Deck 21: Systemic Infections

Question 1

Two major systemic bacterial diseases associated with septicemia are

A) vibriosis and Lyme disease.
B) typhoid fever and salmonellosis.
C) tularemia and leptospirosis.
D) brucellosis and epidemic typhus.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following procedures would most directly limit transmission of arboviruses such as dengue viruses?

A) eliminate mosquitoes
B) prevent contact with infected saliva
C) prevent contact with infected fecal matter
D) eliminate rodents

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When Yersinia pestis remains untreated in a human body,it can enter the bloodstream and ultimately invade the

A) liver.
B) kidneys.
C) spleen.
D) lungs.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

As a teenager,Angelica developed a systemic bacterial infection.The bacteria,found on some lettuce in a restaurant salad,killed several other people.In Angelica,the bacteria invaded her tissue macrophages,traveled throughout her bloodstream,and infected her gallbladder in addition to infecting her liver,spleen,and kidney.She survived but remained a chronic carrier of

A) Brucella abortis.
B) Yersinia pestis.
C) Rickettsia prowazekii.
D) Salmonella enterica servovar Typhi.

Question 5

The cells infected by cytomegalovirus (CMV)include

A) fibroblasts.
B) osteocytes.
C) lymphocytes.
D) neurons.

Question 6

What causes lymphadenitis in a patient with an Epstein-Barr virus infection?

A) proliferation of B and T cells
B) removal of abnormal blood cells from circulation
C) infection of epithelial cells within lymph nodes
D) production of heterophile antibodies

Question 7

Which of the following statements is a true comparison between the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems?

A) The lymphatic system contains a pump that generates high pressures.
B) The lymphatic system is used to transport nutrients and oxygen to body cells.
C) The cardiovascular system carries lymph through lymph nodes.
D) The cardiovascular system is composed of a pulmonary circuit and a systemic circuit.

Question 8

The spirochete bacterial disease that leads to complications including arthritis and heart rhythm abnormalities and is transmitted by deer ticks is known as

A) Lyme disease.
B) brucellosis.
C) tularemia.
D) bubonic plague.

Question 9

Margo,a nursing-home resident,experiences a scratch on her leg that becomes infected by Staphyloccocus.During a shower a nursing assistant notices a red streak extending from the skin infection and alerts a nurse.What term describes this red streak?

A) lymphadenopathy
B) lymphadenitis
C) lymphangitis
D) endocarditis

Question 10

The figure below shows blood vessels.If lymphatic capillaries were to be added to this figure,they would be most closely associated with

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.

Question 11

The most common treatment for systemic viral diseases is

A) the treatment of symptoms.
B) antiviral medications.
C) immunotherapy.
D) antibiotics.

Question 12

What treatment is typically used for otherwise healthy individuals who contract infectious mononucleosis?

A) hospitalization
B) antiviral therapy
C) activity restriction
D) passive immunization

Question 13

Pulmonary arteries carry

A) oxygenated blood toward the heart.
B) deoxygenated blood toward the heart.
C) oxygenated blood toward the lungs.
D) deoxygenated blood toward the lungs.

Question 14

The heart chamber that pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit is the chamber labeled

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.

Question 15

The heart chambers that receive blood returning to the heart are labeled

A) A and B.
B) B and C.
C) C and A.
D) D and B.

Question 16

Why does dissemination of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)often lead to hepatomegaly and splenomegaly?

A) EBV produces abnormal blood cells that are removed by the liver and spleen.
B) Latent EBV within the liver and spleen causes enlargement of these organs.
C) The cells infected by EBV are only found in the liver and spleen.
D) EBV-infected B cells travel throughout the body and then reside within the liver and spleen.

Question 17

Borrelia burgdorferi produces an enzyme that cleaves proteoglycans.This enzyme mainly affects ________ tissue.

A) epithelial
B) connective
C) muscle
D) nervous

Question 18

How do rickettsioses,such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever,cause systemic symptoms?

A) Rickettsia species are obligate intracellular bacteria that infect endothelial cells throughout the body.
B) Rickettsia species are phagocytized by macrophages and travel throughout the blood within macrophages.
C) Rickettsia species infect lymphocytes and use the lymphatic system to move throughout the body.
D) Rickettsia species infect fibroblasts within connective tissues and use the reticuloendothelial system to move throughout the body.

Question 19

The heart chamber that pumps blood into the systemic circuit is the chamber labeled

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.

Question 20

The circuit shown

A) carries oxygenated blood to body cells.
B) removes waste from body cells.
C) replenishes oxygen in blood.
D) replenishes carbon dioxide in blood.

Question 21

Bacterial endocarditis affects the

A) thinner lining of the heart.
B) muscle of the heart.
C) sac surrounding the heart.
D) lining of blood vessels exiting the heart.

Question 22

What role does stomach acidity play in a toxoplasmosis infection?

A) It converts bradyzoites into cyst forms for release from the body.
B) It causes the release of spores within the definitive host.
C) It allows the release of spores within the intermediate host.
D) It allows gametes to form from spores within the intermediate host.

Question 23

The rapidly dividing protozoan cells that circulate throughout the body during a toxoplasmosis infection are called

A) promastigotes.
B) tachyzoites.
C) bradyzoites.
D) asmastigotes.

Question 24

The antibiotic most commonly used to treat the major systemic bacterial infections is

A) penicillin.
B) fluoroquinolones.
C) ceftriaxone.
D) tetracycline.

Question 25

Acute bacterial endocarditis is often caused by

A) Streptococcus mutans.
B) Staphylococcus aureus.
C) Chlamydophila pneumoniae.
D) Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Question 26

Sand flies carry a motile form of a

A) promastigote.
B) merozoite.
C) bradyzoite.
D) asmastigote.

Question 27

Individuals living in the northeastern United States should take precautions to prevent tick bites to avoid the emerging protozoan disease that grows inside red blood cells.This disease is known as

A) Lyme disease.
B) babesiosis.
C) Chagas' disease.
D) malaria.

Question 28

Which of the structures indicated on this figure of the heart wall is most frequently affected during a bacterial cardiac infection?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 29

The protozoan infection that may be transmitted from mother to fetus and cause fetal infection leading to mental retardation,neurological abnormalities,and microcephaly is

A) visceral leishmaniasis.
B) toxoplasmosis.
C) schistosomiasis.
D) Chagas' disease.

Question 30

A human vaccine is available to prevent

A) bubonic plague.
B) salmonellosis.
C) typhoid fever.
D) Lyme disease.

Question 31

Atherosclerosis is associated with infection of

A) endothelial cells.
B) mast cells.
C) macrophages.
D) lymphocytes.

Question 32

Subacute bacterial endocarditis is often caused by

A) Streptococcus mutans.
B) Staphylococcus aureus.
C) Chlamydophila pneumoniae.
D) Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Question 33

Which periodontal pathogen has been found within atherosclerotic plaques?

A) Streptococcus mutans
B) Staphylococcus aureus
C) Chlamydophila pneumoniae
D) Porphyromonas gingivalis

Question 34

During her pregnancy,Marcia's obstetrician recommended she have her husband clean the cat litter box.Avoiding contact with contaminated cat feces during a pregnancy is important in preventing

A) toxoplasmosis.
B) babesiosis.
C) schistosomiasis.
D) leishmaniasis.

Question 35

Which of the following diseases is caused by a helminth?

A) toxoplasmosis
B) babesiosis
C) leishmaniasis
D) schistosomiasis

Question 36

Which of the following pairs of diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes?

A) malaria and toxoplasmosis
B) babesiosis and Chagas' disease
C) leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis
D) lymphatic filariasis and malaria

Question 37

What causes symptoms of malaria to occur every 48-72 hours?

A) The life span of sporozoites is approximately 48-72 hours.
B) The liver releases merozoites every 48-72 hours.
C) Sporozoites are converted into merozoites during a 48-72-hour cycle.
D) Release of merozoites and red cell debris is synchronized.

Question 38

To prevent infection of a fetus would require successful treatment of a mother infected with

A) toxoplasmosis.
B) babesiosis.
C) schistosomiasis.
D) leishmaniasis.

Question 39

The swelling seen in this individual's leg is indicative of

A) cutaneous leishmaniasis.
B) lymphatic filariasis.
C) babesiosis.
D) Chagas' disease.

Question 40

This map shows areas where malaria is endemic.What organism is endemic to the same regions?

A) Anopheles mosquitoes
B) Ixodes scapularis ticks
C) reduviid bugs
D) sand flies

Question 41

The blood vessels returning oxygenated blood to the heart are the ________.

Question 42

The definitive host in the life cycle of lymphatic filariasis is a ________.

Question 43

The cycle of plague shown is capable of directly initiating the development of enlarged nodes called ________ in a human.

Question 44

Drinking water contaminated with the free-living infectious form of a helminth may lead to complications such as dermatitis,cellulitis,or lymphangitis in the disease ________.

Question 45

Giant cells with the appearance of "owl's eyes" are indicative of a(n)________ infection.

Question 46

Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart is referred to as ________.

Question 47

The large vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called ________.

Question 48

CASE HISTORY
Brad,a nine-year-old from Connecticut,developed a fever and a large (8 cm)reddish rash with a clear center (erythema migrans)on his arm.He also had some left facial nerve palsy.Brad had returned a week earlier from a Boy Scout camping trip to the local woods,where he did a lot of hiking.When asked by his physician,Brad admitted finding a tick on his stomach while in the woods but thought little of it.The doctor ordered serological tests for Borrelia burgdorferi (the organism that causes Lyme disease),Rickettsia rickettsii (which produces Rocky Mountain spotted fever),and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (which causes ehrlichiosis).The ELISA for B.burgdorferi came back positive,confirming a diagnosis of Lyme disease.The boy was given a three-week regimen of doxycycline (a tetracycline derivative),which led to resolution of the rash and palsy.
Which is true of B.burgdorferi and Lyme disease?

A) It is commonly transmitted via the bite of the deer tick, but may also be transmitted by rabbits, rodents, and mosquitoes.
B) B. burgdorferi is a spirochete bacterium with an unusual genome.
C) Lyme disease can be contracted only in the United States and is named for the community of Lyme, Connecticut.
D) Most people naturally clear Lyme infection without treatment; fewer than 10% naturally progress to stage 2 infection.

Question 49

The herpes virus that initially infects the oropharyngeal epithelium,tonsils,and salivary glands,and is associated with endemic Burkitt's lymphoma,is known as ________.

Question 50

Describe similarities and differences between bubonic plague and secondary plague pneumonia.

Question 51

Explain how Chlamydophila pneumoniae may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis.

Question 52

Carlos is experiencing a systemic infection caused by a bacterium in the genus Leptospira.The signs and symptoms associated with his illness are fever,general malaise,muscle aches,abdominal pain,and jaundice.Explain the role his circulatory and lymphatic systems played in the development of the signs and symptoms he is experiencing.

Question 53

When traveling to tropical and subtropical areas where Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are endemic,U.S.citizens could receive a vaccine to prevent ________.

Question 54

Drugs used to treat the major systemic bacterial diseases fall into the category of ________.

Question 55

The bipolar staining seen in the small bacteria cells in this slide indicates the presence of ________.

Question 56

Preventing leishmaniasis would require preventing bites from ________.

Question 57

Inflammation of the sac covering the heart is defined as ________.

Question 58

The asexual cycle of plasmodium within humans occurs within the ________ system.

Question 59

Bacterial endocarditis that has a slow onset and presents with vague symptoms such as fatigue,intermittent fevers,and headaches is called ________.

Question 60

Explain how the pathogenesis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)leads to the presence of heterophile antibodies in the patient's blood.

Question 61

CASE HISTORY
Elizabeth was 58 years old and had a history of mitral valve prolapse (a common congenital condition in which a heart valve does not close properly).She was on immunosuppressive therapy following a kidney transplant.She had recently been admitted to the hospital complaining of fatigue,intermittent fevers for five weeks,and headaches for three weeks-symptoms the physician recognized as possible indications of endocarditis.Elizabeth reported having a dental procedure a few weeks prior to the onset of symptoms but forgot to take antibiotics beforehand.A sample of her blood placed in a liquid bacteriological medium grew Gram-positive cocci,which turned out to be Streptococcus mutans,a bacterial species associated with dental caries.With the finding of bacteria in the bloodstream,the diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis was confirmed.Elizabeth began a one-month course of intravenous penicillin G and gentamicin therapy and eventually recovered to normal health.
Elizabeth presented with symptoms of subacute bacterial endocarditis.How would the presentation differ for the acute form of the disease? What other differences distinguish the two?

Question 62

CASE HISTORY
Brad,a nine-year-old from Connecticut,developed a fever and a large (8 cm)reddish rash with a clear center (erythema migrans)on his arm.He also had some left facial nerve palsy.Brad had returned a week earlier from a Boy Scout camping trip to the local woods,where he did a lot of hiking.When asked by his physician,Brad admitted finding a tick on his stomach while in the woods but thought little of it.The doctor ordered serological tests for Borrelia burgdorferi (the organism that causes Lyme disease),Rickettsia rickettsii (which produces Rocky Mountain spotted fever),and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (which causes ehrlichiosis).The ELISA for B.burgdorferi came back positive,confirming a diagnosis of Lyme disease.The boy was given a three-week regimen of doxycycline (a tetracycline derivative),which led to resolution of the rash and palsy.
Would treatment or prevention of future infection have differed for either of the two pathogens not involved in this particular infection,Rickettsia rickettsia and Anaplasma phagocytophilum? What is a major difference between these pathogens and B.burgdorferi?