Deck 10: Developing Countries

Question 1

Some observers of less-developed countries use the term ________ to describe the unequal economic relationship between those countries and advanced democracies in the modern postcolonial era.

A)"quasisocialism"
B)"neocolonialism"
C)"pseudocapitalism"
D)"protoliberalism"
E)"ultraliberalism"

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Why might the commonality of authoritarian regimes in the developing world fail to suggest high levels of autonomy, even though on the surface it appears that this should be the case?

A)Neocolonialism transfers power over policy from these regimes to outside actors like developed democracies.
B)These regimes are often slowly adding democratic elements that reduce their autonomy.
C)These regimes often lose their independence through corruption to groups that exploit them as a resource.
D)The fear of revolution at the street level keeps these regimes beholden to the popular will of the people.
E)Very low levels of income for these regimes and their top officials reduce their ability to act independently.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The concept of a "hothouse economy" is associated with:

A)import substitution.
B)export-oriented industrialization.
C)liberalization.
D)foreign direct investment.
E)communism.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Tariff and nontariff barriers are key tools most important to which economic strategy?

A)import substitution
B)liberalism
C)export-oriented industrialization
D)centralized developmentalism
E)product life cycle

Question 5

The borders of most current African states were drawn by colonial powers according to:

A)longitude and latitude.
B)population groups.
C)ethnic divisions.
D)geographic divisions.
E)the locations of natural resources.

Question 6

Many countries in Asia discarded import substitution and opted for a form of economic development after World War II known as:

A)microfinance.
B)export-oriented industrialization.
C)debt-based agriculturalism.
D)centralized developmentalism.
E)modern world development.

Question 7

A system wherein a state extends its power in order to directly control territory, resources, and people beyond its borders is known as:

A)imperialism.
B)hegemony.
C)unilateralism.
D)multipolarity.
E)bipolarity.

Question 8

Which of the following is a component of import substitution, an economic strategy followed by many developing countries in the post-World War II era?

A)poor enforcement of intellectual property rights
B)lowering nontariff barriers
C)ending government business subsidies
D)privatizing nationalized industries
E)banning para-statal arrangements

Question 9

Countries that are experiencing rapid economic growth and democratization are generally known as ________ countries.

A)newly developing
B)middle income
C)less-developed
D)peripheral
E)trajectory

Question 10

Which of the following was the initial, primary cause of lack of government capacity in postcolonial countries?

A)the control of most government programs by the military
B)endemic corruption among governmental workers
C)the absence of a professional bureaucracy
D)the strong service-sector orientation of the economy
E)ethnic divisions among civil servants

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the Washington Consensus is accurate?

A)In the 1980s it began to encourage countries to increase state power.
B)In the 1980s it began to encourage countries to limit regulation.
C)In the 1980s it began to encourage countries to restrict private industry.
D)The Washington Consensus's new policies in the 1980s led to impressive new growth in many developing countries, restoring its reputation.
E)In the 1980s it began to encourage state governments to relax the rule of law.

Question 12

Import substitution is most closely related to which of the following political-economic systems?

A)mercantilism
B)social democracy
C)liberalism
D)communism
E)anarchism

Question 13

Which of the following best describes modernization under imperialism in most colonial states?

A)attempted modernization that was usually wholly rejected by native peoples
B)largely a successful implementation of governmental structures that mirrored the colonial power's government
C)the complete destruction of local institutions with no new ones to take their place
D)incomplete transition between Western and traditional institutions
E)complete transformation to modern social institutions but with economic modernization lagging behind

Question 14

Countries that are experiencing weak economic and political development are known as ________ countries.

A)newly developing
B)newly industrializing
C)lower income
D)peripheral
E)trajectory

Question 15

Which of the following best describes social identities in places under imperial control?

A)Strong ethnic identities existed before imperialism but were suppressed.
B)Strong national identities existed before imperialism but were suppressed.
C)Neither strong national nor strong, specific ethnic identities were present before imperialism.
D)Both strong national and ethnic identities had existed long before and survived imperialism.
E)Ethnic and national identities largely withered as a result of the imposition of the modern state.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the United Nation's Millennium Development Goals (MDG) program is accurate?

A)Lack of proper, comprehensive data collection has left wide disagreement over whether or not the program has been a success.
B)Compared to villages that received no aid, the Millennium Villages showed impressive progress.
C)The program and goals are a prime example of emphasis on allowing civil society to develop organically without heavy international intervention.
D)The MDG program has shown no overall reduction in global poverty.
E)Unexpected opposition to international aid by the target state governments dramatically reduced program effectiveness.

Question 17

Policies supported by the IMF and World Bank to increase economic liberalization in less-developed countries are often referred to as the:

A)Washington Consensus.
B)Multilateral Accord.
C)North-South Reform Plan.
D)Millennium Action Accord.
E)United Nations Economic Compact.

Question 18

The term for the physical occupation of a foreign territory through military force, businesses, or settlers is:

A)colonialism.
B)devolution.
C)democracy.
D)autonomy.
E)federalism.

Question 19

South Korea is among the Asian countries that pursued an export-oriented strategy known as:

A)import substitution.
B)the product life cycle.
C)technological descent.
D)product peripheralism.
E)the industrial curve.

Question 20

Inequality under imperialism was exacerbated by:

A)imperial obsessions with forefronting racial differences.
B)imperial obsessions with religious differences and conversion.
C)imperial obsessions with mass literacy.
D)imperial interest in suppressing nationalist sentiment.
E)the loss of native culture.

Question 21

Describe the motivating factors that began the process of European imperialism in the 1500s.Why were European states so proficient at expanding colonial structures in the less-developed world?

Question 22

Organized life outside of the state that is often seen as critical to democracy and political stability is known as:

A)public goods.
B)civil society.
C)free riders.
D)social circles.
E)national blocks.

Question 23

One recent innovation to help alleviate poverty in poorer countries through small loans to small businesses is known as:

A)macrofinance.
B)microcredit.
C)millennial loan programs.
D)structural loans.
E)flexible funding.

Question 24

Which is the better place to begin improving less-developed countries-focusing on infrastructure and living standards, or focusing on good governance?

Question 25

Which of the following might be a Washington Consensus policy recommendation to a less developed country that would be opposed by a supporter of import substitution policy?

A)creating state-owned businesses
B)investing heavily in domestic agriculture
C)raising tariffs to reduce foreign imports
D)reducing state power
E)promoting private domestic industry

Question 26

The untaxed, unregulated, and unprotected sector of the economy is known as the ________ economy.

A)informal
B)unrestricted
C)devolved
D)private
E)democratic

Question 27

In comparing the development of postcolonial countries, which of the following pairs of factors have shown strong correlation with each other?

A)abundant natural resources and weak economic development
B)political stability and multiculturalism
C)deep ethnic divisions and strong economic growth
D)parliamentary systems and high levels of corruption
E)presidential systems and robust economic growth

Question 28

How did import substitution compare with export-oriented industrialization as a real-world strategy for economic development and modernization? Has the Washington Consensus proved to be a more beneficial model for developing states?

Question 29

One of the major criticisms of microfinance or microcredit is that:

A)the loans create a dependency on foreign handouts.
B)the loans do not help grow businesses that can hire employees.
C)the loans are rarely repaid.
D)the international community is not involved in making these investments.
E)the loans are not made to people, only firms.

Question 30

Which of the following can be said about the effects of imperialism on gender roles?

A)Imperialism dramatically reduced the number of economic roles for women.
B)It is difficult to generalize about the effects on gender roles, but in many countries imperialism likely made gender roles more fixed.
C)Women in most countries that came under imperial control saw their political and social status rise slightly.
D)Western values imposed on countries under imperial control resulted in the liberation of many women from the domestic sphere.
E)Imperialism dramatically increased the number of economic roles for women.

Question 31

Why have less-developed countries had such difficulty in building effective states? What particular roles do ethnic and national identities contribute to this difficulty?

Question 32

Describe the debate, pro and con, over the use of microfinance in lower income countries.Why might it lead to the middle income trap, and do the risks outweigh the benefits?

Question 33

A small country has applied for membership in an economic union.Before membership is granted, the ruling body of the union requires that the applicant state reduce its budget deficit to a specific percentage of GDP.This type of arrangement could be classified as:

A)structural reform.
B)microfinance.
C)conditionality.
D)neoliberalism.
E)export-oriented adjustment.

Question 34

Policies that require countries to privatize state-run firms, end subsidies, reduce tariff barriers, shrink the size of the state, and welcome foreign investment are sometimes known as:

A)import substitution programs.
B)structural adjustment programs.
C)service-sector growth programs.
D)neomercantilism.
E)export industrialization programs.

Question 35

Which postcolonial region currently suffers the lowest rankings on the Human Development Index?

A)northern Latin America
B)Africa
C)central Asia
D)southeastern Asia
E)the Middle East