Deck 5: The State

Question 1

A nation is

A) a group of people who share a common history,language,and set of customs or lifestyle.
B) any group of people living within a particular state's borders.
C) one of the legal criteria for a state.
D) the same thing as a state.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The unification of Italy and Germany in the nineteenth century was propelled by the belief that

A) nation-states should not exist.
B) groups should not pursue national self-determination.
C) nations should form their own states.
D) nations and states should be separate.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Different states with different cultures have different styles of negotiating.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

For a state's policy to have "credibility," which of the following must be the case?

A) The state must have both the incentive and the ability to act using that policy.
B) The state must have the ability,but not necessarily the incentive,to act using that policy.
C) The state must be engaged diplomatically with the target of that policy.
D) The state must have more power than the target of that policy.

Question 5

Some states are currently contested.

Question 6

While ethnonationalist movements challenge the state,they have never been labeled as terrorists because of the legitimacy of their claims.

Question 7

Positive engagement with other states is used only in diplomatic statecraft; it is not used in economic statecraft.

Question 8

According to the rational model of decision making,foreign policy decisions result from members of the government rationally following their standard operating procedures.

Question 9

Which of the following is required for an entity to be considered a state?

A) It must be diplomatically recognized by other states.
B) It must have a population greater than 1 million people.
C) Its people must share a common history.
D) Its people must be considered a "nation."

Question 10

The referendum for independence held in the Kurdish region of Iraq in 2017 is an illustration of

A) cultural relativism.
B) a demand for national self-determination.
C) the norm of R2P.
D) compellence.

Question 11

"National self-determination" is

A) the idea that states should respect other cultures.
B) the idea that only certain cultures can make up a state.
C) the idea that people of the same nation have the right to determine how and under what conditions they should live.
D) the idea that the state defines what makes up a nation.

Question 12

As long as a state has the ability to carry out a threat,that threat is credible even if the state does not have the incentive to do so.

Question 13

The set of strategies a state can take vis-à-vis other states is known as

A) compellence.
B) public diplomacy.
C) statecraft.
D) engagement.

Question 14

According to the bureaucratic politics model of decision making,foreign policy decisions are made through negotiations among members of the government that represent different interests.

Question 15

Traditional diplomacy refers to

A) track-two diplomacy,but not public diplomacy.
B) actions states take to influence other states through economic statecraft and the use of force.
C) public diplomacy,but not track-two diplomacy.
D) actions states take to influence other states through negotiations.

Question 16

Many states are failing to control transnational crimes such as smuggling,counterfeiting,and money laundering,threatening their sovereignty.

Question 17

Which of the following is a nation that does not have its own state?

A) United States
B) Danes
C) Ottoman Empire
D) Kurds

Question 18

A state is a group of people who share a common set of characteristics,such as a common language or culture,while a nation is a geographically defined entity with a stable population and a government diplomatically recognized by others.

Question 19

All of the states that fulfill the four criteria of statehood are recognized as states in the international system.

Question 20

In a nation-state,

A) there is a congruence between state and nation.
B) the state encompasses many nations.
C) the nation occupies many states.
D) the country is composed of a number of smaller areas coordinated together by the central government.

Question 21

France's export of military equipment to Saudi Arabia to build an alliance in the region is an example of

A) public diplomacy.
B) track-two diplomacy.
C) engagement.
D) compellence.

Question 22

President Bush's threat to use force if Saddam Hussein's regime did not leave Iraq is an example of

A) deterrence.
B) engagement.
C) track-two diplomacy.
D) compellence.

Question 23

Which of the following is true of the effectiveness of sanctions?

A) Sanctions have been effective only when combined with strategies of military deterrence.
B) Positive sanctions have proven effective while negative sanctions have not.
C) Negative sanctions have proven effective while positive sanctions have not.
D) The use of sanctions has sometimes been effective and sometimes not.

Question 24

Force (and the threat of force)is central to ________ thinking.

A) realist
B) liberal
C) constructivist
D) diplomatic

Question 25

In the negotiations over Iran's nuclear-weapons program,Iran's negotiators had to satisfy the demands of Iran's supreme leader,who extolled Iran's sovereignty and security,as well as the United States and its allies,who wanted Iran to halt its nuclear program.This illustrates

A) track-two diplomacy.
B) public diplomacy.
C) the two-level game of international negotiations.
D) the policy of engagement.

Question 26

The bureaucratic/organizational model and pluralist model of decision making are highlighted by which theoretical perspective?

A) realism
B) liberalism
C) constructivism
D) idealism

Question 27

Deterrence is a strategy that

A) is more effective for small states than for large states.
B) ultimately requires the use of force.
C) involves a commitment by one state to punish another state if it takes an undesired action.
D) works even if states lack the capacity to follow through with their commitments.

Question 28

The rational model of foreign policy decision making

A) conceives of governments as choosing policies that maximize their strategic objectives.
B) is applicable only if a state has a democratic government.
C) emphasizes organizational procedures.
D) has been adopted by virtually every Western country.

Question 29

Placing an arms embargo on Sudan beginning in 2004 because of its treatment of its citizens is an example of

A) a deterrence strategy.
B) public diplomacy.
C) track-two diplomacy.
D) negative sanctions.

Question 30

Realists see the two-level game of international bargaining as

A) highlighting the importance of domestic politics in international relations.
B) showing that domestic politics is not important in international relations.
C) being constrained by the structure of the international system.
D) showing that the structure of the international system is not important in international relations.

Question 31

Which of the following activities is an example of public diplomacy?

A) the national security adviser trying to improve the U.S.image by appearing on the Arabic TV network,Al Jazeera
B) the U.S.secretary of defense briefing foreign leaders
C) conducting an opinion poll
D) holding a televised summit of foreign business leaders

Question 32

Which model of foreign policy making treats states as unitary actors that weigh costs and benefits of various policy decisions?

A) bureaucratic politics model
B) pluralist model
C) constructivist model
D) rational model

Question 33

Which of the following is true of the realist view of diplomacy?

A) Realists believe that diplomacy is the most effective tool of statecraft.
B) Realists believe that diplomacy is likely to be ineffective without being backed by economic statecraft or force.
C) Realists believe that public diplomacy can be effective,but not track-two diplomacy.
D) Realists believe that diplomacy is effective only if coupled with deterrence.

Question 34

________ diplomacy involves trying to create an overall image that enhances a state's ability to achieve its objectives.

A) Two-level
B) Realist
C) Open
D) Public

Question 35

________ puts special emphasis on the use of diplomacy and less coercive aspects of power,while ________ believes it is necessary to resort to sanctions or force on a more regular basis.

A) Liberalism; realism
B) Realism; liberalism
C) Constructivism; liberalism
D) Liberalism; constructivism

Question 36

The "two-level game" of international negotiation refers to

A) the fact that states must often negotiate not only with an opponent state,but third-party states as well.
B) the fact that bargaining occurs between states as well as between state negotiators and their various domestic constituencies.
C) when diplomatic negotiations are also coupled with economic statecraft.
D) the use of a mediator in negotiations.

Question 37

What is required to make compellence and deterrence effective?

A) States need to have strong economies.
B) States need to have the willingness and ability to follow through with their commitments.
C) States need to have good defenses.
D) States need to have nuclear weapons.

Question 38

________ is the use (or threat)of force to get a target state to do something or to undo something it has done.

A) Diplomacy
B) Compellence
C) Deterrence
D) Sanctioning

Question 39

Limited sanctions targeted to hurt or support specific groups of people are known as

A) smart sanctions.
B) deterrent sanctions.
C) track-two diplomacy.
D) engagement.

Question 40

Which of the following is true of the liberal view of diplomacy?

A) Liberals believe that the goals of states are too conflictual for diplomacy to work.
B) Liberals believe that diplomacy cannot work without the use of economic statecraft.
C) Liberals believe that diplomacy cannot work without the use of force.
D) Liberals believe that diplomacy can work without the use of economic statecraft or force.

Question 41

Which of the following is true of Islamic fundamentalism?

A) The sectarian division between Shiites and Sunnis has never become political in nature.
B) Islamic extremists all support the same strategies for reaching their end goal.
C) The Muslim religion is the only religion with extremist groups.
D) Islamic extremists all believe that political and social authority should be based in the Koran.

Question 42

Choosing a policy that satisfies different constituents without alienating any is an example of

A) rationalizing.
B) satisficing.
C) following a standard operating procedure.
D) pluralizing.

Question 43

A "fragile state" is one that

A) no longer exists.
B) loses its seat at the United Nations.
C) has recently changed government types.
D) is unable to perform one of its vital functions.

Question 44

Globalization has

A) made the bureaucratic model of decision making inapplicable to international affairs.
B) prevented leaders from using the rational model of decision making.
C) challenged the state as the primary actor in international affairs.
D) reinforced traditional state sovereignty.

Question 45

When we examine the influence of labor unions in a state's foreign policy decisions,we are using which model of decision making?

A) rational model
B) constructivist model
C) pluralist model
D) bureaucratic politics model

Question 46

The growing integration of the world in terms of politics,economics,and culture is known as

A) sovereignty.
B) globalization.
C) transnationalism.
D) compellence.

Question 47

The pluralist model highlights the importance of ________ in foreign policy decision making.

A) diverse societal interests
B) cost-benefit analyses
C) standard operating procedures
D) negotiations among bureaucracies with different interests

Question 48

Which of the following perspectives highlights the high levels of trade between democracies as one explanation for the democratic peace?

A) realism
B) liberalism
C) constructivism
D) dependency theory

Question 49

When decisions heavily depend on precedent and major changes are unlikely,decision makers are likely to be following

A) a standard operating procedure.
B) the rational model of decision making.
C) public diplomacy.
D) a two-level negotiation.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true about transnational crime?

A) States have been largely incapable of responding effectively.
B) States themselves do not actively participate in transnational criminal activities.
C) Transnational crime only occurs in failed states.
D) Transnational criminal activities have declined with the spread of globalization.

Question 51

The uprisings of the Muslim Uighur minority in China are an example of

A) pluralism.
B) a branch of the Islamic State.
C) an ethnonationalist movement.
D) cultural relativism.

Question 52

A realist explanation for the democratic peace is that democratic states tend to

A) have leaders that are more peace-oriented.
B) share membership in many international institutions.
C) trade more with each other.
D) belong to the same alliances.

Question 53

Which of the following is true of transnational movements?

A) Transnational movements are all united by various religious ideals.
B) They can develop around issues such as the environment.
C) All transnational movements pose a direct challenge to the state.
D) To date,transnational movements have only developed in fragile states.

Question 54

How have new technologies such as Facebook and cell phones influenced the role of the state in the international system?

A) They have challenged state sovereignty by facilitating the organization of transnational movements that challenge the authority of the state.
B) They reinforce state sovereignty because they facilitate communication,which makes it easier for states to exert control over their citizens.
C) They reinforce state sovereignty because they have allowed the spread of Western values and ideas,which focus on the primacy of state sovereignty.
D) They have not had any real effect on state sovereignty.

Question 55

The divergent policies of Australia and Canada regarding the 2003 Iraq War would be attributed to ________ by the ________ model of foreign policy making.

A) differences in standard operating procedures; rationalist
B) socialization to different international norms; constructivist
C) the relevance of different societal groups; bureaucratic politics
D) Canada's alliance with the United States; pluralist

Question 56

Which of the following statements about ethnonationalist movements is correct?

A) Ethnonationalist movements often resort to violence,but have not yet brought about war.
B) Ethnonationalist movements all have the same goal: to form their own state.
C) Even the strongest states can face challenges from ethnonationalist movements.
D) The conflict over Kashmir between India and Pakistan is not due to ethnonationalist sentiments.

Question 57

The fight over trade policy formation that takes place within the government between the ministries of agriculture,industry,and labor best illustrates which foreign policy model at work?

A) rational
B) bureaucratic politics
C) pluralist
D) constructivist

Question 58

The Islamic State is

A) the only remaining Islamic fundamentalist group.
B) an extremist Shiite group.
C) an extremist Sunni group.
D) not connected to any particular branch of Islam.

Question 59

Groups of people from different states who share religious,ideological,or policy beliefs and who work together to change the status quo are known as

A) transnational movements.
B) ethnonationalists.
C) cultural relativists.
D) pluralists.

Question 60

Constructivists argue that foreign policy decisions are based on which two factors?

A) rational thinking and leaders' interpretations of salient international norms
B) bureaucratic interactions and leaders' interpretations of salient international norms
C) bureaucratic interactions and the country's strategic culture
D) the country's strategic culture and leaders' interpretations of salient international norms

Question 61

There are many varieties of statecraft.If you were the leader of the United States,which of these do you think is likely to be most effective in dealing with North Korea to stop its potential use of nuclear weapons against other states? Why? In answering this question,be sure to discuss the benefits of your preferred policy as well as the weaknesses of the others.

Question 62

Do you think nations have the right to national self-determination,even if it means seceding from the state? Why or why not? In making your argument,back it up with examples of the actions some nations have taken with regard to potentially forming their own state and the effects of those actions.

Question 63

State A is deciding whether or not to enter into a trade agreement with State B.Using any two of the three models of foreign policy decision making,present contrasting interpretations of State A's hypothetical decision making process.

Question 64

The challenges of globalization,transnational movements,ethnonational movements,transnational crime,and failed states have been argued to limit state power and/or sovereignty.Choose two of these potential challenges and present an argument as to why you do or do not think that challenge represents a real limit to state sovereignty.

Question 65

What is the difference between compellence and deterrence? Which of these strategies that State A might use do you think is likely to be most effective in getting State B to behave according to State A's interests? Why or under what conditions?