Deck 12: Work

Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the desertion hypothesis for explaining job segregation?

A) Men and women respond to gender stereotypes when planning, training, and applying for jobs.
B) Hiring often occurs through personal networks, which are themselves gendered, so hiring is gendered in turn.
C) Employers tend to prefer men for masculine jobs and women for feminine jobs, slotting applicants into gender-consistent roles during hiring and promotion.
D) Workers tend to abandon counter-stereotypical occupations at a higher rate than stereotypical ones.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Gendered job segregation is

A) relatively constant over time and place because it reflects gender dimorphism.
B) extremely high (90 percent or more) in some occupations in the United States today.
C) virtually gone from most U.S. occupations since the 1960s.
D) making men and women who do the same work do it separately.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Jobs often are structured to make work carry specific gender meanings. These gender meanings

A) differ across cultures and continually change over time.
B) have virtually disappeared in today's society.
C) reflect the fundamental differences between men and women.
D) are more pronounced in jobs that carry greater social status and pay.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Fly Me" was a 1970s National Airlines' advertising campaign that

A) implied flight attendants were rewards for business travelers.
B) sexually objectified flight attendants.
C) was similar to how other airlines also advertised themselves.
D) All of the above.

Question 5

The practice of filling occupations with mostly male or mostly female workers is

A) illegal but rarely prosecuted.
B) rare since the Civil Rights Act was passed.
C) called gendered job segregation.
D) impossible to prevent, since men and women naturally have different abilities and interests.

Question 6

An androcentric pay scale implies which of the following?

A) The percentage of women in an occupation is a good predictor of it being a less well-paid one.
B) Men and women get paid according to their skill levels, but men are more skilled on average.
C) The gender composition of the job has no effect on wages, but women get paid less for it.
D) The gender composition of a job is less important than workers' experience, and men have more experience.

Question 7

The gender pay gap

A) is similar in every U.S. state.
B) differs only by race and ethnicity.
C) shrinks as women get more education.
D) tends to grow larger over the course of a career.

Question 8

The Civil Rights Act

A) had little or no impact on the airline industry.
B) from the outset, was designed to cover women and African Americans in the same way.
C) was used by women to gain access to all occupations.
D) only had an effect on jobs from which women had been completely excluded.

Question 9

Which of the following occupations has maintained the same gendered profile since the 1970s?

A) computer programmer
B) pharmacist
C) engineer
D) medical doctor

Question 10

What is one of the main points provided by the example of flight attendants?

A) As women enter previously male-dominated professions, these professions gradually come to seem less glamorous.
B) Women's work is thought of as involving other qualities and skills than men doing the same job.
C) Unlike today, women in the 1960s were sexualized in the job market and sexually harassed on the job.
D) All of the above.

Question 11

Employers tend to prefer men for masculine jobs and women for feminine jobs. Explaining this is called the

A) gendered network hypothesis.
B) employer selection hypothesis.
C) socialization hypothesis.
D) subordination hypothesis

Question 12

What does the concept Androcentric Pay Scale refer to?

A) the idea that business women need to act more like men in order earn equal pay
B) the correlation between average wages and the average gender composition of a job
C) the unwillingness of employers to pay women to do the most demanding jobs
D) the gender wage gap between men and women within the same occupation (different pay for equal work)

Question 13

The gender pay gap

A) is similar in every U.S. state.
B) has been decreasing over time.
C) grows as women get more education.
D) tends to grow smaller over the course of a career.

Question 14

What is emotion work?

A) the androcentric assumption that women get more emotional in the workplace than men
B) the characterization of certain jobs as demanding more caring emotions (therefore befitting women better)
C) work that is done to manage the emotions of oneself and others
D) the idea that women's emotional skills are made invisible when they provide care

Question 15

All of the following factors contribute to the gender wage gap in the United States EXCEPT

A) occupational segregation.
B) interruptions to women's employment over the course of their working life.
C) devaluation of women's work.
D) laws excluding women from certain jobs.

Question 16

The gender pay gap is

A) the difference between the average incomes of men and women who work full-time for pay.
B) the actual salary gap between women and men regardless of the hours they work for pay.
C) irrelevant, because today women and men make the same amount for the same jobs, but just have different jobs.
D) the difference between women's and men's incomes in exactly the same job for the same employer.

Question 17

Which of the following statements best describes the socialization hypothesis for explaining job segregation?

A) Men and women respond to gender stereotypes when planning, training, and applying for jobs.
B) Hiring often occurs through personal networks, which are themselves gendered, so hiring is gendered in turn.
C) Employers tend to prefer men for masculine jobs and women for feminine jobs, slotting applicants into gender-consistent roles during hiring and promotion.
D) Workers tend to abandon counter-stereotypical occupations at a higher rate than stereotypical ones.

Question 18

Among the following, which would be the best example of emotion work?

A) getting a drunk client to sit down without a fuss
B) sitting up all night with your sick two-year-old child
C) ignoring the coworkers who are abusive to you
D) not complaining when you have to do overtime

Question 19

Care work―work that involves face-to-face caretaking of the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others―is

A) a job that includes a glass escalator for women.
B) paid even less than other feminized jobs.
C) the only kind of job done primarily by women that is paid equal to the average job held by men.
D) one occupation in which there is almost no wage gap.

Question 20

The network hypothesis

A) seeks to explain how gendered hiring occurs through differences in personal networks.
B) says that applications are not overtly gendered, but employers are looking for gender clues in people's social networks.
C) states that hiring increasingly occurs through personal networks and, since these are gender neutral, hiring now tends to be gender neutral.
D) says that your networks only matter if you want a certain type of job.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT an example of the glass escalator?

A) The male nurse with less experience gets promoted over a female nurse.
B) Male teachers on average have a better chance of becoming the principal of the school.
C) Women are advanced as tokens to management positions in male-dominated positions.
D) Men in female-dominated occupations earn more than women do.

Question 22

The discrimination that employers show toward women with children compared to other women and men as actual or potential employees is called

A) the ideal worker norm.
B) the motherhood penalty.
C) illegal sex discrimination.
D) the gender wage gap.

Question 23

The university is hiring a new employee. The department head is interviewing three candidates for the job: (a) an unmarried woman without children, (b) a married father of two, (c) a mother with a newborn baby. Which of these candidates would you predict would likely be offered more money to start? Which of these candidates would likely be offered more training and promotion opportunities? Use the terms and data offered in the chapter to explain who you think has a better chance of being hired and offer an explanation for your prediction.

Question 24

In Gender, Wade and Ferree write: "Men and women tend to find themselves in jobs that are stereotyped for their own gender. This in itself, however, doesn't contribute to the pay gap. Gendered job segregation is only the beginning." Please explain the above statement with concepts from the chapter. What other factors are important in explaining the pay gap?

Question 25

Which of the following best describes the fatherhood premium?

A) Married fathers who live with their children earn less than married men without children at all.
B) On average, employers offer married men with children higher salaries than single men.
C) Married fathers are more likely to keep their jobs than married men without children.
D) Men with children earn more than women with children.

Question 26

The idea that an employee should devote themselves exclusively to their job without interference from family responsibilities is called

A) the ideal worker norm.
B) the glass ceiling
C) illegal sex discrimination.
D) the mommy track.

Question 27

What is the motherhood penalty?

A) the extra housework that women have, in addition to paid work outside the house
B) the highest cost of health care for women who choose to have children
C) a career path with fewer opportunities for raises, promotions, or even equal pay
D) the decrease in women's average salaries with every child they have

Question 28

Symbolic threat reflects

A) the realistic fear that women's entrance into a male-dominated occupation will bring down prestige and wages for everyone.
B) the possibility that any woman at a job site may feel sexually harassed and report a male employee to the boss.
C) women's frustration when men ride the glass escalator and are promoted ahead of them.
D) how men would feel if the wage gap were closed.

Question 29

Are discrimination against women and discrimination against mothers in the job market two separate, important phenomena or just two names for the same thing? Make a case for the similarities and differences that you think matter most and why. Use concepts and empirical evidence from the chapter to shape your answer.

Question 30

The glass ceiling is something that

A) men experience in female-dominated occupations.
B) women experience in male-dominated occupations.
C) both men and women experience in occupations dominated by the other gender.
D) transmen and transwomen experience in occupations dominated by the other gender.

Question 31

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 had which one of the following effects?

A) It ended marriage bans that had been applied to female airline workers, but only after court cases brought by the flight attendants.
B) It immediately forced the airlines to discontinue marriage bans and appearance rules.
C) It ended gender discrimination by airlines for all jobs, but only after the airlines started losing money.
D) It allowed women to be given preference over men as flight attendants, but barred discrimination against women pilots.

Question 32

Which of the following expressions refers to invisible barriers to women's promotion in the workplace?

A) the glass escalator
B) the glass ceiling
C) the glass cliff
D) the glass cellar

Question 33

Mothers are expected by employers to underperform at their workplace in comparison to non-mothers, and treated accordingly. This situation is best described as

A) the mommy track.
B) the ideal worker norm.
C) intensive mothering.
D) the second shift.

Question 34

Use the history of the flight attendant to discuss the social construction of skill.

Question 35

The glass cliff is defined as

A) the invisible barrier between women and the top positions in stereotypical male occupations.
B) the invisible ride to the top offered to women in male-dominated positions.
C) the tendency for women to be placed in jobs with a high risk of failure.
D) the higher barrier faced by women of color in the labor market compared to men and white women.

Question 36

What does the term the mommy track describe/refer to?

A) the extra housework that women have, in addition to paid work outside the house
B) a career path with fewer opportunities for raises, promotions, or even equal pay
C) an average decrease in women's salaries with every child they have
D) the interruptions that occur in women's work lives because men do not share childcare equally

Question 37

If women now have equal protection in the workplace, why aren't they as successful as men at work?

Question 38

When psychologists asked ten- and eleven-year-olds to evaluate fake jobs, the ones that the children were told were performed mostly by men were

A) rated realistically as well-paid.
B) seen as being more sexist.
C) rated as higher status.
D) associated with skills men have more often than women.