Deck 12: Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

Excess amounts of most fat-soluble vitamins are

A) stored in the liver or adipose tissue.
B) excreted via the kidneys.
C) stored in the pancreas.
D) all of the above are correct.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When viewing items at night or in very dim light,light strikes the retina of the eyes

A) and causes the retinal to change from its cis form to its trans form.
B) and splits the rhodopsin into opsin and all-trans-retinal.
C) to trigger an electrical signal along the optic nerve.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In the intestinal cells,

A) vitamin A, as retinal, is converted to beta-carotene.
B) carotenes are split by an intestinal enzyme to form vitamin
C) excess vitamin A is carried to the kidney for excretion.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Beta-carotene is also called

A) provitamin
B) retinal or retinol.
C) calcitriol.
D) rhodopsin.

Question 5

Mucus-forming cells in the body deteriorate and can no longer produce mucus when there is a deficiency of

A) vitamin D.
B) beta-carotene.
C) vitamin K.
D) vitamin A.

Question 6

Retinal,retinol,and retinoic acid are all forms of

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin K.
C) vitamin D.
D) vitamin E.

Question 7

A deficiency of vitamin A can lead to development of a condition called

A) xerophthalmia.
B) osteomalacia.
C) jaundice.
D) scurvy.

Question 8

Of the following,the best source of provitamin A is

A) fried liver.
B) baked sweet potato.
C) fresh bananas.
D) soybeans.

Question 9

Of the following,the best source of preformed vitamin A is

A) fried liver.
B) sautéed spinach.
C) fresh mango.
D) cheddar cheese.

Question 10

The yellow-orange coloring of carotenoid-rich dark green vegetables is masked by the pigment

A) lycopene.
B) chlorophyll.
C) beta-carotene.
D) alpha-carotene.

Question 11

Excess amounts of most water-soluble vitamins are

A) stored in the adipose tissue.
B) readily excreted.
C) stored in the liver.
D) often toxic.

Question 12

In children,a severe deficiency of vitamin A often results in

A) scurvy.
B) night blindness.
C) insufficient blood clotting.
D) microcytic anemia.

Question 13

Rhodopsin,the visual pigment in the retina of the eye,is regenerated when opsin combines with

A) retinoic acid.
B) 11-cis retinal.
C) 13-cis-retinol.
D) beta-carotene.

Question 14

Some scientists believe that vitamin D recommendation should be much higher than currently set.

Question 15

Beta-carotene

A) can be converted to vitamin A in the body.
B) can be converted to vitamin E in the body.
C) is a classified as a retinoid.
D) is toxic when consumed in excess amounts.

Question 16

After absorption,the fat-soluble vitamins are distributed to body cells by

A) free fatty acids.
B) lipases.
C) mucopolysaccharides.
D) lipoproteins.

Question 17

Nutrients most likely to cause toxicity if consumed in excessive amounts include

A) vitamin B-12 and vitamin K.
B) vitamin D and riboflavin.
C) vitamin A and vitamin D.
D) vitamin A and vitamin E.

Question 18

Which of the following does NOT describe a vitamin?

A) They are essential organic substances.
B) They are fat- or water-soluble.
C) They are needed in relatively small amounts.
D) They provide a rich source of energy.

Question 19

A leading cause of blindness in the world today (excluding accidents)is a dietary deficiency of

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin D.
C) vitamin E.
D) vitamin K.

Question 20

When consumed in recommended amounts,approximately ________ of fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed.

A) 1-5%
B) 5-20%
C) 10-35%
D) 40-90%

Question 21

In North America,population groups at increased risk of vitamin A deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT

A) college-aged diabetics.
B) alcoholics with liver disease.
C) those with GI diseases that prevent fat absorption.
D) low birth weight, premature infants.

Question 22

What vitamin would most likely lead to death in both deficient and toxic levels?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin E
D) vitamin B-12

Question 23

Vitamin A deficiency is characterized by the

A) inability to produce insulin.
B) failure to form blood clots.
C) inability to adapt quickly to changes in light intensity.
D) production of excessive amounts of collagen.

Question 24

Vitamin D deficiency can result in poorly mineralized bone.The resulting disease is called

A) osteoporosis.
B) osteomalacia.
C) osteoarthritis.
D) osteopenia.

Question 25

Which statement correctly describes vitamin A?

A) Vitamin A is carried from the liver by retinol-binding protein and transthyretin in the blood.
B) Nearly all cells have vitamin-A binding retinoid receptors.
C) Within a cell, vitamin A is involved in gene expression and cell differentiation.
D) All of the above statements are correct.

Question 26

Vitamin A supplements are not necessary for most adult Americans as they have significant reserves in

A) the eye.
B) the skin.
C) the kidney.
D) the liver.

Question 27

Vitamin D is sometimes called the sunshine vitamin because

A) it is available in fresh orange juice.
B) exposure to sunlight converts a precursor form to vitamin D.
C) it can be destroyed by exposure to sunlight.
D) it is the yellow-orange color of the sun.

Question 28

Healthy,light-skinned individuals can make sufficient vitamin D to meet the body's needs with about ________ of sun exposure on their face,arms,and hands 2 or 3 times per week.

A) 15 minutes
B) 60 minutes
C) 90 minutes
D) 120 minutes

Question 29

The biochemical functions of vitamin A include all of the following except:

A) controlling vision in dim and bright light.
B) development and maintenance of mucus-forming cells.
C) cell differentiation.
D) coenzyme synthesis.

Question 30

A potential danger of using oral Accutane for acne is that it

A) can cause spontaneous abortion and birth defects.
B) can cause blindness if used for over a year.
C) may lead to atherosclerosis.
D) can lead to osteomalacia.

Question 31

Vitamin A toxicity is known to cause all of the following EXCEPT

A) birth defects.
B) permanent damage to the liver.
C) kidney disease.
D) death.

Question 32

The maintenance of mucus-forming cells depends on adequate amounts of

A) vitamin D.
B) vitamin C.
C) vitamin A.
D) vitamin K.

Question 33

A derivative of vitamin A,13-cis-retinoic acid (Accutane),is used to

A) prevent xerophthalmia.
B) treat serious cases of acne.
C) treat hypercarotenemia.
D) prevent skin cancer.

Question 34

Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of body levels of

A) cholesterol.
B) calcium.
C) prothrombin.
D) potassium.

Question 35

Functions of vitamin D include

A) prevention of scurvy.
B) antioxidant activity.
C) glucose regulation.
D) absorption of calcium.

Question 36

The nutrient that can be considered both a vitamin and a hormone is vitamin

A) E.
B) K.
C) D.
D) A.

Question 37

The most likely cause of a vitamin A toxicity would be

A) consuming large amounts of dark green and yellow vegetables.
B) eating sautéed liver and onions twice a week.
C) consuming high levels of vitamin A supplements.
D) drinking carrot juice twice a day.

Question 38

The current RDA for vitamin A is expressed in

A) Beta Carotene International Units (BCIU).
B) Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE).
C) Alpha-Tocopherol Equivalents (ATE)
D) None of these answers are correct.

Question 39

The main active form of vitamin D in the body is

A) calcitriol.
B) retinal.
C) cholecalciferol.
D) calcitonin.

Question 40

Children eating large amounts of carrots can develop

A) hyperactivity.
B) hypercarotenemia.
C) hyperglycemia.
D) vitamin A toxicity.

Question 41

Vitamin D deficiency in adults is called

A) osteoporosis.
B) osteomalacia.
C) rickets.
D) hypocalcemia.

Question 42

Individuals at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT

A) elderly adults living in nursing homes.
B) dark-skinned children with limited outdoor activity.
C) young adults who eat high amounts of fatty fish and fish oils.
D) individuals with diseases of fat-malabsorption.

Question 43

Individuals taking daily aspirin or anticoagulation medications should avoid excess intakes of

A) beta-carotene.
B) vitamin E.
C) vitamin D.
D) lycopene.

Question 44

As calcium levels in the blood drop below normal,____________ is released to increase the synthesis of calcitriol.

A) calcitonin
B) thyroid hormone
C) parathyroid hormone
D) secretin

Question 45

Which vitamin deficiency leads to hemolytic anemia?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin D
C) vitamin E
D) vitamin K

Question 46

A primary function of vitamin E is to serve as

A) a coenzyme.
B) an antioxidant.
C) a hormone.
D) a peroxide.

Question 47

Vitamin E is carried to the liver and other tissues by

A) albumin.
B) hemoglobin.
C) lipoproteins.
D) retinol-binding proteins.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT involved in antioxidant defense?

A) glutathione peroxidase
B) superoxide dismutase
C) catalase
D) hydrogen peroxide

Question 49

Vitamin D synthesis in the skin is affected by all of the following EXCEPT

A) use of sunscreen.
B) skin color.
C) geographic location.
D) All of these factors can affect vitamin D synthesis.

Question 50

Vitamin E is a family of compounds comprised of the

A) 4 tocopherols.
B) 4 tocotrienols.
C) 4 triglycerides.
D) 4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols.

Question 51

In children,bowed legs,an enlarged head,rib cage,and knee joints,and a deformed pelvis are symptoms of

A) rickets.
B) xerophthalmia.
C) osteopenia.
D) none of the above are correct.

Question 52

The most nutrient-dense sources of vitamin E are

A) refined grains and cereal products.
B) orange-colored fruits.
C) vegetable oils.
D) animal fats.

Question 53

A high intake of vitamin E can

A) interfere with vitamin K's blood-clotting activity.
B) result in lead poisoning.
C) inhibit copper absorption.
D) cause atherosclerosis.

Question 54

As calcitriol,vitamin D functions in calcium and bone metabolism by

A) reducing calcium excretion by the kidney.
B) regulating calcium and phosphorus absorption through the intestinal wall.
C) regulating the levels of calcium and phosphorus in bones.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 55

Calcitriol is the

A) precursor to vitamin D that is activated by sunlight.
B) plant source of vitamin D.
C) animal food source of vitamin D.
D) biologically active form of vitamin D.

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin D?

A) Maintaining phosphorus homeostasis
B) Regulating cell cycle activity
C) Promoting antioxidant activity
D) Increasing immunity against infections

Question 57

A reliable food source of vitamin D is

A) yellow-orange colored fruits.
B) dark green leafy vegetables.
C) whole grain breads.
D) fortified milk.

Question 58

Excess intake of vitamin D

A) is readily excreted.
B) can cause hypercalcemia.
C) can cause rickets.
D) can cause osteomalacia.

Question 59

Of the following population groups,those at lowest risk for vitamin E deficiency are

A) premature infants.
B) the elderly.
C) athletes.
D) smokers.

Question 60

Vitamin E functions to

A) protect cell membranes from destruction by various reducing agents.
B) protect phospholipids in cell membranes from damage by free radicals.
C) accept electrons, thus neutralizing the action of free radicals.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 61

Antibiotics and intestinal diseases can interfere with absorption of vitamin

A) A.
B) C.
C) E.
D) K.

Question 62

The family of compounds known as vitamin K include

A) phylloquinones and menaquinones.
B) tocopherols and tocotrienols.
C) retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid.
D) cholecalciferol and calcitriol.

Question 63

The most nutrient-dense food sources of vitamin K are

A) green leafy vegetables.
B) whole grain breads and cereals.
C) nuts and seeds.
D) oysters and shellfish.

Question 64

Vitamin K deficiency is most likely to result from

A) insufficient sunlight.
B) kidney disease.
C) insufficient intake of diary products.
D) antibiotic therapy.

Question 65

Newborns usually receive an injection of vitamin _________ to protect them against deficiency until the gastrointestinal tract has matured.

A) A
B) D
C) B
D) K

Question 66

Vegans may require supplements of calcium,zinc,iron,and vitamin B-12 to prevent deficiencies.

Question 67

An important role of vitamin K is the synthesis of

A) alpha-tocopherol.
B) rhodopsin.
C) calcitriol.
D) prothrombin.

Question 68

An Upper Level has been set for vitamin K to protect against the significant risk of toxicity.

Question 69

Individuals with lactose intolerance or milk allergies may need calcium and vitamin D supplements.

Question 70

Supplement manufacturers can make unproven claims with regard to conditions that are not diseases.

Question 71

People who smoke likely need more vitamin E than nonsmokers.

Question 72

A nutrient synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine is vitamin

A) E.
B) D.
C) A.
D) K.

Question 73

Natural vitamins are usually superior to synthetic vitamins.

Question 74

One means of detecting a vitamin K deficiency is to measure how quickly prothrombin in the blood can form a clot.

Question 75

When taken in megadoses,vitamins may act like drugs.

Question 76

Vitamin K adds carbon dioxide to glutamic acid to promote

A) muscle contraction.
B) blood clotting.
C) glucose homeostasis.
D) red blood cell formation.

Question 77

Dietary supplements can fully compensate for nutritionally poor diets.

Question 78

The nutrient essential for the synthesis of blood clotting factors is vitamin

A) A.
B) D.
C) E.
D) K.

Question 79

Dietary supplements are tightly regulated by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA).

Question 80

Supplements of bee pollen,lecithin,and inositol are often recommended by dietitians for weight loss.