Deck 25: Latin America From Independence to the 1940s

Question 1

Slavery continued to exist until 1888 in

A)people.
B)middle class liberals.
C)creole elite.
D)lower middle class military officers.

Answer 1

creole elite.

Question 2

The independence movements of the early 19th century originated with the

A)desire to eliminate racial prejudice.
B)acceptance of republican constitutions.
C)demand for foreign competition to be ousted.
D)opposition to substantial social reform.

Answer 2

opposition to substantial social reform.

Question 3

The growth in urban life in Latin America during the second half of the 19th century was mostly due to

A)socialism.
B)positivism.
C)Stalinism.
D)liberalism.

Answer 3

positivism.

Question 4

"Scientific" racism in 19th century Latin America

A)Germany.
B)the United States.
C)Britain.
D)Portugal.

Question 5

Dependency theory was developed to explain

A)a narrow range of exported goods that consists primarily of raw materials.
B)a history of cooperation with one another against foreign domination.
C)significant social cleavage between upper and lower classes.
D)unstable and self-serving political regimes.

Question 6

The only country in Latin America to experience a fundamental revolution before the 1950s was

A)Mexico.
B)Chile.
C)Argentina.
D)Brazil.

Question 7

Which of the following is not an example of foreign involvement in the affairs of Latin America?

A)the fundamental shifts in world trade after World War I
B)the drop of world commodity prices
C)the beginning of synthetic production in Europe
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 8

In the 19th century,the hacienda system

A)land to the peasants.
B)limited legal and civil rights to all persons.
C)equal opportunity to all races.
D)full religious toleration.

Question 9

The major foreign power exercising economic influence over Latin America in the early decades of the 19th century was

A)coffee.
B)textiles.
C)copper.
D)guano.

Question 10

The slogan "Order and Progress" used in Brazil can be traced to the ideas of

A)blamed non-whites for economic backwardness.
B)elevated "pure" native Americans over mestizos.
C)justified rule by those born in Spain or Portugal.
D)contributed to the growth of Communist parties.

Question 11

After the wars of independence in the mid-1820s,Latin American countries were still

A)Argentina
B)Brazil
C)Ecuador
D)Chile

Question 12

The transportation systems of Latin America were built to

A)Spanish American war
B)Panama Canal construction
C)Semana Trágica
D)"dollar diplomacy"

Question 13

All of the following products were exported from Latin America before 1900 except

A)communication problems and the absence of a common language.
B)geographical barriers that hindered internal trade.
C)the absence of port cities and shipping facilities.
D)lack of trading relationships with more developed countries.

Question 14

Dependent or periphery countries possess all of the following qualities except

A)legally colonies of European states.
B)economically dependent on external states.
C)socially dependent on welfare state funding.
D)lacking in native cultural elements.

Question 15

A latifundia was

A)sharecropping.
B)debt peonage.
C)free wage labor.
D)slavery.

Question 16

In 19th century Latin America,agricultural labor primarily took the form of

A)European immigration.
B)changes in the urban economy.
C)confiscations of church lands.
D)military expansion.

Question 17

A major obstacle to the economic development of Latin America in the 19th century was

A)service the existing export market.
B)foster the development of domestic industry.
C)branch out toward trade with the Far East.
D)develop more efficient agricultural practices.

Question 18

The victors in the wars of independence granted

A)a group of fugitive slaves.
B)an association of small farmers.
C)a large rural estate.
D)None of these answers are correct.

Question 19

The United Provinces of La Plata included much of which modern day country?

A)Argentina.
B)Brazil.
C)Mexico.
D)Chile.

Question 20

The literate political or economic elites of Latin America stood united in their

A)expanded in size and importance.
B)remained unchanged.
C)declined in size and importance.
D)faded in the face of growing industrialization.

Question 21

Which of the following accounts for the relegation of Latin America to a dependent trading partner after the 1920s?

A)false sense of long term security.
B)solid economic base for future expansion.
C)loss of control of a large percentage of their export commodities.
D)local banking system that facilitated large scale investment.

Question 22

Carranza edged out Villa and Zapata as leader of the Mexican Revolution for all of the following reasons except his

A)creation of a liberal constitution.
B)nationalization of the oil industry.
C)legalization of trade unions.
D)abolition of slavery.

Question 23

The growing European economic demand in the late nineteenth century gave Latin Americans all of the following except a

A)relatively slight because most countries were agriculturally self-sufficient.
B)moderate because demand for tropical goods,such as sugar and rubber,remained high.
C)relatively severe because of their already high unemployment rates.
D)severe because the advanced economic sectors were dependent on export markets.

Question 24

The radical leaders in the Mexican Revolution of 1911 were

A)land to be held by both communities and hacendados.
B)a government that would control all land in Mexico.
C)the restoration of constitutional government in opposition to Huerta's political dictatorship.
D)radical agrarian reform.

Question 25

One of the most significant policies enacted by Lázaro Cárdenas was the

A)PRI.
B)SPD.
C)PAN.
D)GOP.

Question 26

Which of the following lists the leaders of Mexico in the correct chronological order?

A)willingness to call on U.S.forces for help.
B)lip service to the needs of a broad base of Mexican society.
C)command of superior military forces.
D)desire to emulate U.S.economic development.

Question 27

Republican governments in 19th century Latin America were largely

A)republican leaders who promoted liberal legal and economic reforms.
B)strong,often oppressive leaders with ties to the military.
C)fiery nationalist leaders who supported breaking ties with Western powers.
D)leaders of the movement for the rights of Native Americans,including land redistribution.

Question 28

From 1853 to 1916,Argentina experienced economic

A)Mexico.
B)Brazil.
C)Argentina.
D)Panama.

Question 29

In order to help local industry develop after the Great Depression,many Latin American countries pursued a policy of

A)heavy industry,such as steel.
B)transforming imported materials because of cheaper labor costs.
C)finishing raw materials for export,such as sugar.
D)industries that addressed local demands,such as power plants.

Question 30

The effect of the Great Depression in Latin America can best be described as

A)World War I
B)the Spanish-American War
C)the Great Depression
D)the Mexican Revolution

Question 31

Juan Manuel de Rosas was a caudillo in

A)fascism
B)liberalism
C)socialism
D)conservatism

Question 32

The Nacionalismo movement in Argentina most closely resembled what European political movement?

A)It was the stage name she had used when she was a popular actress.
B)It symbolized her genuine concern for helping the working class.
C)It stood for her elevation to the elite political class.
D)It promoted Argentine nationalism and support for her husband.

Question 33

The early 20th century Mexican Revolution was initially directed against the rule of

A)Porfirio Díaz and Francisco Madero.
B)Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa.
C)Victoriano Huerta and Venustriano Caranza.
D)Francisco Madero and Victoriano Huerta.

Question 34

All of the following Latin American leaders could be considered caudillos except

A)expansion.
B)decline.
C)stagnation.
D)independence.

Question 35

Manufacturing in Latin America before the 1950s included all of the following except

A)liberal.
B)stable.
C)democratic.
D)based on military support.

Question 36

The caudillos who tended to dominate the political scene in 19th and 20th century Latin America were

A)Juan Perón.
B)Porfirio Díaz.
C)Emiliano Zapata.
D)Getulio Vargas.

Question 37

What event is credited with first spurring the countries of Latin America towards greater economic independence?

A)import substitution.
B)nationalization of industry.
C)free trade.
D)equal opportunity employment.

Question 38

The mid-19th century movement called La Reforma was directed against the rule of

A)Benito Juarez.
B)Antonio López de Santa Anna.
C)Archduke Maximilian of Austria.
D)Porfirio Díaz.

Question 39

Why did Eva Perón ask that people call her Evita?

A)Benito Juarez.
B)Antonio López de Santa Anna.
C)Archduke Maximilian of Austria.
D)Porfirio Díaz.

Question 40

Venustiano Carranza,a wealthy landowner,joined Villa's cause and put himself at the head of the large Constitutionalist Army-so called because it advocated for

A)Díaz,Carranza,Madero,Huerta
B)Díaz,Madero,Huerta,Carranza,Cárdenas
C)Madero,Cárdenas,Huerta,Díaz Carranza
D)Madero,Carranza,Huerta,Cárdenas,Díaz

Question 41

Joaquim Nabuco supported the abolition of slavery in Brazil primarily because it

A)symbolized the final abolition of military rule in Brazil.
B)provided so many new jobs that it satisfied working class demands for full employment.
C)contributed to urbanization and political radicalization.
D)ensured the political loyalty of landholders,who valued the capital as a symbol of the nation's modernity.

Question 42

What are the major paradoxes of Latin American history? Do the explanations offered in the text appear to be appropriate to the historic conditions of the area? Are there other possible explanations? Elaborate.

Question 43

What does it mean to say that Latin American nations achieved independence without revolution? What was the role of the creole elite in this process? Why was there not a fundamental revolution in the area until 1910? What was the role of the Roman Catholic Church? What was the importance of "scientific" racism?

Question 44

Detail and explain the causes and events of the Mexican Revolution.How did race,economics,and religion influence the revolution? What leaders were successful and why? Were there any parallels to the war against Maximilian? How did the war affect American-Mexican relations? Detail the resulting political situation after the conflict.What changed? What remained the same?

Question 45

What is "an economy of dependence"? Why did Latin American nations tend to develop such economies? How were the British important in developing certain economies? How did that development affect Latin American political and social development?

Question 46

In the 19th century,postcolonial Brazil differed from other newly independent nations in South America for all of the following reasons except

A)he established a political movement and party that continues today.
B)his policies led to the end of Brazilian dependence on coffee exports.
C)his term in office marked the end of monarchy and the beginning of a period of military dictatorship.
D)he enacted a legal framework for labor relations and a progressive labor code.

Question 47

Describe the relationship between Latin America and the United States.What are the positive or negative aspects of the United States' intervention in Latin American countries? Was the relationship exploitative in nature? What are the issues that have historically shaped the relationship between Mexico and the United States? How,if at all,has that relationship changed in recent decades?

Question 48

Why was the emancipation of the slaves delayed until 1888 in Brazil? What role did the slave trade have on the overall economic structure of the country? After emancipation,did the economic structure change significantly? Were there any other changes that resulted from emancipation?

Question 49

Why did industrialization not develop in Latin America as it did in Europe and in the United States? What role did the price of land play in this process? Why was foreign capital not used to build an industrial base in any of the countries? What were the major commodities exported from Latin America after 1850?

Question 50

The construction of Brasília

Question 51

What was the role of the caudillo in developing Latin American governments after independence? Why did the army and the landowners support these figures? Why did democratic governments fail to develop in the region?

Question 52

What are the three major reasons that historians have put forth to explain why Latin America has developed differently from other parts of the West? Which of these arguments do you find most convincing and why?

Question 53

Describe the political development from independence to 1945 of two of the following three countries: Brazil,Argentina,and Mexico.How were they similar and how did they differ?

Question 54

How did Latin American elites justify the exploitation of mestizos,Indians,and blacks? What are the ideological foundations of this exploitation? What was the role of liberalism and positivism in developing policies designed to keep non-whites under social and economic submission?

Question 55

What is the role of the military in Argentine politics? Did the role of the military change from the 19th century to the 20th? What motivated army officers to intervene in politics? What effect did army intervention have upon Argentine democracy?

Question 56

The most important political force in Mexico since the time of the Revolution is the

A)its language and colonial heritage were different.
B)it had a relatively stable monarchical government.
C)it had a more diversified economic base.
D)it retained the institution of slavery the longest.

Question 57

Compare and contrast the governments of Vargas and Perón.Were there ideological similarities between the two leaders? Did similar circumstances propel them to power? How successful were they?

Question 58

The rule of Getulio Vargas was a major turning point in Brazilian history for all of the following reasons except

A)was no longer practiced elsewhere in the world.
B)produced grave social inequality.
C)was an immoral and unchristian institution.
D)was not an efficient use of labor.

Question 59

What effect did World War I have on the major countries of South America? What changes did the respective countries make to their governments and their economies following World War I? Overall,do you think that the war had a largely positive or negative impact on South America?