Deck 13: Leadership Across Cultures

Question 1

A research effort linking leadership and corporate responsibility defines responsible global leadership as encompassing values-based leadership,ethical decision making,and quality stakeholder relationships.

Answer 1

True
Explanation: A research effort linking leadership and corporate responsibility defines "responsible global leadership" as encompassing (1) values-based leadership, (2) ethical decision making, and (3) quality stakeholder relationships.

Question 2

Paternalistic leadership is common throughout Latin America.

Answer 2

True
Explanation: Studies have shown that paternalistic leadership is seen throughout Latin America, including Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Mexico, but also in China, Pakistan, India, Turkey, and the United States.

Question 3

There is some evidence that paternalistic leadership is still a common leadership approach in greater China,stemming from Confucian ideology.

Answer 3

True
Explanation: There is some evidence that paternalistic leadership is still a common leadership approach in greater China, stemming from Confucian ideology, which is founded on social relations, such as "benevolent leader with loyal minister" and "kind father with filial son."

Question 4

A Theory Y manager believes that under proper conditions,the average human being learns not only to accept but also to seek responsibility.

Question 5

Ouchi's Theory Z combines Japanese and U.S.assumptions and approaches to leadership.

Question 6

Bass discovered that far more regional differences exist in leadership than had been believed previously.

Question 7

There is a managerial tendency in paternalistic leadership toward a lack of involvement with subordinates.

Question 8

Authoritarian leadership uses work-centered behavior coupled with protective employee-centered concern.

Question 9

A Theory Y manager believes that under conditions of modern industrial life,the intellectual potential of the average human being is only partially tapped.

Question 10

Recent findings from a leadership study in India showed that participative leadership is not as effective in developing countries as had been previously reported.

Question 11

Authoritarian leadership is the use of both work-centered and people-centered approaches.

Question 12

According to the GLOBE study,Humane-Oriented leadership "focuses on ensuring the safety and security of the individual and group through status-enhancement and face-saving."

Question 13

A Theory Z manager believes that the primary need of employees is job security.

Question 14

A leader who monitors follower performance and takes corrective action when deviations from standards occur is referred to as a transactional leader.

Question 15

Japanese executives are taught and tend to use variety amplification.

Question 16

Leadership can be defined simply as the process of influencing people to direct their efforts toward achievement of some particular goal or goals.

Question 17

A Theory X manager believes that employees who learn different aspects of the business will be in a better position to contribute to the broader goals of the organization.

Question 18

Romero found that Mexico is moving away from a modern leadership style.

Question 19

Japan is well known for its authoritarian approach to leadership.

Question 20

Japan is well known for its paternalistic approach to leadership.

Question 21

Which of the following is a specific assumption of Theory Z managers?

A) The expenditure of physical and mental effort at work is as natural to people as resting or playing.
B) The intellectual potential of the average human being is only partially tapped under conditions of modern industrial life.
C) Employees who learn different aspects of the business will be in a better position to contribute to the broader goals of the organization.
D) Commitment to objectives is determined by the rewards that are associated with their achievement.

Question 22

U.S.managers believe that to motivate workers,it is necessary to satisfy their:

A) higher-order needs.
B) safety needs.
C) lower-order needs.
D) physiological needs.

Question 23

Which of the following is a specific assumption of Theory X managers?

A) The expenditure of physical and mental effort at work is as natural to people as resting or playing.
B) It is necessary to use coercion, control, and threats of punishment to get people to attain organizational objectives.
C) Employees who learn different aspects of the business will be in a better position to contribute to the broader goals of the organization.
D) Commitment to objectives is determined by the rewards that are associated with their achievement.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true about the authoritarian leadership style?

A) It is widely used by Theory A managers.
B) It is widely used by Theory X managers.
C) It is widely used by Theory Y managers.
D) It is widely used by Theory Z managers.

Question 25

All of the following are assumptions that underlie Theory Z management except:

A) people are motivated by a strong sense of commitment to be part of a greater whole-the organization in which they work.
B) people are motivated by financial rewards, not by job security.
C) employees seek out responsibility and look for opportunities to advance in an organization.
D) employees who learn different aspects of the business will be in a better position to contribute to the broader goals of the organization.

Question 26

Identify the leadership style that is best summarized by the statement "Work hard and the company will take care of you."

A) Autocratic
B) Authoritarian
C) Participative
D) Paternalistic

Question 27

According to a survey conducted by Puffer,McCarthy,and Naumov,which of the following beliefs is held by Russian managers?

A) The present trend toward a shorter workweek should be discouraged.
B) Group activities always distract workers.
C) A person must stand alone to be superior.
D) Workers have no part to play in decision making.

Question 28

This manager believes that if people are committed to their goals,they will exercise self-direction and self-control.

A) Theory X
B) Theory Z
C) Theory Y
D) Theory A

Question 29

Which of the following is true of Theory X managers?

A) They believe that people are basically lazy and that coercion and threats of punishment must be used to get them to work.
B) They believe that under the right conditions, people not only will work hard but will seek increased responsibility and challenge.
C) They believe that a great deal of creative potential basically goes untapped, and workers will provide much higher quantity and quality of output when it is tapped.
D) They believe that workers seek opportunities to participate in management and are motivated by teamwork and responsibility sharing.

Question 30

Identify the type of leaders who motivate employees by consulting them,encouraging joint decisions,or delegating responsibilities.

A) Participative
B) Paternalistic
C) Transactional
D) Transformational

Question 31

Which of the following managers would assume that the primary need of employees is job security?

A) A Theory A manager
B) A Theory X manager
C) A Theory Y manager
D) A Theory Z manager

Question 32

This leadership style is widely used by Theory X managers,who believe that final decisions should be in the hands of the higher-level employees and that a continued focus on the task is compatible with the kind of people they are dealing with.

A) Authoritarian
B) Suppressive
C) Paternalistic
D) Laissez-faire

Question 33

The focus of attention of this leadership style usually is on work progress,work procedures,and roadblocks that are preventing goal attainment.

A) Participative
B) Authoritarian
C) Paternalistic
D) Laissez-faire

Question 34

Identify the style of leadership that has been widely espoused in the United States,England,and other Anglo countries.

A) Paternalistic
B) Transformational
C) Transactional
D) Participative

Question 35

Some believe that _____ are born,but _____ can be shaped.

A) leaders; managers
B) managers; directors
C) directors; controllers
D) managers; leaders

Question 36

Which of the following is a specific assumption of Theory Y managers?

A) By their very nature, people do not like to work and will avoid it whenever possible.
B) Employees who learn different aspects of the business will be in a better position to contribute to the broader goals of the organization.
C) The expenditure of physical and mental effort at work is as natural to people as resting or playing.
D) To get people to attain organizational objectives, it is necessary to use coercion, control, and threats of punishment.

Question 37

Usually,this leadership behavior satisfies some employee needs,and in turn subordinates tend to exhibit loyalty and compliance.

A) Participative
B) Authoritarian
C) Paternalistic
D) Autocratic

Question 38

_____ leaders typically encourage their people to play an active role in assuming control of their work,and authority usually is highly decentralized.

A) Suppressive
B) Autocratic
C) Participative
D) Team-oriented

Question 39

These leaders expect everyone to work hard; in turn,the employees are guaranteed employment and given security benefits such as medical and retirement programs.

A) Participative
B) Paternalistic
C) Autocratic
D) Authoritarian

Question 40

This type of leadership behavior has been shown to have a positive impact on employees' attitudes in collectivistic cultures because the care,support,and protection provided by these leaders may address employees' need for frequent contact and close personal relationships.

A) Participative
B) Paternalistic
C) Authoritarian
D) Autocratic

Question 41

The leadership process used by Japanese managers places a strong emphasis on _____ goals.

A) distinct
B) indeterminate
C) ambiguous
D) specific

Question 42

Theory Z leadership is associated with the work of:

A) Robert Blake.
B) William Ouchi.
C) Sheila Puffer.
D) Douglas McGregor.

Question 43

All of the following are accurate depictions of the U.S.approach to leadership except:

A) employment is usually short term; layoffs are common.
B) responsibility is shared collectively.
C) evaluation and promotion is very fast; those not quickly promoted often seek employment elsewhere.
D) decision making is carried out by the individual manager.

Question 44

U.S.executives are taught and tend to use _____,which is the limiting of uncertainty and the focusing of action on a limited number of alternatives.

A) variety amplification
B) variety reduction
C) variety augmentation
D) variety expansion

Question 45

All of the following are relevant to the investigation of leadership in the now classic Haire,Ghiselli,and Porter study except:

A) communication skills.
B) capacity for leadership and initiative.
C) sharing information and objectives.
D) participation.

Question 46

All of the following are accurate depictions of the Japanese approach to leadership except:

A) management's concern for its employees extends to the whole life, business and social, of the worker.
B) decision making is carried out via group decision-making techniques.
C) employment is often for life; layoffs are rare.
D) control mechanisms are very explicit; people know exactly what to control and how to do it.

Question 47

This individual monitors follower performance and takes corrective action when deviations from standards occur.

A) A contingent reward leader
B) An active management-by-exception leader
C) A passive management-by-exception leader
D) A laissez-faire leader

Question 48

The research stream known as the study of _____ leaders has explored how the individual abilities of an executive work to inspire and motivate her or his subordinates.

A) narcissistic
B) charismatic
C) transactional
D) transformational

Question 49

These leaders are individuals who exchange rewards for effort and performance and work on a "something for something" basis.

A) Variable
B) Functional
C) Transactional
D) Transformational

Question 50

French and German managers tend to use a work-centered,_____ approach to leadership.

A) authoritarian
B) autocratic
C) paternalistic
D) participative

Question 51

The creation of uncertainty and the analysis of many alternatives regarding future action is referred to as:

A) variety expansion.
B) variety subtraction.
C) variety amplification.
D) variety reduction.

Question 52

These leaders are visionary agents with a sense of mission who are capable of motivating their followers to accept new goals and new ways of doing things.

A) Transactional
B) Negotiable
C) Transformational
D) Formational

Question 53

Employees tend to be more creative and innovative when driven by leaders exhibiting this behavior.

A) Paternalistic
B) Autocratic
C) Authoritarian
D) Participative

Question 54

According to Bass,the most effective leaders were characterized by four interrelated factors.These are:

A) idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration.
B) nurturing personality, creative mindset, willingness to give recognition, and intellectual stimulation.
C) high self-esteem, outgoing personality, inspirational motivation, and willingness to give recognition.
D) internal locus of control, outgoing personality, individualized consideration, and nurturing personality.

Question 55

There is a tendency toward _____ leadership styles among young Arab middle management,as well as among highly educated managers of all ages.

A) participative
B) autocratic
C) authoritarian
D) paternalistic

Question 56

Which of the following is an accurate depiction of the leadership style adopted by the managers of many Middle Eastern companies?

A) Highly authoritarian tone; rigid instructions
B) Less bureaucratic; more delegation of authority
C) Informal control mechanisms; routine checks on performance
D) Formal planning; decisions made at all levels of management

Question 57

Bass found that the most effective managers were _____ leaders.

A) transformational
B) transactional
C) variable
D) functional

Question 58

_____ leadership is very popular in many technologically advanced countries.

A) Narcissistic
B) Participative
C) Paternalistic
D) Transactional

Question 59

As a general statement,most evidence indicates that European managers tend to use this approach to leadership.

A) Paternalistic
B) Participative
C) Autocratic
D) Authoritarian

Question 60

Ouchi's _____ combines Japanese and U.S.assumptions and approaches to leadership.

A) Theory X
B) Theory Z
C) authoritarian leadership theory
D) transactional leadership theory

Question 61

Which of the following leaders clarifies what needs to be done and provides both psychic and material rewards to those who comply with his or her directives?

A) A contingent reward leader
B) An active management-by-exception leader
C) A passive management-by-exception leader
D) A laissez-faire leader

Question 62

Compared with nonentrepreneurs,entrepreneurs typically:

A) make linear changes to products and systems.
B) rely on an organization to guide their thinking.
C) require structure support.
D) are more creative and innovative.

Question 63

In a survey conducted by Brodbeck and his associates,which of the following culture clusters produces leaders who rate performance orientation as the most important leadership attribute?

A) Germanic
B) Anglo
C) Latin
D) Nordic

Question 64

This leader avoids intervening or accepting responsibility for follower actions.

A) A passive management-by-exception leader
B) A laissez-faire leader
C) A contingent reward leader
D) An active management-by-exception leader

Question 65

Bass found that through the use of higher-order factor analysis,it is possible to develop a leadership model that illustrates the effectiveness of all five types of leaders:

A) I's (transformational), CR, MBE-A, MBA, and BAE-P.
B) MBE-A, MBE-P, ABC, Trans, and LF.
C) CR, CAB, LF, MBA, and MBE-A.
D) I's (transformational), CR, MBE-A, MBE-P, and LF.

Question 66

Positive organizational scholarship:

A) focuses on positive outcomes, processes, and attributes of organizations and their members.
B) focuses on avoiding, intervening, or accepting responsibility for follower actions.
C) takes action or intervenes in situations only when standards are not met.
D) monitors follower performance and takes corrective action when deviations from standards occur.

Question 67

Which of the following is a subunit of positive organizational scholarship (POS)?

A) Enablers
B) Leaders
C) Disrupters
D) Managers

Question 68

What are the different types of leadership styles?

Question 69

Describe the difference between transformational leadership and transactional leadership.

Question 70

Which of the following leaders takes action or intervenes in situations only when standards are not met?

A) A passive management-by-exception leader
B) A laissez-faire leader
C) A contingent reward leader
D) An active management-by-exception leader

Question 71

Discuss Theory X,Theory Y,and Theory Z.

Question 72

Which of the following is a quality needed to be a servant leader?

A) Listening
B) Predictability
C) Entrepreneurship
D) Hindsight

Question 73

What is leadership? What areas warrant attention as a foundation for the study of leadership in an international setting?

Question 74

Discuss the four types of leaders discovered by Bass other than transactional,transformational,or charismatic.

Question 75

"Transformational leaders are able to get their followers to question old paradigms and to accept new views of the world regarding how things now need to be done." Which characteristic factor of transformational leaders is being described in the previous sentence?

A) Idealized influence
B) Inspirational motivation
C) Intellectual stimulation
D) Individualized consideration