Deck 3: Radiation From the Sun

Question 1

The Montreal protocol is a

A)treaty to protect against global warming.
B)treaty to reduce the amount of CFCs produced in the world.
C)list of substitutes for CFCs.
D)way to destroy CFCs in the stratosphere.

Answer 1

treaty to reduce the amount of CFCs produced in the world.

Question 2

Which is correct?

A)Ozone forms by combining an oxygen atom with an oxygen molecule
B)There is a dynamic steady state of ozone in the stratosphere
C)UV radiation will dissociate ozone into an oxygen atom and an oxygen molecule
D)All of these choices are correct

Answer 2

All of these choices are correct

Question 3

As the ozone hole gets more pronounced,with time,one expects the incidence of skin cancer to

A)decrease worldwide.
B)increase worldwide.
C)increase in the northern hemisphere and decrease in the southern hemisphere.
D)decrease in the northern hemisphere and decrease in the northern hemisphere.

Answer 3

increase worldwide.

Question 4

Wavelength is the

A)number of waves passing a fixed point in one second.
B)height of the wave.
C)distance between successive peaks in a wave.
D)distance between a peak of one wave and the next trough.

Question 5

When it reaches its largest size,the ozone hole over the Antarctic is

A)about as large as North America.
B)about the same size as France.
C)smaller than Iceland.
D)about the same size as Canada.

Question 6

Which is the correct Lewis structure?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 7

Increasing wavelength of light goes in this order.

A)Ultraviolet > visible > infrared
B)Visible > infrared > ultraviolet
C)Infrared > visible > ultraviolet
D)Ultraviolet > infrared > visible

Question 8

During the Antarctic spring,ozone is destroyed at a greater rate than it is formed

A)on the surface of atmospheric ice crystals.
B)in a process that is catalytic.
C)in polar stratospheric clouds.
D)All of these choices are correct

Question 9

The speed of light in air

A)depends only on the frequency of the light.
B)depends only on the wavelength of light.
C)is independent of the wavelength and frequency of light.
D)depends on both the wavelength and the frequency of light.

Question 10

When only one pair of shared electrons is involved in a covalent bond,the linkage is called a bond.

A)triple
B)single
C)double
D)resonant

Question 11

Ozone in our atmosphere is important because it

A)absorbs some UV radiation.
B)helps trees grow.
C)reacts with excess CO₂.
D)reflects IR radiation.

Question 12

Which statement is correct?

A)UV-A is the most energetic of the three forms of UV light
B)UV-B is the most energetic of the three forms of UV light
C)UV-C is the most energetic of the three forms of UV light
D)UV-A,UV-B,and UV-C are equally energetic

Question 13

Which contributes to the ozone hole?

A)Automobile exhaust
B)Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
C)Loss of northern forests
D)All of these choices are correct

Question 14

HFCs may be used to replace CFCs.Which compound is a HFC?

A)CH₂Cl-CCl₂F
B)CH₂FCl
C)CF₃CH₂F
D)CHClF₂

Question 15

In Earth's atmosphere,where is the ozone layer?

A)Troposphere
B)Biosphere
C)Mesosphere
D)Stratosphere

Question 16

DNA,the genetic material of living organisms,is damaged by light in the

A)visible region of the spectrum.
B)ultraviolet region,especially below a wavelength of 320 nm.
C)ultraviolet region,especially above a wavelength of 340 nm.
D)infrared region of the spectrum.

Question 17

Which color in the rainbow has the shortest wavelength?

A)Orange
B)Red
C)Yellow
D)Blue

Question 18

The ozone hole is most prominent on the Earth over

A)North America.
B)Europe.
C)Africa.
D)Antarctica.

Question 19

What is the relationship between stratospheric levels of atomic chlorine and ozone?

A)As chlorine increases,ozone increases
B)As chlorine increases,ozone decreases
C)As chlorine changes,the effect on the ozone level is unpredictable
D)As chlorine changes,there is no effect of the ozone level

Question 20

The structure of ozone most closely resembles a

A)linear molecule with different lengths of chemical bonds,for example,
B)linear molecule with the same length of chemical bonds,for example,
C)bent molecule with different lengths of chemical bonds,for example,
D)bent molecule with the same length of chemical bonds,for example,

Question 21

UV-B radiation has a frequency of approximately 10¹⁷ s^¯1.What is the energy of a photon of this light?

A)1.99 × 10^¯42 J
B)6.63 × 10^¯17 J
C)4.19 × 10⁸ J
D)1.51 × 10⁵⁰ J

Question 22

Chlorofluorocarbons rise to the stratosphere and

A)react directly with stratospheric ozone to destroy it.
B)interact with UV energy to produce free radicals that destroy ozone.
C)interact with UV energy to produce free radicals that react with oxygen to create ozone.
D)react with free radicals to remove carbon dioxide.

Question 23

Light behaves like

A)a particle.
B)a wave.
C)both a particle and a wave.
D)neither a particle nor a wave.

Question 24

Halons differ from CFCs in that the atoms of ________ replace some ________ atoms.

A)iodine;chlorine
B)hydrogen;chlorine
C)bromine;chlorine
D)silicon;carbon

Question 25

The "ozone layer" is found

A)only around the equator.
B)in the troposphere.
C)in the stratosphere.
D)in the mesosphere.

Question 26

Which product of the ultraviolet decomposition of CFCs acts as the catalyst for ozone decomposition?

A)Oxygen atoms
B)Chlorine atoms
C)Fluorine atoms
D)Hydrogen atoms

Question 27

Which is one of the Lewis structures for ozone?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 28

WUKF FM transmits at 93.5 MHz.What is the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation that carries the station's signal?

A)6.42 × 10^¯9 m
B)3.21 m
C)3.21 × 10⁶ m
D)3.12 × 10¹⁵ m

Question 29

HCFCs have been developed to replace CFCs as refrigerants.Which property of these new compounds makes them environmentally superior to CFCs?

A)Greater reactivity leads to decomposition at elevations below the stratospheric ozone concentration maximum
B)Lower reactivity makes them stable even in the intense ultraviolet light in the stratosphere
C)Their higher molecular weight prevents them from reaching the stratosphere
D)They do not contain chlorine

Question 30

The two chemical bonds and geometry of water are best represented by

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 31

Which Lewis structure for formaldehyde (CH2O) is correct?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 32

Why are HFCs environmentally superior to the currently used HCFCs?

A)HFCs are not flammable
B)HFCs do not contain chlorine
C)HFCs are lighter and may be transported more easily
D)HFCs are less reactive than HCFCs

Question 33

Free radicals are

A)highly reactive chemical species.
B)species with unpaired electrons.
C)species such as H• and •OH.
D)All of these correctly describe free radicals

Question 34

Which region of the ultraviolet spectrum is absorbed least by the atmosphere?

A)UV-A
B)UV-B
C)UV-C
D)They are all absorbed approximately equally

Question 35

In reference to waves,frequency is the

A)number of waves passing a fixed point in one second.
B)height of the wave.
C)distance between successive peaks in a wave.
D)distance between a peak in a wave to the next trough.

Question 36

CFCs were originally developed to replace which refrigerant compound(s)?

A)Ice
B)HCFCs
C)Ammonia and sulfur dioxide
D)Propane

Question 37

Yellow light has a wavelength of 580 nm.What is the frequency of this light?

A)2.39 × 10^¯19 s^¯1
B)1.80 × 10^¯7 s^¯1
C)5.17 × 10⁵ s^¯1
D)5.17 × 10¹⁴ s^¯1

Question 38

HCFCs are a temporary solution to the problem of ozone depletion and will be replaced over the next 20 years by which class of compounds?

A)HFCs
B)CFCs
C)Halons
D)HFBCs

Question 39

Single bonds,double bonds,and triple bonds

A)have 1,2,and 3 shared electrons,respectively.
B)have 2,4,and 6 shared electrons,respectively.
C)have 3,6,and 9 shared electrons,respectively.
D)are only possible between carbon atoms.

Question 40

Decreased stratospheric ozone concentrations may lead to

A)increased incidences of melanomas.
B)harm to young marine life.
C)an increased occurrence of cataracts.
D)All of these choices are correct

Question 41

Why are HFCs inappropriate for long-term replacement of CFCs?

A)They are flammable
B)They are very toxic
C)They absorb infrared radiation
D)They are an appropriate replacement

Question 42

The morning newspaper reports a UV Index Forecast of 6.5.What precautions,if any should a fair skinned person take?

A)None
B)Only sunglasses and maybe a hat is enough
C)Reduce exposure between 10 a.m.and 4 p.m.in addition to SPF 15+ sunscreen
D)All precautions must be taken;this is an extreme UV day

Question 43

How do mineral nanoparticles in sunscreens protect from UV radiation?

A)The particles scatter incoming UV light
B)The particles absorb incoming UV light
C)The particles dissolve with incoming UV light
D)None of these choices are correct

Question 44

The O₂ molecule breaks apart at lower wavelengths than the O₃ molecule.What is the main reason for this? (Hint: Draw the Lewis structures. )

A)O₂ is more reactive than O₃
B)O₃ is more reactive than O₂
C)The average bond in O₃ is shorter and stronger than that of O₂
D)The average bond in O₂ is shorter and stronger than that of O₃

Question 45

Which compounds are used in mineral-based sunscreens?

A)ZnO and TiO₂
B)ZnO and CdS
C)TiO₂ and SiO₂
D)CdS and SiO₂

Question 46

What is the role of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) on the destruction of ozone?

A)The cold clouds react with ozone to make oxygen molecules and oxygen atoms
B)Chemical reactions occur on the clouds that convert molecules that do no damage to those that deplete ozone
C)They play no role
D)The clouds are made of chlorine atoms from CFCs

Question 47

Which of the following is most biologically damaging type of radiation?

A)UV-A
B)UV-B
C)UV-C
D)Infrared

Question 48

Which of the following compounds is useful for putting out fires and does not deplete stratospheric ozone concentrations?

A)Halon-1211
B)CFC-113
C)HFCs
D)Methyl Bromide

Question 49

What is special about the South Pole versus the North Pole that leads to ozone depletion only at the south Pole?

A)Ozone molecules are broken up by magnetic forces at the South Pole
B)The atmosphere is colder at the North Pole than at the South Pole
C)Polar stratospheric clouds form almost exclusively at the South Pole
D)There is more land mass at the South Pole than at the North Pole

Question 50

Arrange these types of radiation in order of increasing energy per photon: gamma rays,infrared radiation,radio waves,visible light,UV (ultra violet).

A)Radio waves < visible light < UV < infrared radiation < gamma rays
B)Radio waves < infrared radiation < visible light < UV < gamma rays
C)Infrared radiation < radio waves < visible light < UV < gamma rays
D)Gamma rays < infrared radiation < UV < radio waves < visible light