 12

________ is the ability to regulate one's thinking and learning.

Question 13

Which one of the following concepts is consistent with the notion of a heuristic?

A)Analogical thinking
B)Domain specific
C)Exhaustive
D)Guaranteed solution

Question 14

Learning strategies are a special kind of ________ knowledge.

Question 15

Means-ends analysis in problem solving involves

A)beginning at the goal and moving backwards to the unsolved initial problem.
B)distance reduction and dividing a problem into subgoals.
C)limiting the search for solutions having something in common with the problem.
D)using analogical reasoning and heuristics.

Question 16

Use of the READS method would probably have questionable benefits for

A)children in early elementary school.
B)encouraging a distributed practice schedule.
C)high school students.
D)improving recall of information from the text.

Question 17

A procedure that is guaranteed to accomplish a particular goal when correctly implemented is called a(n)

A)algorithm.
B)heuristic approach.
C)theorem.
D)working-backward strategy.

Question 18

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Analogical thinking and metacognition are the same process.
B)Children in second grade are too young to engage in self-reflection.
C)Very young children are better metacognitve thinkers than adolescents.
D)Students' metacognitive skills are fixed because they are aligned to their learning style.
E)Metacognitive knowledge and skills can be learned and improved.

Question 19

You remember that,when you lost your billfold last semester,campus security found it for you.You lost it again this morning and decided to call campus security.The method used to solve this problem is called a(n)

A)heuristic search.
B)means-ends analysis.
C)pattern matching.
D)schema-driven route.

Question 20

One of the conditions for using good learning strategies is that students must

A)be able to work independently.
B)understand that ability is more important than effort.
C)value and care about learning.
D)have speed of learning.

Question 21

Which one of the following students BEST illustrates the state of functional fixedness?

A)Nathaniel,a student who is using a ruler for drawing lines,fails to realize that he can use its metal edge as a scraper to remove paint from his desk.
B)Kathy,a student who is trying to solve a math problem,explores many different strategies until she finds a reasonable answer.
C)Rebecca,a third-grade teacher,sees the second-grade achievement scores for her new class and begins to form expectancies about individuals' abilities.
D)Wendell,who is used to making "d" look like "b," continues to make the same error.

Question 22

Formulating new answers by going beyond the simple application of previously learned rules to reach a goal is ________.

Question 23

The eighth grade is preparing for its annual "School Scam Skit," in which students parody amusing school events during the year.Alonzo,the class President,discovers that the class has mistakenly sold 500 tickets for an auditorium with a seating capacity of only 200.The auditorium is not available for any other night,and the class does not have the funds available to rent a suitable room elsewhere.Numerous possible solutions may exist,but the class is feeling panicked.The class officers are meeting in order to attempt to find a solution to this problem.What type of cognitive approach is each class officer using?
Gwen,the class Vice President,suggested that they organize committees that would be responsible for (1)checking the calendar to see if the program could be held on two consecutive nights; (2)checking with other junior or senior high schools in the community to find out about availability of their facilities;and (3)checking on the possibility of using the high school's football stadium to construct a stage and lighting system for an outdoor program.

A)Analogical thinking
B)Brainstorming
C)Means-end analysis
D)Response set
E)Working backwards

Question 24

Greg ponders over a math problem.He looks,frowns,and several minutes pass as he continues to study and shuffle his papers.All at once,he smiles,picks up his pencil,and writes down the correct answer.The suddenness of Greg's solution best exemplifies

A)functional fixedness.
B)insight.
C)problem representation.
D)transfer.

Question 25

Michael was asked to devise as many uses for a brick as he could.After taking the assignment home to work on further,he came up with over 30 ideas,many of which were not proposed by any other student.All of Michael's ideas dealt with using a brick to break things.In what aspect of creativity proposed by Torrence is Michael lacking?

A)Flexibility
B)Fluency
C)Incubation
D)Originality

Question 26

Creativity is thought to be associated directly with what type of thinking?

A)Convergent
B)Deductive reasoning
C)Divergent thinking
D)Intuitive

Question 27

Frank was supposed to push three wheelbarrows back to the barn,and he wasn't relishing the idea of three trips.Then in a flash he reorganized the problem.He loaded two wheelbarrows onto the third and made one trip.In doing this,he demonstrated

A)flexibility.
B)functional fixedness.
C)insight.
D)response set.

Question 28

In order to encourage student creativity,teachers are advised to

A)enhance each student's reliance on authorities for response accuracy.
B)promote convergent thinking and problem-solving skills.
C)reinforce unusual solutions,even if the product is not perfect.
D)work on increasing the speed with which students can identify solutions to problems.

Question 29

Studies of expertise have discovered that chess masters are superior to nonexpert players in

A)conscious analytical thought.
B)domain knowledge.
C)random chess pattern recognition.
D)recognition of meaningful chess patterns.

Question 30

Gloria thinks about the solution to a problem regarding welfare in her American Problems course.She asks herself what she needs to know in order to solve the problem.She tries to think about the problem in different and,possibly,creative ways.She is then able to clarify the problem and propose a potentially useful solution.The aspect of problem solving that Gloria's strategy exemplifies is

A)flexibility.
B)functional fixedness.
C)response set.
D)transfer.

Question 31

The eighth grade is preparing for its annual "School Scam Skit," in which students parody amusing school events during the year.Alonzo,the class President,discovers that the class has mistakenly sold 500 tickets for an auditorium with a seating capacity of only 200.The auditorium is not available for any other night,and the class does not have the funds available to rent a suitable room elsewhere.Numerous possible solutions may exist,but the class is feeling panicked.The class officers are meeting in order to attempt to find a solution to this problem.What type of cognitive approach is each class officer using?
Nephi,the class Treasurer,told the class officers that this situation reminded him of the Titanic sinking.Accordingly,the Titanic officers could have preserved three times the number of people had they allowed the passengers to lay alongside the life boats and support themselves by holding onto the gunnels.Perhaps the solution to the current problem is embedded in the Titanic problem.

A)Analogical thinking
B)Brainstorming
C)Means-end analysis
D)Response set
E)Working backwards

Question 32

Ms.Cricket gave a creative writing assignment on today's film.She allows 10 minutes today and 10 minutes tomorrow to work on it.What component of the creative process is she fostering?

A)Automaticity
B)Elaboration
C)Flexibility
D)Restructuring

Question 33

You are teaching a class of students who are very inexperienced in solving problems on their own.What is the most useful strategy for the teacher to use in order to help students solve the problems for a particular unit?

A)Combine the use of guidelines for problem solving with student self-monitoring.
B)Provide an algorithm that specifies the steps for one of the specific problems.
C)Supply general guidelines for problem solving and have students experiment through trial and error.
D)Use teacher demonstrations in conjunction with partner learning.

Question 34

An exhaustive,step-by-step approach for solving a problem,in which a solution is virtually guaranteed is a(n)________.

Question 35

Dividing a problem into a number of intermediate goals and then identifying a means of solving each subgoal is called ________.

Question 36

Which one of the following people illustrates the best example of creative behavior?

A)Billy uses an established method to solve an algebraic equation on a test.
B)Calita uses an encyclopedia to find the significance of the date July 4,1776.
C)Jack pours a solution of acid into a beaker of water in the chemistry lab.
D)Sheryl generates a list of solutions for the recycling problem.

Question 37

The sudden re-conceptualization or reorganization of a problem that clarifies it and suggests a possible solution is ________.

Question 38

The inability to recognize unconventional uses of familiar objects represents a barrier to problem solving that is referred to as ________.

Question 39

Ms.Cricket gave a creative writing assignment on today's film.She allows 10 minutes today and 10 minutes tomorrow to work on it.What component of the creative process is she fostering?

A)Automaticity
B)Elaboration
C)Flexibility
D)Restructuring

Question 40

Expert teachers don't have to think as hard as beginning teachers due to an ability to

A)access short-term memory.
B)memorize many details.
C)recognize patterns in problems.
D)use logical reasoning.

Question 41

A heuristic that limits one's search for solutions to problems that have something in common is analogical thinking.

Question 42

When students do not have existing schemas that suggest an immediate solution to the problem,they must take a schema-driven route to solve the problem.

Question 43

Creativity is often equated with ________ thinking or the ability to generate many different ideas.

Question 44

A student who breaks down a task into several intermediate goals is using a(n)________ approach to solving a problem.

Question 45

The aspect of means-end analysis that involves distance reduction means pursuing a path that moves directly to the goal.

Question 46

Means-ends analysis,analogical thinking,functional fixedness,and verbalization are all examples of heuristics.

Question 47

In addition to having originality,creativity involves ________ motivation.

Question 48

An important part of becoming an expert in a field is ________ knowledge.

Question 49

As domain-specific knowledge increases,general problem-solving strategies are used more frequently.

Question 50

Creative work is original,appropriate,and________.

Question 51

A heuristic is a step-by-step prescription for achieving a goal that usually is domain-specific.

Question 52

Making certain that you have the necessary declarative knowledge to understand new information will help to make you a(n)________ student.

Question 53

The LINCS Vocabulary strategy relies on using ________ and imagery to promote learning.

Question 54

Functional fixedness is a strategy for using an object in an unconventional way.

Question 55

Recognizing a problem as a "disguised" version of an old problem for which one has a solution already is called schema-driven problem solving.

Question 56

An example of backward-reaching transfer in which you search for other,related situations is ________ thinking.

Question 57

The working backward strategy is sometimes an effective heuristic for solving certain mathematical problems.

Question 58

Ms.Winn developed a new method of math instruction,which had a wide spread impact on education and revolutionalized the field of mathematics education.Ms.Winn is noted for her________,or innovation.

Question 59

An algorithm is a general strategy that might lead to the right answer to a problem.

Question 60

A pre-school teacher challenges her students to think about the many potential uses of a coffee pot beyond the typical use of serving coffee.One student could not move beyond her ________ and identify additional uses of the coffee pot beyond serving coffee.

Question 61

Researchers have found that for fourth and fifth graders,general problem solving strategies are better than specific strategies.

Question 62

Mr.Tolbert comes to you because he is concerned about this son Jack.He describes Jack as being a risk-taker,easily bored,susceptible to day dreaming,intensely curious,and at times silly.He is concerned Jack may have some learning difficulties.What else might be going on with Jack?

Question 63

Woolfolk suggests the first step in problem solving should be to identify as many solutions as possible.

Question 64

The tendency to respond in the most familiar or rigid way is a response set.

Question 65

In order to praise creative solutions to problems,John Baer recommends naming the student who came up with the idea or strategy for solving the problem.

Question 66

Researchers have found that exposing individuals to other cultures may increase their creativity.

Question 67

Students who are highly creative tend to be extrinsically motivated.

Question 68

What can teachers do to support and encourage creativity in the classroom?

Question 69

What has research determined about the ways experts solve problems? How can students use this information to make themselves learn more like experts?

Question 70

According to Woolfolk,bringing in familiar cultural folk tales with diverse students is not a good use of a teacher's time because students regardless of their cultural backgrounds typically bring similar beliefs and prior knowledge to the classroom.

Question 71

Experts excel relative to novices in applying domain-specific knowledge.

Question 72

Overlearning is the process of practicing a skill

A)for too long,such that retroactive inhibition develops.
B)for too long,such that proactive inhibition develops.
C)past the point of mastery,such that retention is improved.
D)similar to one previously learned,so that positive transfer is realized.

Question 73

Cheryl gets good grades in her language class but uses incorrect grammar and punctuation in her written work in other classes.This situation suggests a problem with

A)assimilation.
B)encoding.
C)integration.
D)transfer.

Question 74

What is meant by problem solving? Identify some of the factors that inhibit problem solving and suggest strategies for reducing their effects.

Question 75

Having a rich store of knowledge about a topic is necessary,but not sufficient,for creativity.

Question 76

Jennifer had her stomach pumped after she ingested part of an unknown compound in chemistry class."But at home we always taste things to find out whether they're sugar or salt," she said.Jennifer is a victim of

A)negative transfer.
B)improper coding.
C)intuitive thinking.
D)positive transfer

Question 77

Most experts in a field are born with their innate talent and do not have to work hard at their skill due to their special abilities.

Question 78

Before pulling off the bank job,Bugsy had his gang recite the steps of the operation."Do we hafta,Bugsy?" complained Willy."We must have been over them steps fifty times already." Bugsy is aware of the benefits of

A)general transfer.
B)making learning meaningful.
C)modeling.
D)overlearning.

Question 79

Learning Latin to improve basic intelligence would possibly be inefficient due to

A)general rather than specific transfer taking place.
B)specific rather than general transfer taking place.
C)the impracticality of disciplining mental processes.
D)the irrelevance of the subject.

Question 80

Woolfolk recommends giving students individual problems as well as group problems.