Deck 6: Modern Biosocial Perspectives of Criminal Behavior

Question 1

The findings of "twins separated at birth" studies have shown that ______ have(has)a significant impact on human behavior,especially regarding criminal behavior.

A)genetics
B)environment
C)social bonds
D)stigmata

Answer 1

A

Question 2

All of the following are possible consequences of high levels of testosterone EXCEPT:

A)increased sensitivity to pain
B)enhanced seeking of sensory stimulation
C)higher levels of spatial aptitude
D)lower levels of verbal reasoning and empathy

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Virtually all individuals perform better on ______ tasks in the afternoon or evening,when they have relatively high levels of estrogen or other female hormones in their system,which can be important for policy development.

A)spatial
B)verbal
C)mathematical
D)analytical

Answer 3

B

Question 4

______ examined male children born in Copenhagen and adopted early in life to determine the influence of nature versus nurture.

A)H.H.Goddard
B)Richard L.Dugdale
C)Sarnoff Mednick
D)Patricia A.Jacobs

Question 5

Children who were studied in the adoption studies were given up for adoption prior to ______ of age,which is important when understanding the parental impact.

A)6 months
B)1 year
C)5 years
D)10 years

Question 6

The process of differential levels of hormones begins early in life,specifically in about the ______ week after conception.

A)first
B)second
C)fifth
D)ninth

Question 7

After the twin studies of the mid-1900s were heavily criticized,researchers moved on to which other methodological approach to examine the nature versus nurture debate?

A)twin studies
B)family studies
C)adoption studies
D)twins separated at birth studies
E)cytogenetic studies

Question 8

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.Members of the same family share ______.

A)neurotransmitters
B)hormones
C)genetics
D)environment

Question 9

Most illicit drug use brings forth pleasurable sensations through enhancing the levels of ______ in an individual's system.

A)serotonin
B)estrogen
C)testosterone
D)dopamine

Question 10

In one study,the more the chromosomal mutation produced ______ hormones,the less likely individuals were to commit criminal acts.

A)feminine
B)masculine
C)both A and B are correct

Question 11

Although adoption studies have been criticized concerning selective placement,the ultimate findings of these studies are still ______.

A)completely valid
B)somewhat valid
C)completely invalid
D)unknown

Question 12

Typically,the chromosomal mutations that occur in individuals are largely due to _______.

A)environmental factors
B)random mutations
C)heredity
D)toxins

Question 13

Most of the executive functions of the brain,such as problem solving,take place in the ______.

A)occipital lobe
B)frontal lobe
C)temporal lobe
D)parietal lobe

Question 14

Adoption studies have found that the adopted children for whom ______ were the least likely to become criminal.

A)both sets of parents were criminal
B)their biological parents were not criminal while the adoptive parents were criminal
C)their biological parents were criminal while the adoptive parents were not criminal
D)neither set of parents were criminal

Question 15

Individuals with this type of chromosomal abnormality are often very tall but slow in terms of social and intelligence skills.

A)XYY
B)XXY
C)XXX
D)XO

Question 16

The environments in which the "twins separated at birth" individuals were raised in were often ______.

A)extremely similar
B)similar
C)unknown
D)extremely different

Question 17

______ studied a family,the Kallikaks,to determine if there is a link between heredity and criminality.

A)H.H.Goddard
B)Richard L.Dugdale
C)Sarnoff Mednick
D)Patricia A.Jacobs

Question 18

Studies of behavioral genetics regarding criminality or antisocial behaviors consistently show that heritability/genetic factors explain about ______ of the variance in antisocial behavior.

A)25%
B)50%
C)75%
D)100%

Question 19

The first major study concerning chromosomal abnormalities found that the genetic mutation of XYY occurs in about 1 of every ______ males.

A)100
B)1,000
C)100,000
D)1,000,000

Question 20

Studies that examine the relative concordance rates for monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

A)twin studies
B)family studies
C)adoption studies
D)twins separated at birth studies
E)cytogenetic studies

Question 21

The family studies showed that criminality in the mother (or head female caretaker)had a much stronger influence on future criminality of the children than did the father's criminality.

Question 22

Dopamine is the neurotransmitter largely responsible for good feelings in the brain.

Question 23

Criminality tends to cluster in certain families,as the first wave of nature versus nurture studies showed.However,this tendency cannot be shown to be a product of heredity or genetics.

Question 24

A high proportion of females in prison for committing violent crimes did so while on their premenstrual cycle when they experience an influx of testosterone.

Question 25

Research has consistently found both genetics and environment influence behavior,particularly the interaction between the two.

Question 26

Although the Kallikak family study provides proof that criminality is more common in some families,subsequent studies have proven otherwise.

Question 27

The Kallikak and Jukes family studies did not have similar findings concerning criminality and heredity.

Question 28

Selective placement is when adoptees are placed with their biological families so they are taken out of the home.

Question 29

Explain findings on diet and nutrition connections to criminality.

Question 30

Some children do not feel anxiety when being physically punished (e.g. ,spanked)and are likely to have lower-than-average levels of ANS functioning and are also likely to become chronic offenders if this disorder is not addressed.

Question 31

Doctors typically prescribe individuals diagnosed with ADHD a stimulant because these individuals have significantly low levels of ANS arousal.

Question 32

Investigations into Goddard's research found that he altered many photographs to make the family members appear more evil and fit into the definition of stigmata.

Question 33

For every dollar spent on maternal/infant health care,studies show that not only will many dollars in criminal justice processing and prison time be saved but also many lives,due to the reduction in violence.

Question 34

Explain the nature versus nurture debate.Design a hypothetical study to test these competing ideas.

Question 35

Otherwise known as Klinefelter's syndrome,the XYY mutation results in higher likelihood for homosexuality and other behaviors but is not typically linked to criminality.

Question 36

The highest predictability for future criminality by far was for adopted youths whose biological parents and adoptive parents were not convicted criminals.

Question 37

Concordance is a count based on whether two people (or a twin pair)share a certain trait (or lack of a certain trait);for our purposes,the trait is criminal offending.

Question 38

Of the parents,who is more likely to be a stronger influence concerning the criminality of the children? Explain the two (2)reasons presented in the text.Make a case for or against this finding.

Question 39

Explain findings on toxins and connections to criminality.

Question 40

What are neurotransmitters and what do they do? How are neurotransmitters different from hormones? How can the neurotransmitter serotonin be related to criminality?

Question 41

Explain the first major study that examined the influence of XYY factor.

Question 42

If genetics play a major role in determining the criminality of individuals,then what will twin studies find?

Question 43

What were the overall findings of the twin studies conducted in the mid-1900s? Why were these findings strongly criticized?

Question 44

What do hormones do in the body?

Question 45

Name the four (4)waves of research developed from the testing of the nature versus nurture debate.

Question 46

The effect of the XYY chromosome abnormality on criminality is more linked with what type of crime?

Question 47

What were the findings of the "twins separated at birth" studies? How was the phenomenon found in these studies explained by researchers? What are the criticisms presented in relation to these studies?

Question 48

How could the findings of cytogenetic studies be applied to criminal justice policies?

Question 49

What is the primary job of dopamine on the brain?

Question 50

Cytogenetic studies focus specifically on what?