Deck 21: Univariate Statistical Analysis

Question 1

Statistical power is how much ability exists to find a significant effect using a specific statistical tool.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A larger sample reduces the chance of a Type II error and increases statistical power.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In practical terms,researchers state only the substantive (i.e. ,alternative)hypothesis implying what is expected to be observed in the sample.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A Type I error occurs when you fail to reject the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is true.

Question 5

The two major groupings of statistical procedures are parametric statistics and nonparametric statistics.

Question 6

A Type II error occurs when you reject the null hypothesis when,in fact,it is true.

Question 7

Parametric statistics are based on the assumption that the data in the study are drawn from a population with a normal (bell-shaped)distribution and/or normal sampling distribution.

Question 8

Monovariate statistical analysis tests hypotheses involving only one variable.

Question 9

Nonparametric statistical tests are frequently referred to as "distribution free."

Question 10

A rule of thumb is that statistical power should be 0.95.

Question 11

The term p-value stands for power-value.

Question 12

The exact point where the hypothesis changes from not being support to being supported depends on how much risk the researcher is willing to accept and on the variability of the measure.

Question 13

The researcher's hypothesis is generally stated in the form of a null hypothesis.

Question 14

You have not made a mistake if the null hypothesis is false,and you decide to reject the null hypothesis.

Question 15

In hypothesis testing,the values of t that lie on the boundary of the region of rejection are called the critical values.

Question 16

The scale of measurement used by the researcher determines the allowable statistical techniques in the research study.

Question 17

A significance level is a critical probability associated with a statistical hypothesis test that indicates how likely it is that an inference supporting a difference between an observed value and some statistical expectation is true.

Question 18

Nominal scales typically use parametric statistical tests.

Question 19

The researcher using sampling runs the risk of committing two types of errors: primary errors and secondary errors.

Question 20

In hypothesis testing,the symbol typically used to specify the significance level of the test is b.

Question 21

A hypothesis test of a proportion is conceptually similar to hypothesis testing when the mean is the characteristic of interest.

Question 22

The two types of errors researcher run the risk of committing when sampling are:

A)primary and secondary errors
B)Type I and Type II errors
C)critical and noncritical errors
D)Type A and Type B errors

Question 23

Alan is testing a hypothesis and is examining the data to determine whether or not the observed relationship between background music in a store and sales are significantly related.Which of the following will he use to determine the significance level of the results?

A)c
B)e
C)y-value
D)p-value

Question 24

The values that lie exactly on the boundary of the region of rejection for hypothesis-testing are called the:

A)degrees of freedom
B)critical values
C)significance level
D)confidence interval

Question 25

The logic behind the chi-square test is to compare the observed frequencies with the expected frequencies in the data set.

Question 26

In statistical testing,the significance level is commonly denoted by the symbol:

A)b
B)a
C)Zobs
D)c

Question 27

Which type of statistical analysis test hypotheses involves only one variable?

A)primary statistical analysis
B)bivariate statistical analysis
C)univariate statistical analysis
D)monovariate statistical analysis

Question 28

Which type of error occurs when the researcher concludes a relationship exists when in fact one does not exist?

A)Type I
B)Type II
C)Type A
D)Type B

Question 29

Failing to identify a hypothesized difference using a sample result when one really does exist in the population is which type of error?

A)primary
B)secondary
C)Type I
D)Type II

Question 30

The mathematical equation for statistical power is:

A)power = 1 - b
B)power = b - 1
C)power = a - b
D)power = b - a

Question 31

A univariate p-test is appropriate for testing hypotheses involving some observed mean against some specified value.

Question 32

Which of the following becomes key indicator of whether or not a hypothesis can be supported?

A)critical value
B)significance level
C)chi-square
D)degrees of freedom

Question 33

The t-test is strictly appropriate for tests involving small sample sizes with unknown standard deviations.

Question 34

Degrees of freedom are determined by the number of distinct calculations that are possible given a set of information.

Question 35

When a researcher sets an acceptable significance level a priori (a),he or she is determining how much tolerance he or she has for which type of error?

A)Type I
B)Type II
C)Type A
D)Type B

Question 36

The error caused by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is,in fact,true is called a:

A)Type II error
B)confidence level error
C)confidence interval error
D)Type I error

Question 37

If the population mean is expected to be 85 and the sample mean is 80,the sample standard deviation is 20,and the sample consists of 100 consumers,the observed value of the Z-statistic is approximately:

A)2.50
B)-10.00
C)-2.50
D)-0.25

Question 38

Which of the following is a measure of how much ability exists to find a significant effect using a specific statistical tool?

A)significance level
B)statistical power
C)statistical norm
D)alpha

Question 39

The opposite of the null hypothesis is called the ____ hypothesis.

A)pure
B)alpha
C)alternative
D)secondary

Question 40

When the probability of a Type II error is ____,the probability of a Type I error is ____.

A)reduced,increased
B)reduced;reduced
C)increased;increased
D)none of the above

Question 41

A statement which expresses the opposite of the null hypothesis is called the ____________________ hypothesis.

Question 42

Another name for an observed or computed significance level is ____________________.

Question 43

For which statistical test does the formula given below apply?

A)Z-test
B)F-test
C)Chi-square test
D)W-square

Question 44

Researchers conventionally rely on a rule of thumb that statistical power should be:

A)0.25
B)0.50
C)0.80
D)1.5

Question 45

Laura has a frequency table with the number of stores in three different categories: stand-alone,shopping center,and mall locations.Which statistical test is appropriate for testing hypothesizes she might have regarding these frequencies?

A)b test
B)X² test
C)a test
D)g test

Question 46

For a one-group t-test,the degrees of freedom are:

A)n + 1
B)n(n - 1)
C)n - 1
D)n(n + 1)

Question 47

When the data are in ____ form,and the sample size is ____,the researcher should use parametric statistical procedures.

A)nominal;large
B)ordinal;large
C)interval;large
D)nominal;small

Question 48

When a researcher wishes to analyze data that is nominal,which type of statistics is appropriate?

A)Type I
B)Type II
C)parametric
D)nonparametric

Question 49

The critical probability associated with a statistical hypothesis test that indicates how likely it is that an inference supporting a difference between an observed value and some statistical expectation is true is called ____________________.

Question 50

Selection of the appropriate statistical test to use in a research study depends on:

A)the type of research question asked
B)the number of variables
C)the measurement scale used
D)all of the above

Question 51

Suppose that a group of 100 consumers are asked to rate how much they liked the taste of a new soft drink on a 5-point scale (where 5 = good taste and 1 = poor taste)and the mean rating was 4.2 with a standard deviation of 1.48.Suppose,further,that the standard error of the mean for this study was 0.15.If you wanted to find the 95 percent confidence interval (two-tailed test),and if the Z-value at the 0.05 level of significance is 1.96,the confidence interval lies between:

A)3.91 and 4.49
B)4.17 and 4.23
C)3.98 and 4.42
D)4.00 and 5.00

Question 52

The t-distribution has a mean of ____ and a standard deviation of ____.

A)one;zero
B)zero;one
C)one;two
D)two;one

Question 53

Suppose that past research studies have found that 70 percent of a particular target market segment were aware of the Nike "swoosh" brand mark.If 65 percent of this target market in a sample of 60 people are aware of this brand mark,and if the standard error of the proportion is 0.06,the observed Z-test value is approximately:

A)-13.19
B)-0.83
C)0.83
D)13.19

Question 54

The number of observations minus the number of constraints or assumptions needed to calculate a statistical term is called:

A)statistical power
B)t-level
C)degrees of freedom
D)significance level

Question 55

Which of the following represents how well some computed table or matrix of values matches some population or predetermined table or matrix of the same size?

A)statistical power
B)Z-value
C)t-value
D)goodness-of-fit (GOF)

Question 56

Analyses that test hypotheses and models involving multiple (three or more)variables or sets of variables are referred to as ____________________ statistical analyses.

Question 57

The type of statistical analysis that deals with a hypothesis about a single variable (e.g.market share)is called ____________________ statistical analysis.

Question 58

Which type of statistics involves numbers with known,continuous distributions?

A)Type I
B)Type II
C)parametric
D)nonparametric

Question 59

When sample size (n)is larger than ____,the t-distribution and Z-distribution are almost identical.

A)10
B)20
C)25
D)30

Question 60

In a brand awareness study of 80 consumers,52 of them were able to identify "Fusion" as a type of Ford automobile.The chi-square value for a test of this brand awareness was approximately:

A)2.30
B)7.20
C)0.60
D)3.60

Question 61

The appropriate test to use when testing hypotheses involving an observed mean against some specified value is the univariate ____________________.

Question 62

When the researcher does not know how the data are distributed,the researcher should use ____________________ methods of statistics in analyzing the data.

Question 63

The error caused by rejecting the null hypothesis when,in fact,it is true is called a(n)____________________ error.

Question 64

Describe the chi-square test for goodness-of-fit and explain when it is the appropriate test.

Question 65

Explain the appropriate statistical analysis for the following hypothesis:
H₁: The average household income in zip code 71227 is greater than $50,000.

Question 66

Compare and contrast parametric statistics and nonparametric statistics.

Question 67

The error caused by failing to reject the null hypothesis when,in fact,the alternative hypothesis is true is called a(n)____________________ error.

Question 68

A general term representing how well some computed table or matrix of values matches some population or predetermined table or matrix of the same size is ____________________.

Question 69

When the data are interval or ratio scaled and the sample size is large,____________________ statistical procedures are appropriate.

Question 70

The symmetrical,bell-shaped distribution that has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one is called the ____________________.

Question 71

____________________ is a measure of how much ability exists to find a significant effect using a specific statistical tool and is equal to 1 -b.

Question 72

In hypothesis testing,the number of observations minus the number of constraints needed to calculate a statistical term is called the ____________________

Question 73

Compare and contrast Type I errors and Type II errors and explain which one is of more concern to researchers.

Question 74

List the factors to consider when choosing the appropriate statistical technique.

Question 75

In hypothesis testing,the values that lie exactly on the boundary of the region of rejection are referred to as the ____________________ values.