Deck 4: Anxiety, Trauma- and Stressor-Related, and Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Question 1

According to Jeffrey Gray, a British neuropsychologist, the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) is activated by danger signals ________, resulting in the experience of anxiety.

A)ascending from the brain stem
B)descending from the cortex
C)arising from both the brain stem and the cortex
D)within the amygdala only

Answer 1

arising from both the brain stem and the cortex

Question 2

For generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), the typical pharmacological treatment of choice has been the category of drugs known as

A)benzodiazepines.
B)SSRIs.
C)tricyclics.
D)MAO inhibitors.

Answer 2

benzodiazepines.

Question 3

Which of the following neurotransmitter systems is associated not only with anxiety, but also with depression?

A)GABA-benzodiazepine
B)Noradrenergic
C)Serotonergic
D)Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)

Answer 3

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)

Question 4

The alarm reaction to danger that is triggered by anxiety primarily involves the ________ nervous system.

A)autonomic
B)parasympathetic
C)peripheral
D)somatic

Question 5

According to your text, in what way can worry be useful?

A)It helps us forget the past by thinking of the future.
B)It helps us feel ready to take on a difficult task.
C)It helps us plan for the future.
D)All of these are correct

Question 6

According to recent research (Johnson et al., 2000), an increased risk of developing anxiety disorders was found among teenagers who

A)smoked marijuana.
B)smoked cigarettes.
C)drank alcohol.
D)used steroids.

Question 7

Rodin and Langer (1977) demonstrated that older adults may be particularly susceptible to anxiety about ____________ or other life situations that begin to diminish whatever control they retain over events in their lives.

A)loss of income.
B)the wellbeing of their children.
C)failing health.
D)limited availability of transportation.

Question 8

Which of the following does NOT characterize the mood state known as anxiety?

A)Increased heart rate
B)Physical tension
C)Euphoric mood
D)Subjective sense of unease

Question 9

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding anxiety?

A)Anxiety is an evolutionary flaw.
B)Anxiety used to have a function in our ancestors' time, but is no longer relevant to modern humans
C)Anxiety is good for us because it enhances performance
D)Anxiety is sometimes good for us; it enhances performance to an extent, but too much of it can hinder performance too.

Question 10

The prevalence rates for panic disorder show some degree of cross cultural variability. Which countries shows the lowest prevalence rates?

A)Asian and African
B)European
C)United States America
D)Australia

Question 11

DSM criteria of panic attacks include all of the following symptoms EXCEPT

A)sweating.
B)a fear of losing control or going crazy.
C)trembling or shaking.
D)migraine headaches.

Question 12

People with GAD

A)have a median age of onset based of 25 (based on interviews).
B)have episodes that come and go in a cyclic pattern.
C)have a 58 percent chance of recovery after having the disorder for 12 years.
D)Are better prepared for daily activities and long term achievement.

Question 13

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the heredity of anxiety?

A)An inherited tendency can make us tense or uptight.
B)A single gene makes us vulnerable to anxiety.
C)Panic disorder does not run in families.
D)Environmental stress is the direct cause of panic disorder.

Question 14

Which of the following terms is most associated with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A)Fear
B)Panic
C)Worry
D)Emotion

Question 15

Activating a massive response from the automatic nervous system which along with our subjective sense of terror, motivates us to escape or attack is known as ______.

A)fear
B)flight
C)panic
D)anxiety

Question 16

According to the textbook, the experience of fear

A)like anxiety, can be good for us.
B)is an irrational response.
C)is a neurotic response.
D)is a culture-specific phenomenon.

Question 17

Javier was attending his fifth baseball game at Wiggly Field, where he had previously had a panic attack. He did not know if he would have a panic attack today, but shortly after entering the stadium, he did. This type of panic attack is

A)situationally predisposed.
B)situationally bound.
C)cued.
D)uncued.

Question 18

According to your text, which physiological measure consistently distinguishes individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) from non-anxious normal subjects?

A)Increased muscle tension
B)Increased heart rate
C)Decreased EEG beta activity
D)Decreased skin conductance levels

Question 19

All of the following are symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) EXCEPT

A)muscle tension.
B)being easily fatigued.
C)sleep disturbance.
D)increased abilities to concentrate.

Question 20

Recent research by Britton et al, (2013) and others indicates that vulnerability to anxiety disorders is related to

A)an over responsive limbic system.
B)the number of unexpected occurrences in one's life.
C)the number of siblings in one's family.
D)genetic or biological factors only.

Question 21

. _______ is when a change in the stages of sleep to slow wave sleep produces a physical sensation of "letting go" that frightens an individual.

A)Cultural Influences
B)Flight
C)Nocturnal panic
D)Anxiety

Question 22

Jaey Dee Jaey, a rapper and street dancer, had recently been having panic attacks while giving performances. He was sitting in his room feeling very depressed. A friend texted him and suggested that they meet outside and spend some time working out to cheer up. As they they started becoming physically active, Jaey Dee Jaey had another panic attack. What is the best explanation for this occurrence?

A)He was angry with the friend for insisting that he go out.
B)The sudden change in cognitive arousal and mood triggered the panic attack.
C)The physical sensations experienced during the workout had become an internal cue for panic to occur.
D)The breakdancing was an unconditioned stimulus that resulted in a panic attack.

Question 23

Name the professor whose cognitive theories explicate in detail, the cognitive processes that may be ongoing in panic disorder.

A)David Clark
B)Frederick Banting
C)Paul Ehrlich
D)Karl Landsteine

Question 24

Although blood-injury-injection phobia is a specific phobia, it differs from others with regard to

A)blood pressure and heart rate.
B)level of anxiety.
C)The way the fear is conditioned.
D)Level of patients' insight.

Question 25

An affliction where a relatively normal-looking person thinks they are ugly and refuses to interact with others is known as ____________.

A)body dysmorphic disorder
B)flight
C)panic.
D)behavioral inhibition system.

Question 26

_____________ is characterized as the label implies by repetitive and compulsive picking of the skin, leading to tissue damage.

A)Excoriation
B)Trichotillomania
C)Retail therapy
D)Habit reversal training

Question 27

A relative of yours who suffers from panic disorder asks you what treatment would have the most long-lasting benefits. Since you have just read about the double-blind NIMH research study evaluating psychological treatments with and without medication, you tell your relative to first try

A)the drug imipramine.
B)psychological treatment along with medication.
C)panic control treatment that includes cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).
D)any available treatment, since patients in all treatment conditions achieved the same long-lasting gains.

Question 28

All of the following are characteristics common to specific phobias EXCEPT

A)strong and persistent anxiety related to a specific object or situation.
B)significant attempts by the anxious individual to avoid the phobic situation.
C)recognition by the person with the phobia that the anxiety is excessive or unreasonable.
D)Chronically decreased arousal of the autonomic nervous system.

Question 29

A vulnerability to stress, which is a tendency to be generally ___________overactive to the events of daily life.

A)sociologically
B)physiologically
C)hypersexually
D)neurobiologically

Question 30

The main difference between situational phobia and panic disorder (PD) is that

A)people with situational phobia never experience panic attacks outside the context of the phobic situation.
B)people with situational phobia experience panic attacks when confronted with the phobic situation as well as at other times.
C)people with PD experience panic attacks only in specific situations.
D)people with PD experience panic attacks only at specific times.

Question 31

Which of the following procedures is NOT part of Barlow's panic control treatment (PCT)?

A)Cognitive therapy to modify conscious or unconscious perceptions about the "dangerousness" of feared situations
B)Creation of mini panic attacks in the therapist's office
C)Exercises to elevate the heart rate or spinning to make the patient dizzy
D)Reducing interfering memories from early experiences with frightening stimuli.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT an example of a situational phobia?

A)Claustrophobia
B)Fear of flying
C)Fear of public buses
D)Snake phobia

Question 33

Panic disorder is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT?

A)severe, unexpected rushes of fear or discomfort
B)close relationship to agoraphobia
C)belief that one is going crazy or dying when suffering a panic attack
D)Preoccupation with minor daily events.

Question 34

In treating panic disorder, all of the following types of medications are used EXCEPT

A)tricyclic antidepressants.
B)SSRIs.
C)Steroids.
D)benzodiazepines.

Question 35

The urge to pull out one's own hair from anywhere on the body including the scalp, eyebrows, and the arms is referred as _____.

A)excoriation
B)trichotillomania
C)retail therapy
D)habit reversal training

Question 36

Azaylee suffers from panic disorder and becomes anxious about climbing stairs, exercising, or being in hot rooms because these activities produce sensations similar to those accompanying a panic attack. In psychological terms, the exercise and hot rooms contribute to Azaylee becoming anxious because they have become

A)conditioned stimuli.
B)unconditioned stimuli.
C)conditioned responses.
D)unconditioned responses.

Question 37

According to your textbook, there are at least three ways of developing a phobia. Which is NOT one of these ways?

A)Experiencing a panic attack in a specific situation
B)Having a nightmare about a feared situation
C)Observing someone else experience severe fear
D)In certain conditions, being told about danger

Question 38

Nocturnal panic attacks generally occur when an individual is

A)in REM sleep.
B)having a nightmare.
C)deeply asleep.
D)dreaming.

Question 39

Agoraphobic avoidance behavior appears to be determined by

A)how recently the last panic attack occurred.
B)the extent to which the person expects another panic attack to occur.
C)the number of panic attacks the person has had in the past.
D)how severe the panic attacks have been.

Question 40

Agoraphobia, which has come to mean "fear of going out," derives from the Greek word agora, meaning

A)marketplace.
B)home.
C)travel.
D)safe.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the treatment of specific phobias?

A)Structured exposure-based exercises are no longer considered necessary.
B)Individuals with "blood" phobias must learn to relax their muscles to keep their blood pressure high enough to prevent fainting.
C)Exposure-based exercises actually change brain functioning.
D)Avoiding a phobic situation weakens the phobic response.

Question 42

The setting for posttraumatic stress disorder to occur follows an experience accompanied by all of the following, EXCEPT

A)an individual experiences threatened death or witnesses death .
B)an individual experiences paranoia, or witnesses a person experiencing paranoia.
C)an individual experiences actual or threatened sexual violation.
D)enduring repeated exposure to details of a traumatic event.

Question 43

Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) display a characteristic set of symptoms including all of the following EXCEPT

A)persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumati event(s).
B)sudden "flashbacks" in which the traumatic event is relived.
C)decreased startle response and chronically decreased autonomic arousal
D)memories and nightmares of the event.

Question 44

Phobias characterized by fear of public transportation or enclosed places are called situational phobias, and the typical onset age for those who suffer from them is

A)childhood.
B)late adolescence.
C)early adulthood.
D)midlife.

Question 45

A culture bound syndrome in Chinese cultures called pa-leng (or sometimes "frigo phobia") often results in the sufferer

A)appearing naked in public.
B)wearing many layers of clothing.
C)exercising compulsively.
D)hoarding food.

Question 46

In Japan, the anxiety syndrome termed taijin kyofusho involves a fear of

A)performing onstage.
B)personally offending others.
C)embarrassing oneself.
D)speaking to females.

Question 47

Most of the people with BDD seek other types of health professionals such as__________.

A)plastic surgeons
B)gynecologists
C)nurse practitioners
D)None of these are correct.

Question 48

The most prevalent psychological disorder in the general population is

A)specific phobia.
B)agoraphobia.
C)social anxiety disorder (SAD).
D)panic disorder.

Question 49

The typical age of onset for both animal and natural environment phobias peaks at around ___ years.

A)7
B)9
C)11
D)13

Question 50

Which of the following statements is not accurate regarding Body dysmorphic disorder?

A)A variety of checking rituals are common in people with BDD in attempts to alleviate their concerns.
B)Many people with this BDD become fixated on mirrors.
C)Excessive grooming and skin picking are also common in those suffering from BDD .
D)BDD is seen more often in men than women.

Question 51

The posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence rates of U.S. veterans returning home from the war in Vietnam was directly related to their

A)high rates of drug addiction.
B)youth and inexperience.
C)amount of combat exposure.
D)separation from family.

Question 52

What is the role of parents in treating separation anxiety disorder?

A)Parents are instructed to separate themselves from the child for at least two weeks to expose him/her to the feared scenario
B)Parents are instructed to accommodate their child by reassuring them promptly each time he/she expressed separation fears
C)Parents can be coached real-time in how to respond appropriately to the child's resistance to separation
D)Parents are not involved because the child must learn to independently solve their problems.

Question 53

The anxiety disorder called social anxiety disorder (SAD), involving anxiety about being evaluated or criticized, usually begins during

A)childhood.
B)adolescence.
C)young adulthood.
D)middle age.

Question 54

Unlike most of the anxiety disorders in which female sufferers predominate, the sex ratio is almost equal in

A)agoraphobia.
B)specific phobias.
C)social anxiety disorder (SAD).
D)panic disorder.

Question 55

Which of the following would NOT be considered an example of social anxiety disorder (SAD)?

A)A student who is reluctant to speak up in a classroom due to fear of embarrassing herself
B)A male who has difficulty urinating in a public restroom when others are present
C)A person who can only eat comfortably when he is alone
D)An individual who cannot travel on public transportation without a family member present

Question 56

Which of the following is an accurate statement about posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A)Acute stress disorder is diagnosed instead of PTSD if a person's symptoms begin 6 months or more after the traumatic event.
B)PTSD occurs in all individuals who experience a traumatic event.
C)Most people diagnosed with acute stress disorder do not eventually develop PTSD.
D)A diagnosis of acute stress disorder will change to a diagnosis of PTSD one month after the traumatic event occurs.

Question 57

In the general population, approximately ________ percent of people have specific fears severe enough to be diagnosed as phobias.

A)1
B)11
C)31
D)51

Question 58

According to research as many as ________ percent of the general population suffer from social anxiety disorder (SAD) at some point in their lives.

A)3
B)12
C)23
D)33

Question 59

Following the 9/11/2001 attacks, among the sample of respondents who lived closest to the World Trade Center, the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was _________ percent.

A)5
B)10
C)20
D)25

Question 60

Na'eem had a fear of riding on buses, so his mother had to drive him to school every day. Na'eem's phobia is a(n) _________ phobia.

A)situational
B)natural environment
C)blood-injury-injection
D)animal

Question 61

Normal, ordinary people who have occasional intrusive thoughts with bizarre, sexual, or aggressive content would not be considered to have OCD. However, they would if they found the thoughts unacceptable or even dangerous and also

A)use alcohol or other drugs to reduce anxiety.
B)develop insomnia and nightmares.
C)become anxious about having further intrusive thoughts.
D)suffer from either posttraumatic stress disorder or social phobia.

Question 62

When the term "magical" is used to refer to OCD-related compulsive acts, it means

A)the person with OCD believes he/she is possessed.
B)compulsive behaviors sometimes result in unexplainable physical phenomena.
C)the compulsions have no logical relation to the obsessions.
D)many magicians have been diagnosed with OCD.

Question 63

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is often accompanied by all of the following EXCEPT

A)severe generalized anxiety.
B)major depression.
C)visual hallucinations.
D)panic attacks.

Question 64

Which of the following would be an example of thought-action fusion in clients with OCD?

A)Washing one's hands repeatedly to ward off germs
B)Taking only very small steps while walking to prevent others from being in danger
C)Believing that thinking about an abortion is the moral equivalent of having an abortion
D)Saving stacks of old newspapers or magazines because they might be needed some day

Question 65

What percentage of patients with panic disorder are free of panic as long as they stay on an effective drug?

A)70%
B)80%
C)20%
D)60%

Question 66

Regarding pharmacological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder, the most effective drugs are those that inhibit the reuptake of the neurotransmitter called

A)serotonin.
B)dopamine.
C)noradrenaline.
D)epinephrine.

Question 67

Which of the following is an accurate statement about factors affecting treatment for PTSD?

A)Victims of PTSD remember the traumatic events with perfect accuracy.
B)Victims of PTSD often repress memories of the traumatic event.
C)Re-exposure to the trauma should be accomplished quickly to assure the best therapeutic response.
D)PTSD patients should never be re-exposed to emotions and situations that remind them of the trauma event.

Question 68

Regarding the obsessions seen in patients with OCD, the term "need for symmetry" refers to

A)doing something a number of different ways.
B)keeping things in perfect order.
C)putting everything on one's right and nothing on the left, or vice versa.
D)an illusion of imbalance between sides of the body.

Question 69

Phobias characterized by fear of public transportation or enclosed places are called?

A)Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia
B)Situational phobias
C)Animal phobias
D)Natural environment type

Question 70

According to several cross-cultural research studies reported in the textbook, the prevalence of OCD is

A)very similar across cultures.
B)lower in European countries.
C)higher in African nations.
D)virtually nonexistent in some cultures.

Question 71

The compulsions that an individual with OCD uses to suppress disastrous consequences or ward off intrusive thoughts can be either

A)behavioral or mental.
B)positive or negative.
C)biological or psychological.
D)autonomic or somatic.

Question 72

Which of the following would NOT be an example of an OCD-related behavioral compulsion?

A)Checking
B)Aggression
C)Hand washing
D)Ordering

Question 73

What element of OCD applies to Richard (the case described in the textbook), who was obsessed with the idea that if he did not eat in a certain ritualistic way, he would become possessed?

A)Need for symmetry
B)Magical thinking
C)Emotional reasoning.
D)Demonic obsessions

Question 74

Major example of natural environment phobias are EXCEPT?

A)Height
B)Storms
C)Water
D)Snakes

Question 75

What happens when people with OCD attempt to neutralize or suppress disturbing, intrusive thoughts?

A)The obsessive thoughts disappear
B)The frequency of the obsessive thoughts increases over time
C)The frequency of the obsessive thoughts decreases over time
D)This strategy has no effect on the obsessive thoughts

Question 76

___________ are currently the indicated drug for panic disorder based on all available evidence.

A)SSRIs
B)SNRIs
C)Venlafaxine
D)None of these are correct.

Question 77

Tony has thoughts about hating his rich uncle and wishing he would somehow become a pauper. He becomes very anxious about these thoughts because he has developed the idea that if anything really happened to his uncle's money, it would be his fault. For no explainable reason, Tony starts mentally counting by odd numbers each time he walks past his uncle's house and discovers that this activity makes him less anxious. Tony's behavior can be described as

A)a social phobia based on his fear of rich people.
B)a mental compulsion developed to neutralize his bad thoughts.
C)an attempt to be better in math than his brother to gain parental acceptance.
D)a compulsive ritual designed to make him like his brother more.

Question 78

In the case of Richard, the patient with OCD described in the textbook, he was compelled to take very small steps as he walked and to look back repeatedly. As with other types of checking compulsions, Richard was trying to

A)restore a sense of safety and control.
B)reduce the possibility of contamination.
C)ward off an imagined disaster.
D)make sure he didn't make a mistake.

Question 79

The model of the etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the text suggests that in order for an individual to develop OCD, ________ must be present.

A)biological vulnerability
B)psychological vulnerability
C)both biological and psychological vulnerabilities
D)neither biological nor psychological vulnerabilities

Question 80

A process whereby the rituals are prevented and the patient is systematically exposed to the feared thoughts or situations is called _____.

A)exposure and ritual prevention.
B)thought-action fusion.
C)body dysmorphic disorder.
D)facetiously