Deck 11: Basic Data Analysis for Quantitative Research

Question 1

Variance is:

A) the average squared deviations about the mean of a distribution of values.
B) an empirically testable statement that is an unproven supposition developed in order to explain certain phenomena.
C) a statement that asserts the status quo; that is, any change from what has been thought to be True is due to random sampling order.
D) a statement that is the opposite of the null hypothesis.
E) the error made by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is True.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Researchers use analysis of variance to determine the:

A) average distance of distribution values from the mean.
B) distance between the smallest and largest values in a set of responses.
C) statistical difference between three or more means.
D) average value within a distribution.
E) value that appears in a distribution most often.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following statements is True about the t-test?

A) The t-test provides a mathematical way of determining if the difference between two sample means has occurred by chance.
B) The larger the value of the standard error of the difference between two means, the larger the value of t.
C) The t-test cannot be used when the population standard deviation is unknown.
D) In order to conduct a t-test, the sample size should be larger than 30.
E) The t-test cannot be used for interval or ratio data.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is True of the median?

A) It cannot be determined for data that are skewed to either the right or left.
B) It is the distance between the smallest and largest values in a set of responses.
C) It is the value that appears in a distribution most often.
D) If the number of data observations is even, the median is generally considered to be the average of the first and last values.
E) It is especially useful as a measure of central tendency for ordinal data.

Question 5

The mean is best defined as the:

A) value that appears in a distribution most often.
B) distance between the smallest and largest values in a set of responses.
C) arithmetic average of a sample.
D) middle value of a rank-ordered distribution.
E) most common value in the set of responses to a question.

Question 6

If the between-group variance is 3 and the within-group variance is 2, then the F ratio is:

A) 1.
B) 0.67.
C) 5.
D) 1.5.
E) 0.06.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the Chi-square test is True?

A) Chi-square analysis compares the observed frequencies of responses with the expected frequencies.
B) When the differences between observed and expected frequencies are large, one must accept the null hypothesis.
C) The larger the Chi-square, the less likely it is that the two variables that are measured are related.
D) The expected frequencies in Chi-square cannot be calculated theoretically.
E) Categorical data from questions about sex, education, or other nominal variables cannot be tested with this statistic.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of an independent sample?

A) The average number of energy drinks consumed per day by a group of male students is compared to the average number of energy drinks consumed per day by the general population.
B) Male students are compared to female students on the average number of hours they study each weekday.
C) The average amount spent on fashion magazines per month by a group of teenagers is compared to the average amount spent on sports magazines per month by the same group of teenagers.
D) The average amount spent on purchasing cosmetics by women in their early 30s to the average amount they spend on purchasing fashion accessories.
E) The time spent by a group of female students in the library is compared to the time spent by them in the cafeteria.

Question 9

A researcher is told that the average age of respondents in a survey is 49 years. She is interested in finding out if most respondents are close to 49 years old. The measure that would most accurately answer this question is:

A) mean.
B) median.
C) mode.
D) range.
E) standard deviation.

Question 10

Researchers must use parametric statistics when:

A) a normal distribution can be assumed.
B) data are measured using an ordinal scale.
C) data are measured using a nominal scale.
D) qualitative analysis needs to be conducted.
E) manual data entry is not possible.

Question 11

Assume that the mean of a distribution is 10 and the standard deviation is 2. If we subtract each value in the distribution from the mean and add them up, the result would be close to:

A) 100.
B) 2.
C) 50.
D) 0.
E) 200.

Question 12

The _____ describes the average distance of distribution values from the mean.

A) standard deviation
B) arithmetic average
C) mean
D) mode
E) median

Question 13

The _____ is the middle value of a distribution when the distribution is ordered in either an ascending or a descending sequence.

A) mean
B) median
C) mode
D) average
E) variance

Question 14

Which of the following measures of central tendency is the best for nominal data?

A) Mean
B) Median
C) Mode
D) Standard deviation
E) Variance

Question 15

Which of the following statements is True of hypotheses?

A) They can be derived from current business situation but not from previous research theory.
B) They are used to validate data in the data preparation process.
C) They are used to convert measures of dispersion into measures of central tendency.
D) They are developed prior to data collection.
E) They are proven suppositions that explain facts or phenomena.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is True of the analysis of variance technique?

A) It requires that the dependent variable be metric.
B) Its null hypothesis states that there is a difference between dependent variable groups.
C) It requires that the independent variable be metric.
D) It assesses how closely the observed frequencies fit the pattern of the expected frequencies.
E) It is primarily used to design skip questions.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is True of the range?

A) It is a measure of central tendency.
B) It is the distance between the smallest and largest values in a set of responses.
C) It describes the average distance of distribution values from the mean.
D) It is the value that appears in a distribution most often.
E) It is the average squared deviation about the mean of a distribution of values.

Question 18

Which of the following is True of the mean?

A) It is a qualitative measure.
B) It is greatly affected by the addition and deletion of data.
C) It is the distance between the smallest and largest values in a set of responses.
D) It can be distorted if extreme values are included in a distribution.
E) It is the value that appears in a distribution most often.

Question 19

In the context of ANOVA, which of the following conditions implies that the chances of the differences being statistically significant are greater?

A) When the variance within groups is zero
B) When the variance across groups is very low, while the variance within groups is very high
C) When the variance across groups is the same as that within groups
D) When the variance across groups is significantly higher compared to that within groups
E) When the variance across groups is a negative integer and the variance within groups is a positive integer

Question 20

Which of the following is True of the mode?

A) It is especially useful as a measure for data that have been somehow grouped into categories.
B) It is the distance between the smallest and largest values in a set of responses.
C) It is the arithmetic average of a sample.
D) It is the middle value of a rank-ordered distribution.
E) It is unaffected by data values being added or deleted.

Question 21

The bivariate t-test does not require interval or ratio data like the univariate t-test.

Question 22

Generally, actual population parameters are unknown since the cost to perform a True census of almost any population is prohibitive.

Question 23

If the means of two groups are same, then the underlying distributions of the two groups must also be the same.

Question 24

Which of the following is True about the n-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)?

A) The use of multiple independent factors in n-way ANOVA reduces the possibility of an interaction effect.
B) It cannot analyze more than one independent variable at a particular time.
C) It is mathematically less complex than one-way ANOVA.
D) The bigger the F ratio, the lesser the difference among the means of the various groups assessed by n-way ANOVA.
E) It is a type of ANOVA that can analyze several independent variables at the same time.

Question 25

In independent samples, the questions are independent but the respondents are the same.

Question 26

If the number of data observations is odd, the median is generally considered to be the average of the first and last values.

Question 27

In the context of the chi-square test, one solution to small counts in individual cells is to collapse them into fewer cells to get larger counts.

Question 28

Measures of central tendency locate the center of a distribution.

Question 29

For interval or ratio data, the mean is appropriate, except when there are extreme values within the interval or ratio data, which are referred to as outliers.

Question 30

Perceptual mapping is a process that is used to:

A) create a three-dimensional representation of the responses of the participants in a study.
B) create a three-dimensional representation of the perceptions of researchers.
C) create a one-dimensional representation of the responses of the participants in a study.
D) develop maps that show the perceptions of respondents in a study.
E) develop maps that show the null hypothesis related to a study.

Question 31

Univariate statistics use several variables at a time to generalize about a population from a sample.

Question 32

Chi-square analysis enables researchers to test for statistical significance between the frequency distributions of two or more nominally scaled variables in a cross-tabulation table to determine if there is any association between the variables.

Question 33

Which of the following statements about the Scheffé test is correct?

A) If the difference between each pair of means falls inside the range of the confidence interval, then the null hypothesis is rejected.
B) If the difference between each pair of means falls outside the range of the confidence interval, it can be concluded that the pairs of means are statistically similar.
C) It is equivalent to simultaneous two-tailed hypothesis tests.
D) The confidence intervals tend to be narrower in this method than in other methods.
E) The test identifies differences between all pairs of means at high confidence interval ranges but not at low confidence interval ranges.

Question 34

Researchers can use the Chi-square test to determine whether responses observed in a survey follow the expected pattern.

Question 35

Which of the following tests flags the means that are statistically different from each other?

A) Chi-square test
B) Pre-hoc test
C) T-test
D) F-test
E) Follow-up test

Question 36

Terenco Inc. wants to rank the popularity of the top car manufacturers in the country. In order to do this, Terenco presents a list of top car manufacturers to a test group and asks the participants to rank them based on the dimensions of reliability and luxury. Terenco then plots the opinions of the respondents on a two-dimensional graph. In this scenario, Terenco is engaging in _____.

A) perceptual mapping
B) f-testing
C) analysis of variance
D) chi-square analysis
E) regression analysis

Question 37

Univariate statistical tests are most appropriate to test hypotheses that compare the characteristics of two groups.

Question 38

In order to use the formula to calculate standard deviation, one must first calculate the mean of distribution.

Question 39

The purpose of inferential statistics is to make a determination about a population on the basis of a sample from that population.

Question 40

Cross-tabulation is one of the most complex methods for describing sets of relationships.

Question 41

How are sample statistics different from population parameters?

Question 42

A perceptual map typically has a vertical and a horizontal axis that are labeled with descriptive adjectives.

Question 43

Which test would you use to determine if the frequencies reported in cross-tabulations are statistically different?

Question 44

Discuss how standard deviation is a more comprehensive measure of dispersion than range.

Question 45

What is perceptual mapping?

Question 46

In the context of the F-test, the smaller the difference in the variance between groups, the larger the F ratio.

Question 47

When would you use ANOVA instead of a chi-square test?

Question 48

The Scheffé follow-up test identifies differences between all pairs of means at high and low confidence interval ranges.

Question 49

When one independent variable is studied across three or more groups, it is referred to as a one-way ANOVA.

Question 50

Perceptual maps are visual representations of respondents' perceptions of a company, product, service, brand, or any other object in three dimensions.