Deck 17: Culture and Personality

Question 1

Research suggests that cooperative food sharing is found in cultures:

A)that have a cool climate.
B)that have a warm climate.
C)where resource availability is highly variable.
D)where resource availability is less variable.

Answer 1

where resource availability is highly variable.

Question 2

Children in uncertain and unpredictable environments are more likely to:

A)pursue a short-term mating strategy.
B)pursue a long-term mating strategy.
C)expect to remain married throughout adulthood.
D)develop narcissistic personalities.

Answer 2

pursue a short-term mating strategy.

Question 3

Keith,a businessperson,says a silent prayer before meeting his clients.His father,who believed that praying before an important event brings good luck,taught him the prayer.Keith also started believing that praying brings good fortune and prosperity.This scenario most likely exemplifies _____.

A)transmitted culture
B)individualistic culture
C)evoked culture
D)collectivistic culture

Answer 3

transmitted culture

Question 4

In the context of evoked cooperation,cooperative sharing is most likely evoked:

A)by an environmental condition of high food variance.
B)by a value or belief transmitted from one person's mind to another.
C)in cultures characterized by more settled agricultural communities.
D)in groups that emphasize a person's skill and effort in gathering fooD.

Question 5

People who live in extremely hot desert climates wear lightweight,loose robes,and large-brimmed hats.This best exemplifies:

A)transmitted culture.
B)cultural universals.
C)evoked culture.
D)elicited culture.

Question 6

High-variance conditions are most associated with:

A)independence.
B)aggression.
C)sharing.
D)social inequality.

Question 7

Evoked cooperation is usually a result of _____ conditions in an environment.

A)variance-absent
B)lower-variance
C)medium-variance
D)high-variance

Question 8

In the context of early experience and evoked mating strategies,children growing up in stable homes with parents who predictably invest in their welfare _____.

A)attract highly impulsive and low-investing mates
B)opt for a long-term mating strategy
C)tend to reach puberty at an early age
D)are inclined to seek multiple mates

Question 9

Among lowland Yanomamö men,one of the least desirable personality characteristics is:

A)cowardice.
B)neuroticism.
C)low self-esteem.
D)aggressiveness.

Question 10

In the context of early experience and evoked mating strategies,Jay Belsky and his colleagues argue that harsh,rejecting,and inconsistent child-rearing practices,erratically provided resources,and marital discord _____.

A)foster a personality of conscientiousness
B)foster a mating strategy marked by early reproduction
C)discourage individuals from a short-term mating strategy
D)discourage individuals from seeking multiple mates

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT one of the key goals of cultural personality psychology?

A)To discover the principles underlying cultural diversity
B)To discover how individual humans differ
C)To discover how human psychology shapes culture
D)To discover how cultural understandings shape one's psychology

Question 12

Tooby and Cosmides (1992)define cultural variations as within-group:

A)similarities and between-group similarities.
B)similarities and between-group differences.
C)differences and between-group similarities.
D)differences and between-group differences.

Question 13

Egalitarianism is associated with:

A)high-variance conditions.
B)lower-variance conditions.
C)farming cultures.
D)cultures of honor.

Question 14

In the context of the three major approaches to culture,which of the following is a key characteristic of transmitted culture?

A)Beliefs are transferred from one person's mind to other people's minds through interaction.
B)Cultural differences are created by differing environmental conditions.
C)Individuals are expected to adapt to the ways of life common in a new culture.
D)Insults are viewed as highly offensive public challenges that must be met with aggression.

Question 15

People in the country of Octavia believe that lighting ten candles every night wards off evil spirits.However,people in the country of Bodonia do not believe in evil spirits and light candles to mark celebrations.This scenario best exemplifies _____.

A)cultural variations
B)high-variance conditions
C)self-guides
D)individual differences

Question 16

Cultural universals constitute the _____ level of analyzing personality.

A)human nature
B)group differences
C)individual differences
D)individual uniqueness

Question 17

According to Nisbett (1993),which of the following is a key feature of groups that develop a culture of honor?

A)They emphasize group harmony and unity.
B)They view insults as highly offensive public challenges.
C)They display equal treatment of all individuals within the group.
D)They highly disregard an individual's uniqueness and novelty.

Question 18

Environmental conditions are mostly responsible for:

A)transmitted culture.
B)cultural universals.
C)evoked culture.
D)elicited culture.

Question 19

In the context of the three major approaches to culture,which of the following is a salient feature of evoked culture?

A)It is a result of transmission of beliefs from one person's mind to other people's minds through interaction.
B)It is described as the ability of an individual to embed within a group.
C)It is created by differing environmental conditions activating a predictable set of responses.
D)It is explained in terms of traditionally elicited similarities.

Question 20

Bulky clothes that people in far northern cultures often wear is an example of:

A)transmitted culture.
B)cultural universals.
C)evoked culture.
D)a culture of honor.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true about cultures that are characterized by interdependence?

A)They encourage expression of personal desires and internal motives.
B)They emphasize nonconformity to the dictates of others.
C)They celebrate individuals' uniqueness and novelty within a group.
D)They emphasize individuals' embeddedness within a group.

Question 22

According to Nisbett,subjects from the southern United States were more likely to endorse violence because of:

A)transmitted culture.
B)false politeness.
C)a need to protect their reputation.
D)a warm climate.

Question 23

According to Markus and Kitayama (1998),the fundamental cultural task of independence _____.

A)involves how individuals differentiate themselves from a group
B)discourages personal desires and personal internal motives
C)promotes harmony and unity within a group
D)undermines self-direction and novelty

Question 24

Western cultures tend to emphasize _____ more than non-Western cultures.

A)cultural transmission
B)evoked culture
C)independence
D)interdependence

Question 25

Research shows that _____ differs substantially from culture to culture.

A)expression of emotions
B)recognizing emotional expressions
C)the dimensional structure of personality traits
D)self-concept

Question 26

Research has found that Japanese college students give _____ when compared with American college students.

A)more context-dependent self-descriptions
B)less context-dependent self-descriptions
C)longer self-descriptions
D)shorter self-descriptions

Question 27

Research suggests that American students are more likely to describe themselves as _____ when compared with Japanese students.

A)ordinary
B)related to someone
C)special
D)eccentric

Question 28

According to Nisbett,honor is most important in:

A)cultures with lower-variance foods.
B)cultures with high-variance foods.
C)agricultural cultures.
D)herding cultures.

Question 29

The view that it is wrong to eat beef is an example of:

A)evoked culture.
B)transmitted culture.
C)individualistic culture.
D)reactive culture.

Question 30

A study of Asian Americans living in New York who do not self-identify as Asian found that they used more:

A)self-descriptive adjectives than European Americans.
B)social role adjectives than European Americans when describing themselves.
C)personality nouns than European Americans.
D)abstract and autonomous self-statements when describing themselves.

Question 31

The cultural task of _____ involves how you are affiliated with,attached to,or engaged in the larger group of which you are a member.

A)independence
B)interdependence
C)individualism
D)collectivism

Question 32

Collectivist cultures are similar to _____ cultures.

A)individualist
B)interdependent
C)independent
D)introverted

Question 33

American 5-year-old children's judgments about right and wrong:

A)have been diluted significantly by the mediA.
B)do not reflect adult judgments until adolescence.
C)are almost identical to adult judgments.
D)are more similar to those of their grandparents than their parents.

Question 34

Using the Twenty Statements Test,researchers have discovered that Chinese participants most often:

A)describe themselves independent of a given situation.
B)describe themselves within the context of a given situation.
C)describe themselves using social roles.
D)describe themselves as being quite ordinary.

Question 35

Nisbett's cultures of honor is an example of:

A)interdependence.
B)independence.
C)evoked culture.
D)transmitted culture.

Question 36

Which of the following ideas is considered wrong by most cultures?

A)Committing incest
B)Eating pork
C)Combing one's hair during a thunderstorm
D)Beating one's wife

Question 37

According to a study conducted by Nisbett,_____ were more likely to respond to insults with aggression.

A)southerners
B)northerners
C)people from independent cultures
D)people from interdependent cultures

Question 38

Many people in individualist cultures tend to use more _____ to describe themselves.

A)relational terms
B)personal adjectives
C)global adjectives
D)attitudinal terms

Question 39

_____ is a process of adapting to the ways of life in one's new culture.

A)Acclamation
B)Emancipation
C)Acculturation
D)Emaciation

Question 40

Balkanization is a term that refers to:

A)greater permeability between cultures.
B)cross-cultural marriages.
C)social resegregation following a time of peaceful integration and social diversity.
D)cultural differences.

Question 41

In the context of personality variations within culture,lower-class parents _____.

A)are most likely to be stingy and uncharitable
B)expect their children to enter higher-status jobs
C)tend to emphasize the importance of obedience to authority
D)tend to emphasize self-direction

Question 42

The German word Schadenfreude refers to:

A)pleasure in another's misfortunes.
B)grief.
C)the fifth factor of personality in Germany.
D)sadness.

Question 43

Using the Twenty Statements Test,researchers have found that Americans tend to:

A)endorse more positive statements about themselves.
B)express themselves negatively.
C)negate the positive self-descriptions about themselves.
D)use context-dependent descriptions.

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of the interdependence-independence and collectivist-individualist concepts?

A)The evidence for theories comes almost exclusively from North America and East Asia and may not generalize to other cultures.
B)Cross-cultural research is almost always conducted on college students.
C)There is a considerable overlap in the self-concepts of people from different cultures.
D)Characterizing cultures of individuals in broad cultural dichotomies may be overly simplistic.

Question 45

In a study conducted by Robert McCrae and his colleagues (2005)-in which the Revised NEO Personality Inventory was translated into an appropriate language for 51 different cultures and then the aggregate Big Five personality scores for each culture were examined-it was found that the largest difference across cultures centered on _____.

A)extraversion
B)agreeableness
C)conscientiousness
D)emotional stability

Question 46

People _____ are able to recognize facial expressions of basic emotions experienced by Americans.

A)in New Guinea
B)in Germany
C)in Japan
D)universally

Question 47

Americans tend to explain events _____,with an object detached from its context,attributes of objects or people assigned to categories,and a reliance on rules about the categories to explain behavior.

A)holistically
B)analytically
C)statistically
D)mechanically

Question 48

Which of the following is probably NOT a good candidate for cultural universals?

A)Incest avoidance
B)Facial expressions of basic emotions
C)Division of labor by sex
D)Prohibition against spousal abuse

Question 49

Psychologist Steven Pinker argues that people in different cultures:

A)experience different emotions.
B)express emotions in a similar manner.
C)use different words to talk about their emotions.
D)cannot recognize emotions across cultures.

Question 50

Differences in historical eras are most likely to affect:

A)cultural variation.
B)within-culture variation.
C)cultural universals.
D)acculturation.

Question 51

Which of the following terms best refers to the tendency to describe and present oneself using positive or socially valued attributes,such as kind,understanding,intelligent,and industrious?

A)The false consensus effect
B)Self-compassion
C)A false positive
D)Self-enhancement

Question 52

The earliest evidence of cultural universals in emotions came from _____.

A)Margaret Mead
B)Markus
C)Charles Darwin
D)Randy J.Larsen

Question 53

People in _____ cultures are more likely to give priority to personal goals.

A)farming
B)herding
C)individualist
D)collectivist

Question 54

In studies of American,Japanese,and Polish men,men from higher social classes in all cultures tended to _____.

A)give priority to group goals
B)be highly generous and charitable
C)conform to the dictates of others
D)be more self-directed

Question 55

Worldwide,people tend to regard men as having personalities that are more _____ than women.

A)affectionate
B)arrogant
C)fearful
D)appreciative

Question 56

Unlike Americans,Japanese tend to explain events _____,with attention to relationships,context,and the links between a focal object and a field as a whole.

A)holistically
B)analytically
C)statistically
D)mechanically

Question 57

The trait of _____ is most associated with women than men across cultures.

A)emotionality
B)independence
C)activeness
D)conceitedness

Question 58

Oyserman,Coon,and Kemmelmeier (2002)hypothesize that humans have evolved psychological mechanisms:

A)and are born with mechanisms to fit into the culture they are born into.
B)and they will be interdependent when resources are abundant and mobility is high.
C)and they will strive for independence when resources are scarce and mobility is low.
D)for both types of self-concepts and can switch from one mode to another,depending on fitness advantages.

Question 59

In the context of cultural universals,Margaret Mead purported to discover cultures in which _____.

A)individuals created mental images of desired objects to satisfy their needs
B)sex roles were reversed and sexual jealousy was entirely absent
C)adolescents assumed stressful adult responsibilities
D)unacceptable sexual instincts were channeled into socially desired activities

Question 60

Williams and Best found that most trait adjectives were rated as:

A)positive.
B)negative.
C)neutral.
D)masculine or feminine.

Question 61

The Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity contends that language:

A)creates thought and experience.
B)is not necessary to experience emotions.
C)provides an unlimited capacity to express thoughts and emotions.
D)shadows the actual experience of thoughts and emotions.

Question 62

Which of the following Big Five personality traits has been found to be variable across cultures?

A)Emotional stability
B)Intellect-openness
C)Extraversion
D)Agreeableness

Question 63

The transport and test strategy,in which psychologists translated existing questionnaires into other languages and then administered them to native residents in other cultures,_____.

A)has been successful in replicating the five-factor model of personality
B)has been successful in replicating only four of the five factors in the five-factor model of personality
C)has not been successful
D)indicates that personality structure is not universal

Question 64

Studies that start out using indigenous personality dimensions first and then testing whether the five-factor structure still emerges _____.

A)provide a more stringent test of cultural universality than translation studies
B)provide a less stringent test of cultural universality than translation studies
C)find the five-factor model of personality in all cultures
D)replicate Raymond Cattell's taxonomy of 16 personality traits

Question 65

Expression of basic emotions is an example of:

A)transmitted culture.
B)cultural universals.
C)evoked culture.
D)elicited culture.