Deck 16: Nutritional Aspects of Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Question 1

During the second trimester,a pregnant woman needs an additional _______ kcal per day.

A) 100
B) 350
C) 450
D) 500

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Infants born after 37 weeks' gestation and weighing less than 5½ pounds are labeled

A) usual birth weight.
B) premature.
C) typical.
D) small for gestational age.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT true about the placenta?

A) It provides nourishment to the zygote.
B) It synthesizes fatty acids, cholesterol, and glycogen.
C) It produces hormones that affect the mother and fetus.
D) It grows throughout pregnancy.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

On average,a full-term infant at birth

A) weighs 5 to 6 pounds and is about 18 inches long.
B) weighs 7 to 8 pounds and is about 20 inches long.
C) weighs 8 to 9 pounds and is about 26 inches long.
D) weighs 9 to 10 pounds and is about 22 inches long.

Question 5

Maternal nutrient deficiencies or exposure to toxins can cause _____ in the fetus.

A) toxic levels of nutrient stores
B) high birth weight
C) abnormal organ function
D) longer than normal gestation period.

Question 6

The fetus receives nourishment through

A) the placenta.
B) amniotic fluid.
C) antibodies.
D) meconium.

Question 7

About 1 in _____ pregnancies results in a spontaneous abortion,often before a woman even realizes she is pregnant.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 8

Neural tube defects may occur when women consume too little ____ before becoming pregnant.

A) iron
B) calcium
C) folate
D) zinc

Question 9

Serious fetal malformations may occur when pregnant women consume very large doses of vitamin

A) K.
B) C.
C) B-12.
D) A.

Question 10

The fetus accumulates most of its body fat and mineral stores

A) during the first trimester.
B) during the second trimester.
C) during the third trimester.
D) at any time during development.

Question 11

After the eighth week of pregnancy,the developing offspring is known as

A) a zygote.
B) an embryo.
C) a fetus.
D) an ovum.

Question 12

A low birth weight infant weighs

A) less than 7.5 pounds.
B) less than 7 pounds.
C) less than 6 pounds.
D) less than 5.5 pounds.

Question 13

A small-for-gestational-age (SGA)infant

A) weighs less than 5.5 pounds.
B) is likely to have nutritional complications.
C) is likely to have medical complications.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 14

The time to focus on nutrition and pregnancy is

A) during childbearing years.
B) immediately after conception.
C) during the first trimester.
D) during the second trimester.

Question 15

Severe zinc deficiencies during pregnancy can cause

A) premature birth.
B) fetal growth retardation.
C) birth defects.
D) All of these are effects of zinc deficiencies during pregnancy.

Question 16

A characteristic of a favorable pregnancy outcome is

A) a gestation period longer than 37 weeks.
B) a live, healthy infant.
C) an infant who weighs at least 5.5 pounds.
D) All of these are characteristics of a successful pregnancy.

Question 17

Excessive calorie intake during pregnancy can result in a fetus that

A) has a high birth weight.
B) suffers from cretinism.
C) has decreased bone density.
D) has thyroid disorders.

Question 18

For the pregnant woman,the RDA for protein increases by ___ over prepregnancy needs.

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 20%
D) 50%

Question 19

During the first two weeks after conception,the developing offspring is known as

A) a zygote.
B) an embryo.
C) a fetus.
D) an ovum.

Question 20

A newborn's chances of survival are most influenced by

A) the mother's prepregnancy weight.
B) gestation length.
C) the mother's weight gain during pregnancy.
D) the infant's length at birth.

Question 21

During pregnancy,women should try to ________ each day.

A) drink 3 cups of milk or milk products
B) eat 4 cups of fruits
C) minimize intake of strong tasting vegetables to 1 serving
D) restrict their protein intake

Question 22

Obese pregnant women have an increased risk for

A) low blood pressure.
B) gestational diabetes.
C) ketosis.
D) inadequate placenta development.

Question 23

Spina bifida and anencephaly are examples of neural tube defects.Women who have had a pregnancy resulting in the birth of an infant with a neural tube defect are being urged to take supplements of ________ before a second conception to decrease the risk of these birth defects.

A) vitamin B-12
B) folic acid
C) iron and zinc
D) extra dietary protein

Question 24

An increased requirement for _________ during pregnancy is partly due to its role in the synthesis of red blood cells.

A) vitamin E
B) vitamin K
C) folate
D) calcium

Question 25

Women who begin pregnancy underweight have an increased risk for

A) low blood pressure.
B) gestational diabetes.
C) ketosis.
D) poor nutrient stores.

Question 26

A pregnant woman who is a vegan needs to take ______ nutrient supplements.

A) vitamin E and riboflavin
B) calcium and iron
C) protein and vitamin A
D) thiamin and vitamin C

Question 27

Women who begin pregnancy at a low BMI should gain about ___ pounds during pregnancy.

A) 15
B) 15 to 25
C) 25 to 35
D) 28 to 40

Question 28

Physiological anemia that occurs during pregnancy

A) is the same as iron deficiency anemia.
B) is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin B-12.
C) occurs because the plasma expands more than the number of red blood cells.
D) signals grave danger for the mother.

Question 29

The RDA for iron during pregnancy increases greatly.To reach this level the pregnant woman may

A) need to take a low-dose iron supplement.
B) need to double or triple the number of multivitamin-mineral tablets taken every day.
C) need to do all her cooking in iron cookware.
D) need to increase her intake of iron-rich fruits and vegetables.

Question 30

Which condition increases the risk of a poor pregnancy outcome?

A) young maternal age
B) fasting during pregnancy
C) food contaminants
D) eating disorders
E) All of these responses are correct.

Question 31

The practice of eating non-food substances,such as clay or laundry starch,during pregnancy is called

A) hyperemesis.
B) pica.
C) pregnancy-induced hunger.
D) diuresis.

Question 32

During pregnancy,women who are ____ should take a multivitamin and mineral supplement.

A) teenagers
B) vegans
C) low-income
D) smokers
E) All of these responses are accurate.

Question 33

An infant's birth weight is closely related to

A) gestation length.
B) mother's prepregnancy weight.
C) weight the mother gains during pregnancy.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 34

For the best pregnancy outcome,overweight women (BMI > 26 to 29)should

A) not gain any weight during pregnancy.
B) gain slightly more weight than women who begin pregnancy at a healthy weight.
C) gain about 15 to 25 pounds during pregnancy.
D) lose at least 4 or 5 pounds during pregnancy.

Question 35

Which component of weight gain accounts for the greatest amount of increased weight during pregnancy?

A) Infant
B) Placenta
C) Amniotic fluid
D) Breast tissue
E) Maternal blood supply

Question 36

Maternal iron deficiency anemia can cause

A) premature birth.
B) infant death.
C) labor complications.
D) All of these are effects of iron deficiency.

Question 37

Under what conditions is the use of nutrient supplements advisable?

A) Adolescent pregnancy
B) Multiple fetuses
C) Poverty
D) Inadequate maternal diet
E) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 38

Adolescents often have smaller babies than mature women.They are advised to gain more weight during pregnancy to

A) provide calories needed for the infant to be larger than normal at birth.
B) avoid ketosis.
C) meet the mother's growth needs.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 39

Women who begin pregnancy at a normal BMI should gain about ____ pounds during pregnancy.

A) 15
B) 15 to 25
C) 25 to 35
D) 28 to 40

Question 40

The physiological anemia of pregnancy is a result of

A) an increase in the mother's blood volume.
B) a decrease in the mother's iron absorption.
C) a decrease in the mother's water consumption.
D) a decrease in the mother's red blood cell production.

Question 41

The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes can be fatal to the developing fetus.What foods are possible sources of this bacterium and should be avoided by pregnant women?

A) Pasteurized milk
B) Yogurt
C) Brie and blue-veined cheeses
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 42

To avoid constipation,pregnant women should increase intake of

A) milk and dairy products.
B) whole-grain bread, bran, and fruits.
C) sugars and starches.
D) lean meat, poultry, and fish.

Question 43

To keep gestational diabetes under control,recommendations for pregnant women include

A) exercise.
B) eating high glycemic load carbohydrates through the day.
C) taking chromium supplements.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 44

Gestational diabetes

A) is a normal and expected condition seen during pregnancy.
B) occurs because of the increase in maternal body weight that occurs during pregnancy.
C) can develop into a deadly condition called eclampsia.
D) is most common in women with a family history of diabetes.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 45

Pregnancy-induced hypertension

A) is a normal and expected condition seen during pregnancy.
B) occurs because of the increase in maternal plasma that occurs during pregnancy.
C) can develop into a deadly condition called eclampsia.
D) is also called hemodilution.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Question 46

WIC aims to provide

A) nutrition education.
B) nutritional care.
C) nutritious food.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 47

To reduce heartburn symptoms,pregnant women should

A) exercise right after meals.
B) eat larger meals in the morning.
C) limit caffeine and chocolate intake.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 48

Which of the following factors may deplete a woman's nutrient stores?

A) numerous previous pregnancies
B) preterm births
C) pregnancies after age 35
D) pregnancies more than 3 years apart

Question 49

WIC serves low-income

A) children up to the age of 5.
B) newborns and infants.
C) pregnant mothers.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 50

Decreased learning capacity in childhood has been linked to exposure to ____ during fetal life.

A) excessive calcium
B) alcohol
C) inadequate vitamin C
D) inadequate vitamin D

Question 51

The ability to produce milk is affected by the hormone

A) prolactin.
B) estrogen.
C) progesterone.
D) insulin.
E) thyroxine.

Question 52

A maternal practice that can be harmful to the fetus is

A) a low-carbohydrate diet.
B) fasting.
C) smoking.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 53

To minimize nausea during pregnancy,pregnant women should

A) wear strong perfume.
B) drink a large glass of cool water before getting out of bed in the morning.
C) breathe warm, moist air.
D) None of these responses are accurate.

Question 54

Heavy caffeine intake during pregnancy may

A) decrease iron absorption.
B) increase risk for spontaneous abortion late in the first trimester or during the second trimester.
C) increase risk for low birth weight.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 55

Which of these conditions indicates that a woman needs to pay particular attention to the quality of her diet during pregnancy?

A) eating disorders
B) phenylketonuria
C) diabetes
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 56

Edema during late pregnancy is a problem if

A) hypertension is detected.
B) excess protein is found in the urine.
C) extreme fluid retention occurs.
D) All of these choices are correct.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Question 57

The let-down reflex in breastfeeding is controlled by

A) oxytocin.
B) prolactin.
C) estrogen.
D) progesterone.
E) secretin.

Question 58

Exposure to alcohol during fetal life may cause

A) inadequate prenatal and infant growth.
B) physical deformities.
C) mental retardation.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 59

A characteristic of preeclampsia is

A) blurred vision.
B) low blood pressure.
C) headaches.
D) strong feelings of thirst.
E) blurred vision and headaches.

Question 60

Participation in WIC is associated with

A) fewer infant deaths.
B) lower birth weights.
C) higher medical costs after birth.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 61

Additional energy requirements for lactation are approximately _______ kcal per day.

A) 100 - 200
B) 250 - 350
C) 400 - 500
D) 550 - 650

Question 62

The first fluid secreted by the mother's breast after giving birth is called

A) colostrum.
B) prolactin.
C) lactalbumin.
D) mature milk.

Question 63

Consuming alcohol while breastfeeding

A) is recommended to help mothers relax.
B) increases milk output.
C) causes babies to have disrupted sleep patterns.
D) causes babies to drink more milk.

Question 64

Preterm infants are born before 39 weeks of gestation.

Question 65

The let-down reflex is inhibited by

A) feeling confident and relaxed.
B) nervous tension.
C) a sleepy baby.
D) All of these responses are correct.

Question 66

The placenta's size and ability to support fetal growth depend on the mother's nutritional status.

Question 67

Compared to pregnancy,the RDA for nutrients changes during lactation

A) only for energy.
B) only for protein and energy.
C) for many nutrients, but not proportionately.
D) None of these responses are correct; nutrient needs during lactation are the same as during pregnancy.

Question 68

Poor maternal nutrient intakes are linked with low birth weights.

Question 69

Low birth weight infants have a greater risk for chronic disease in adult life.

Question 70

Breastfeeding is NOT recommended when mothers

A) have colds.
B) are undergoing chemotherapy for treatment of cancer.
C) have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
D) are undergoing chemotherapy or have HIV infection.

Question 71

Women are more likely to choose to breastfeed their infants if they

A) know the advantages of breastfeeding.
B) have a supportive partner.
C) deliver babies in a hospital that supports breastfeeding.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 72

A nursing infant is getting enough milk if the infant

A) has 3 - 4 wet diapers per day.
B) shows normal weight gain.
C) does not spit up after being fed.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 73

Low maternal calorie intakes are linked with low birth weights.

Question 74

To produce human milk,a lactating woman needs

A) 100 - 200 extra kcal per day above prepregnancy needs.
B) twice as much dietary protein as needed during pregnancy.
C) an extra 32 ounces of fluid daily.
D) twice as much dietary iron as needed during pregnancy.
E) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 75

Most critical periods occur during the second trimester of pregnancy.

Question 76

Insufficient intake of protein during pregnancy is very common in the U.S.

Question 77

A benefit of breastfeeding for mothers is

A) reduced risk for ovarian cancer.
B) less postpartum bleeding.
C) weight loss.
D) All of these responses are correct.

Question 78

A factor in human milk that helps prevent the growth of some harmful bacteria in an infant's intestinal tract is

A) lactase.
B) albumin.
C) let-down reflex.
D) Lactobacillus bifidus factor.

Question 79

Proportionally,a pregnant woman's calorie needs increase much more than her nutrient needs.

Question 80

A developing offspring's cells have separated into a stack of 3 layers (mesoderm,endoderm,and ectoderm)when the zygote stage ends.