Deck 7: International Cooperation and International Law

Question 1

The prisoner's dilemma reflects the problem of

A) distribution problems.
B) norms of noncooperation.
C) socialization.
D) cheating.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Realists argue that states can become socialized to new norms that can foster cooperation.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Realists argue that states' concern with relative gains will undermine international cooperation.What do they mean by this?

A) States will not cooperate since they have relatively little to gain from doing so.
B) States cannot be sure they will gain anything from cooperation,so they have little incentive to try.
C) States are reluctant to cooperate because they fear their partners will cheat,and no one will gain from cooperation.
D) States will be reluctant to cooperate even for mutual gain because their partners may benefit more,gaining additional power to use against them in the future.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is true of international cooperation?

A) It involves mutual adjustment of policies.
B) Constructivists believe cooperation is more likely than conflict.
C) States must have the same preferences in order to cooperate.
D) It can occur when states have irreconcilable preferences.

Question 5

A treaty may require more than a signature before a state can become legally bound by it.

Question 6

There are no limitations on states' actions in its territorial waters.

Question 7

Neoliberal institutionalists believe that the possibility of reciprocity in repeated interactions can foster cooperation among states.

Question 8

According to realists,the arms race between the Soviet Union and United States during the Cold War:

A) occurred because they both preferred conflict over cooperation.
B) illustrates how reciprocity can foster cooperation.
C) resulted from a concern with losing relative military power.
D) resulted from the Soviet Union's monopoly on nuclear weapons.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of the neoliberal institutionalist approach to the study of cooperation?

A) Unlike realists,neoliberal institutionalists do not believe the international system is anarchic.
B) Unlike realists,neoliberal institutionalists do not view states as unitary actors.
C) Like realists,neoliberal institutionalists think states will not cooperate because they are rational actors.
D) Like realists,neoliberal institutionalists view states as rational actors,but believe that can lead to cooperation rather than noncooperation.

Question 10

Neoliberal institutionalists think international institutions are important in fostering cooperation,but other liberal theorists do not.

Question 11

Realists believe that cooperation is difficult because states care about absolute gains.

Question 12

When ruled against,no state has ever abided by an ICJ decision,demonstrating how weak an institution it is.

Question 13

In a prisoner's dilemma situation

A) both actors are concerned with relative gains.
B) both actors are better off if they mutually cooperate than if they mutually defect.
C) both actors prefer to cooperate.
D) cooperation is not possible.

Question 14

Treaties only govern relations between states.

Question 15

According to realists,a focus on relative gains occurs

A) because the international system is anarchic.
B) because a concern with absolute gains leads to conflict.
C) because a concern with absolute gains leads to cooperation.
D) because states do not want to cooperate.

Question 16

Violations of international law are the exception,not the norm.

Question 17

Which of the following problems do realists think makes cooperation difficult?

A) states' lack of shared identities
B) states' concern with relative gains
C) states' long shadow of the future
D) reciprocity

Question 18

The U.S.concern that its industries would be less competitive if the United States,but not India and China,were to participate in environmental agreements

A) illustrates the prisoner's dilemma problem.
B) shows that cooperation with environmental agreements is not possible.
C) illustrates the security dilemma.
D) illustrates the liberal view of the cooperation problem.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of the realist view of cooperation?

A) Realists believe that reciprocity prevents cooperation.
B) Realists believe that continuous interactions can help states overcome the relative gains problem.
C) Realists believe that noncooperation is the rational choice for states.
D) Realists believe that both states are better off if they both do not cooperate than if they both cooperate.

Question 20

The use of the death penalty by some U.S.states has made extradition a source of tension between the U.S.and other countries.

Question 21

Neoliberal institutionalists argue that when international actors cooperate with each other it is not because they are innately good,but rather because

A) cooperating helps them overcome self-interest.
B) cooperating complicates the prisoner's dilemma.
C) it is in the self-interest of each to cooperate.
D) cooperation is mandated by international law.

Question 22

Because NATO creates expectations about future interactions in security and defense policy,

A) neoliberal institutionalists expect its members to cooperate in those issue areas.
B) realists expect its members to cooperate in those issue areas.
C) neoliberal institutionalists expect its members to try to expand its membership.
D) realists expect states to try to expand its membership.

Question 23

What role do international treaties play in fostering cooperation according to neoliberal institutionalists?

A) They make reciprocity necessary.
B) They prevent reciprocity from being necessary.
C) They do not lengthen the shadow of the future.
D) They align expectations about cooperative behavior.

Question 24

For constructivists,socialization to new norms

A) is unlikely to occur in the globalized world today.
B) can shape states' interests in a way that fosters cooperation.
C) results from economic interdependence.
D) is a reason cooperation is unlikely between states.

Question 25

Which of the following do neoliberal institutionalists argue can lead to cooperation?

A) continuous interactions
B) shared identities
C) the lack of anarchy in the international system
D) irrationality

Question 26

According to liberal theorists,how does democracy help foster cooperation?

A) Other states can observe the internal deliberation processes of democracies.
B) Democracies are less interdependent than nondemocracies.
C) Democratic leaders are inherently more cooperative than autocratic ones.
D) Liberal theorists do not believe democracy helps foster cooperation.

Question 27

Which of the following is true of liberal views of the role of economics in cooperation?

A) Engaging in economic exchange makes states less cooperative.
B) Economics is an inherently conflictual issue area.
C) Economic interdependence fosters cooperation.
D) Cooperation is less likely as economic globalization increases.

Question 28

A body of rules and norms regulating interactions among states is known as

A) international interdependence.
B) the international constitution.
C) international order.
D) international law.

Question 29

According to neoliberal institutionalists,the WTO's dispute settlement procedure that evaluates whether state actions violate international law is an example of

A) an international institution being ineffective.
B) an international institution lengthening the shadow of the future.
C) an international institution providing information to help states engage in reciprocity.
D) an international institution hindering cooperation.

Question 30

Raising the costs of violating a commitment makes that commitment

A) less cooperative.
B) more cooperative.
C) less credible.
D) more credible.

Question 31

Constructivists view cooperation as

A) the norm in the international system.
B) never being the result of strategic calculations by states.
C) resulting from shared understandings that create expectations about cooperative behavior.
D) proof that states are not rational actors.

Question 32

International law's main sources are

A) treaties only.
B) customs only.
C) rules made by powerful states that other states are required to follow.
D) both customs and treaties.

Question 33

According to neoliberal institutionalists,cooperation is most likely

A) when states do not reciprocate noncooperation.
B) when states are not interdependent.
C) when states adopt a "tit-for-tat" strategy.
D) when short-term gains outweigh long-term costs.

Question 34

Which of the following best describes constructivists' view of the possibilities for cooperation between states?

A) They believe conflict is more likely than cooperation between states.
B) They believe cooperation is more likely than conflict between states.
C) They are agnostic about whether conflict or cooperation is more likely between states.
D) They believe anarchy can be overcome by cooperation,reducing the need for future cooperation between states.

Question 35

According to liberal theory,the fact that the WTO creates a forum for multilateral negotiations

A) reduces transaction costs,making cooperation more likely.
B) reduces transaction costs,making cooperation less likely.
C) increases transaction costs,making cooperation more likely.
D) increases transaction costs,making cooperation less likely.

Question 36

The idea that states mutually rely on one another for goods and/or economic gains is known as

A) economic liberalism.
B) economic commercialism.
C) economic conservatism.
D) economic interdependence.

Question 37

Lengthening the "shadow of the future"

A) creates an expectation for states that they will have repeated interactions.
B) creates an expectation for states that they will not cooperate in the future.
C) is not likely when states share membership in institutions.
D) decreases the potential for cooperation.

Question 38

For constructivists,why does democracy foster cooperation?

A) Democratic leaders are inherently more cooperative than autocratic leaders because they are elected.
B) Democracies are more transparent in their decision making processes than nondemocracies.
C) Democracies have very different identities.
D) Democracies share norms of nonviolent,compromise-oriented interactions.

Question 39

According to constructivists,having convergent identities

A) makes cooperation less likely.
B) makes cooperation more likely.
C) makes conflict more likely.
D) does not influence the likelihood of conflict or cooperation.

Question 40

International law differs from law at the state level in that

A) there is no sovereign body with enforcement power.
B) international legislative bodies have greater power than state legislatures.
C) the world court's compulsory jurisdiction supersedes state interests.
D) law at the state level relies on reciprocity for its enforcement.

Question 41

Which of the following is true of international criminal law?

A) States have created a single,overarching treaty to help combat terrorism.
B) National courts do not deal with international criminal law.
C) Extradition treaties have been a source of disagreement among states.
D) Only transnational crimes have been the subject of international criminal law.

Question 42

The fact that Law of the Sea treaties codify maritime practices that had been adopted by the United States and United Kingdom for decades before shows that

A) customary law does not work; only treaty law can be effective.
B) treaty law cannot exist absent preceding customs.
C) customary law can be an important source of treaty law.
D) only powerful states matter in the creation of international treaties.

Question 43

A state that has ratified a treaty becomes legally bound by it

A) as soon as it signs it.
B) as soon as the treaty has been adopted.
C) only if it was involved in the negotiations.
D) only after the treaty enters into force.

Question 44

The International Court of Justice is basically a weak institution for which of the following reasons?

A) Most of its cases are quite controversial and remain unresolved.
B) It has no connection to the United Nations.
C) It lacks the compulsory jurisdiction that domestic courts enjoy.
D) It is overwhelmed with a huge number of cases.

Question 45

The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

A) was superseded by the UN when the UN came into existence.
B) was superseded by the ICJ when the ICJ was created.
C) is a treaty governing international laws that are created by the European Union.
D) is a treaty governing the creation and enforcement of treaties.

Question 46

The "adoption" of a treaty means that states have

A) become legally bound by the treaty.
B) finished negotiating the treaty text.
C) ratified the treaty.
D) signed the treaty.

Question 47

________ are designed to regularize cooperation between governments in the gathering of evidence in criminal investigations.

A) Extradition treaties
B) Mutual legal assistance treaties
C) International courts
D) Transnational treaties

Question 48

The two roles of the International Court of Justice (ICJ)are to

A) settle legal disputes between states and authorize the UN to impose sanctions on states that violate international law.
B) settle legal disputes between states and give advisory opinions on legal matters.
C) give advisory opinions on legal matters and authorize the UN to impose sanctions on states that violate international law.
D) settle legal disputes between states and if necessary ensure that rulings are carried out by imposing sanctions.

Question 49

Which of the following is true of the law of the sea?

A) Only the mainland can generate territorial waters for a state.
B) All islands and mainland that are part of a state's territory can generate territorial waters for a state,even those outside of twelve nautical miles from the mainland.
C) A state does not have sole control over fishing in its territorial waters.
D) There are no limitations to states' actions in its territorial waters.

Question 50

Which of the following is true of China's actions in the South China Sea?

A) An international court ruled that China violated international law with its actions,but China is not abiding by the decision.
B) An international court ruled that China violated international law with its actions,and China is changing its behavior to abide by the ruling.
C) An international court ruled that China did not violate international law with its actions.
D) An international court has never ruled on China's actions.

Question 51

The fact that international laws are seen as legitimate means that

A) states always follow them.
B) all international courts are granted compulsory jurisdiction over state actions.
C) they can deal only with certain types of issues.
D) they are supported logically and justifiably.

Question 52

Which of the following can be an enforcer of international law?

A) international organizations
B) national courts
C) states
D) All of the above can enforce international law.

Question 53

Which of the following factors drives horizontal enforcement of international law?

A) reciprocity and legitimacy
B) power and legitimacy
C) power and reciprocity
D) international courts

Question 54

Which of the following is true of international law?

A) There are international laws dealing with war and human rights,but not the environment.
B) There are international laws dealing with war and human rights,but not outer space.
C) There are international laws dealing with human rights and the environment,but not criminal law.
D) There are international laws that touch on all of the above issue areas.

Question 55

Which of the following is true of how treaties enter into force?

A) Under the requirement of universal jurisdiction,a treaty must have been signed by all states that were involved in the negotiations before it can enter into force.
B) The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties requires that a treaty cannot enter into force until all states that were involved in the negotiations have signed it.
C) The International Court of Justice has ruled that if a treaty lays out both substantive and temporal requirements,only the temporal ones must be met before the treaty can enter into force.
D) The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties specifies that if a treaty lays out substantive and temporal requirements for entry into force,they must all be met before the treaty can enter into force.

Question 56

When other states claimed jurisdiction over war crimes committed in Bosnia and Rwanda,this was an example of the application of

A) global jurisdiction.
B) universal jurisdiction.
C) international jurisdiction.
D) intranational jurisdiction.

Question 57

According to some liberals and constructivists,________ can play an important role in fostering compliance.

A) the material power of international institutions
B) the material power of certain states
C) democracies' respect for the rule of law
D) the fact that democracies have more power than autocracies

Question 58

Constructivists point to the importance of ________ in fostering compliance with international law.

A) national self-interest
B) respect for norms
C) power
D) international courts

Question 59

Vertical enforcement of law

A) takes place only at the domestic level through state governments.
B) takes place only at the international level through international institutions.
C) takes place only at the domestic level through state courts.
D) can take place at both the domestic and international level.

Question 60

Which of the following factors do realists and liberals both agree can drive compliance with international law?

A) individual self-interest
B) legitimacy
C) reciprocity
D) international institutions

Question 61

There is a large body of international law in the world today.Do you think these laws are actually effective in influencing state behavior? Why or why not? Provide both theoretical reasoning for your answer and real-world examples to back up your argument.

Question 62

Neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism have differing views on the possibility for international cooperation.Which do you think is more accurate in explaining cooperation among states today? In your response,be sure to highlight what each theory predicts about the potential for cooperation and cite real-world examples to back up your argument.

Question 63

There are both vertical and horizontal mechanisms that work to enforce international law.Which of these mechanisms do you think is most effective,and why? In answering this question,be sure to describe the various characteristics of each mechanism and back up your evaluation of them with real-world examples.

Question 64

Do you think the International Court of Justice (ICJ)is an effective institution in eliciting compliance with international law? Why or why not? In constructing your answer,be sure to describe both the strengths and weaknesses of the institution.

Question 65

Neoliberal institutionalist scholars and constructivist scholars all provide potential explanations for why we see cooperation by states in the international system.Do you think there are different issue areas where one might be more accurate in its explanations than the others? Why or why not? In answering this question,be sure to describe the various explanations put forth by neoliberal institutionalist and constructivist scholars and back up your answer with real-world examples from different issue areas.