Deck 23: Infections of the Urinary and Reproductive Tracts

Question 1

To what structure is arrow A pointing in the figure below?

A) elementary bodies
B) reticulate bodies
C) the nucleus
D) inclusions

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The observation of a "strawberry" cervix is a symptom of

A) lymphogranuloma venereum.
B) candidiasis.
C) genital herpes.
D) trichomoniasis.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

All of the following are true about a chlamydial infection EXCEPT that

A) it is caused by a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen.
B) it is not very common in the United States.
C) women are usually asymptomatic.
D) the organism is able to "hitchhike" on sperm.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Inside this cell infected with chlamydia,which are considered replicating bodies?

A) elementary bodies
B) reticulate bodies
C) the nucleus
D) inclusions

Question 5

Someone is said to have a primary HSV infection when the

A) patient does not have detectable antibodies but a positive PCR test.
B) infection settles into the nerve root.
C) latent virus is reactivated.
D) virus is activated by stress or UV exposure.

Question 6

Reoccurring UTIs can be a result of all of the following EXCEPT

A) birth control pills.
B) biofilm formation.
C) improper clearance after antibiotic treatment.
D) reintroduction of the organism.

Question 7

All of the following explain why women get urinary tract infections more often than men EXCEPT

A) the location of the urethra in women is closer to the anus than in men.
B) sexual activity.
C) bladder incontinence in postmenopausal women.
D) the urethra in women is longer than in men.

Question 8

All of the following are ways that an infection can be established in the urinary tract EXCEPT an infection

A) acquired in the kidney.
B) in the vaginal canal.
C) from the urethra.
D) from the bladder.

Question 9

Which of these is NOT an antimicrobial feature of the urinary system?

A) physiological valves found in the ureter
B) pH of the urine
C) flushing action of urine
D) the use of the urethra for seminal fluid in women

Question 10

All of the following are true about the glomerulus EXCEPT that

A) it is surrounded by the Bowman's capsule.
B) it is made up of small capillaries.
C) during filtration large molecules and blood enter into the Bowman's capsule.
D) it is damaged in acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.

Question 11

Which of the following is part of the internal male reproductive system?

A) penis
B) scrotum
C) testes
D) vas deferens

Question 12

Which of the following is caused by an opportunistic pathogen?

A) genital herpes
B) gonorrhea
C) candidiasis
D) chancroid

Question 13

Recurring vesicles on the surface of human skin are symptoms of

A) candidiasis.
B) trichomoniasis.
C) genital herpes.
D) lymphogranuloma venereum.

Question 14

Which of the following is the most difficult to treat with chemotherapeutic agents?

A) gonorrhea
B) genital herpes
C) syphilis
D) trichomoniasis

Question 15

Which of the following is true about the female reproductive system?

A) The entire female reproductive system is internal.
B) The mature oocyte is deposited directly into the uterus.
C) The uterus ends at the opening of the vagina.
D) The uterus is the site of fertilization.

Question 16

The urinary tract is composed of all of the following EXCEPT the

A) vagina.
B) kidneys.
C) bladder.
D) urethra.

Question 17

Which of the following is true about urine production?

A) The wall of the ureters is made of skeletal muscle that is voluntary.
B) Filtrate is collected in the bladder.
C) The urinary bladder is made up of squamous epithelial cells.
D) Extra water is removed and returned to the vascular system in the collecting duct.

Question 18

All of the following cause UTIs EXCEPT

A) E. coli.
B) S. aureus.
C) S. pyogenes.
D) C. trichomatis.

Question 19

Which of the following is considered to be part of the upper urinary system?

A) urinary bladder
B) vagina
C) ureters
D) urethra

Question 20

All of the following are risk behaviors that lead to the acquisition of an STI EXCEPT

A) abstinence.
B) unprotected sex.
C) multiple sex partners.
D) drug abuse.

Question 21

All of the following can cause non-sexually transmitted infections of the reproductive tract EXCEPT

A) sexual intercourse.
B) fluctuations in pH.
C) a change in vaginal microbiome.
D) IV drug abuse.

Question 22

What is the reason that the human bladder can accommodate 400-600 milliliters of urine?

A) It is triangular shaped.
B) It is composed of transitional epithelium.
C) It is made of muscular tissue.
D) None of these; the bladder can only hold 5-10 milliliters of urine.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT considered a clinical progression of an HIV infection?

A) increase in immune function
B) seroconversion
C) latency
D) AIDS

Question 24

The normal microbiota of the adult vagina consist primarily of

A) Lactobacillus.
B) Streptococcus.
C) Mycobacterium.
D) Candida.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a portal of entry for STIs in women?

A) anus
B) vagina
C) urethra
D) ureter

Question 26

Which of the following statements about genital warts is FALSE?

A) It is transmitted by direct contact.
B) It is caused by papillomaviruses.
C) It is always precancerous.
D) It is treated by removing them.

Question 27

Why are UTIs considered serious and why should they be treated promptly?

A) They are uncomfortable and are treated to control pain.
B) If left untreated, the infection can travel up into the kidneys, causing a more serious infection.
C) They are caused by notifiable pathogens and should be reported to the health department.
D) They should be treated promptly to prevent them from becoming recurring infections.

Question 28

What is the purpose of the fimbriae on the end of the fallopian tube?

A) to help the fallopian tube move into position
B) performs a sweeping motion to capture the ovum
C) to keep microbes out of the fallopian tube
D) helps to fertilize the ovum

Question 29

Which of the following diseases causes a skin rash,hair loss,malaise,and fever?

A) gonorrhea
B) syphilis
C) NGU
D) genital herpes

Question 30

Vaginal itching and cheesy discharge are symptoms of

A) bacterial vaginosis.
B) genital herpes.
C) candidiasis.
D) trichomoniasis.

Question 31

Why are yeast infections more difficult for clinicians to treat than bacterial infections?

A) Yeast infections are caused by intracellular pathogens.
B) Yeast cells are multi-drug resistant.
C) There are not as many drugs to treat yeast.
D) Yeast infections are caused by Candida species, which are eukaryotic in nature.

Question 32

What is the treatment for bacterial vaginosis?

A) oral and topical antibiotics
B) antifungals
C) antivirals
D) There is no treatment.

Question 33

All of the following are ways that HIV can be transmitted from person to person EXCEPT

A) mother to fetus.
B) sexual contact.
C) kissing.
D) blood transfusion.

Question 34

Which of the following statements about pelvic inflammatory disease is FALSE?

A) It can cause sterility and chronic pain.
B) It can be caused by N. gonorrhoeae.
C) It can be transmitted sexually.
D) It can be caused by T. pallidum.

Question 35

A patient presents with fever and extensive lesions of the labia minora.Her VDRL test was negative.What is the most likely treatment?

A) metronidazole
B) acyclovir
C) cephalosporins
D) No treatment is available.

Question 36

What is the treatment for severe pyelonephritis?

A) antivirals
B) IV antibiotics
C) oral antibiotics
D) There is no treatment.

Question 37

Which of the following is caused by Chlamydia?

A) bacterial vaginosis
B) genital herpes
C) candidiasis
D) lymphogranuloma venereum

Question 38

Which of the following recurs at the initial site of infection?

A) gonorrhea
B) syphilis
C) genital herpes
D) chancroid

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of a non-sexually transmitted infection?

A) syphilis
B) yeast infection
C) gonorrhea
D) pyelonephritis

Question 40

Trichomoniasis is caused by a

A) protozoan.
B) bacteria.
C) virus.
D) eukaryote.

Question 41

The vaginal pH is maintained by the species Lactobacillus,which produces ________.

Question 42

What conclusion can you make about your patient regarding the urinalysis data below?

Question 43

Highly active antiretroviral therapy,or HAART,is used to treat ________.

Question 44

This figure shows a nephron.Please label the following on the figure and explain the steps involved in the production of urine.

· Glomerulus
· Bowman's capsule
· Collecting duct
· Blood capillaries

Question 45

CASE HISTORY
Odonna,a pregnant 18-year-old woman,came to the Nassau County,New York,urgent-care clinic with a low-grade fever,malaise,and headache.She was sent home with a diagnosis of influenza.She again sought treatment seven days later after she discovered a macular rash (flat,red)developing on her trunk,arms,palms of her hands,and soles of her feet.She thought maybe she was allergic to the new soap she was using,but the rash was not itchy or painful.Further questioning of the patient revealed that one year ago she had a painless ulcer on her vagina that healed spontaneously.She was diagnosed with secondary syphilis,a stage of the disease that can mimic many other conditions.She was given a single intramuscular injection of penicillin and told that her sexual partners had to be treated as well.
If Odonna's infection had not been correctly diagnosed at this stage,how might the disease have progressed,and what complications would she be likely to face? Would these be different if the patient were male?

Question 46

Primary syphilis is an inflammatory reaction at the site of infection called a ________.

Question 47

CASE HISTORY
Lashandra is 24 years old and had been experiencing increased frequency of urination and dysuria (pain or burning with urination)over the previous three days.This was the first time Lashandra had ever suffered from persisting dysuria.She consulted her general practitioner,who requested a midstream specimen of urine.Upon microscopic examination,the urine was found to contain more than 50 leukocytes/_l (normal is fewer than 5)and 35 red blood cells/_l (normal is 3-20).Epithelial cells from the urogenital area contaminate a midstream specimen if the specimen is not collected properly.No squamous epithelial cells (skin cells)were seen,indicating a well-collected midstream catch.The urine culture plated on agar medium yielded more than 105 colonies/ml (meaning more than 105 organisms/ml in the urine)of a facultative,anaerobic,Gram-negative bacillus that can ferment lactose.
Which would NOT likely describe Lashandra's infection?

A) initiated by self-inoculation with E. coli
B) cystitis treatable by oral antibiotic
C) characterized by bacteriuria and urethritis
D) descending pyelonephritis

Question 48

Please circle the parts of this figure that are affected by pelvic inflammatory disease.Then discuss the long-term consequences of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Question 49

Nearly 70% of patients seen in STI clinics are men.Offer a reason why men are more likely to seek treatment than women.Why is it important that women seek treatment for STIs?

Question 50

Sperm are produced in the testes and mature inside the male in a process known as ________.

Question 51

There are two types of urinary tract infections: bladder infections,or ________,and kidney infections,or ________.

Question 52

CASE HISTORY
Lashandra is 24 years old and had been experiencing increased frequency of urination and dysuria (pain or burning with urination)over the previous three days.This was the first time Lashandra had ever suffered from persisting dysuria.She consulted her general practitioner,who requested a midstream specimen of urine.Upon microscopic examination,the urine was found to contain more than 50 leukocytes/_l (normal is fewer than 5)and 35 red blood cells/_l (normal is 3-20).Epithelial cells from the urogenital area contaminate a midstream specimen if the specimen is not collected properly.No squamous epithelial cells (skin cells)were seen,indicating a well-collected midstream catch.The urine culture plated on agar medium yielded more than 105 colonies/ml (meaning more than 105 organisms/ml in the urine)of a facultative,anaerobic,Gram-negative bacillus that can ferment lactose.
Lashandra's physician is not likely to be surprised by the diagnosis of a UTI in a woman her age.Discuss Lashandra's potential risk factors for this disease.

Question 53

The recombinant HPV vaccine Gardasil offers protection against various serotypes of HPV;it is also known as an anticancer vaccine.Speculate as to why it is referred to as an anticancer vaccine.