Deck 2: Political Ideologies

Question 1

Which philosopher claimed that art,music,and politics hang together and express an underlying Zeitgeist?

A)Hegel
B)Locke
C)Mao
D)Marx

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Adam Smith is associated with __________.

A)fascism
B)neoconservatism
C)classic liberalism
D)socialism

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Milton Friedman and Adam Smith both argued that __________.

A)markets function best when left alone
B)markets require regulation to function properly
C)a progressive tax system promotes freedom and equality
D)the minimum wage is needed to equalize the power of owners and workers

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following best expresses the difference between political scientists and ideologues?

A)Political scientists argue for changes to political systems,while ideologues want to keep the system as it is.
B)Ideologues argue for changes to political systems,while political scientists want to keep the system as it is.
C)Political scientists are concerned with real conditions,while ideologues focus on how conditions should be.
D)Ideologues are concerned with real conditions,while political scientists focus on how conditions should be.

Question 5

Classic liberals and modern liberals generally agree on the benefits of ____________.

A)free speech
B)open borders
C)traditional family values
D)government intervention in the marketplace

Question 6

Which of these statements adheres most closely to the ideas of Thomas Hill Green?

A)Tax cuts for businesses tend to spur economic growth.
B)Unregulated markets self-adjust to produce socially beneficial outcomes.
C)Economic exchanges between citizens in a democracy are inherently free.
D)The minimum wage is necessary to prevent employers from taking advantage of workers.

Question 7

Modern conservatism combines which of these sets of views?

A)Hegel's economic views and Green's social views
B)Burke's economic views and Hegel's social views
C)Green's economic views and Smith's social views
D)Smith's economic views and Burke's social views

Question 8

An ideology consists of __________.

A)a set of plans to improve society
B)an open-ended commitment to a political party
C)a set of assumptions about how the world works
D)a theory that can be proved with empirical evidence

Question 9

Many Americans find it difficult to grasp the power of ideological motivation because of __________.

A)the association of ideologies with terrorism
B)the power of religious tradition in American society
C)the emphasis on moderation and pragmatism in American culture
D)the way the founding fathers rejected ideological considerations when writing the Constitution

Question 10

Which of these is true of Adam Smith's legacy?

A)He advanced ideas that supported the rise of fascism.
B)He influenced the development of the classical liberal ideology.
C)He put forward the ideas that led to the development of socialism.
D)He laid out the critique of liberalism that led to the rise of neoconservatism.

Question 11

The states' rights questions that led to the American Civil War were primarily __________ in nature.

A)ideological
B)economic
C)partisan
D)technocratic

Question 12

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between classical liberalism and modern conservatism?

A)Modern conservatism is a more radical ideology than classical liberalism.
B)Modern conservatism retains many of the principles of classical liberalism.
C)Classical liberalism is deeply opposed to the tenets of modern conservatism.
D)Classical liberalism generated the opposition that gave rise to modern conservatism.

Question 13

In the United States,a modern conservative is most likely to support government action that __________.

A)reduces the power of big banks
B)supports traditional Christian values
C)protects the rights of minority groups
D)addresses the root conditions of poverty

Question 14

Milton Friedman's ideas contributed to the development of __________.

A)fascism
B)socialism
C)classic liberalism
D)modern conservatism

Question 15

A modern liberal would most likely support which of the following policy proposals?

A)Eliminate the minimum wage.
B)Cut taxes for top income earners.
C)Privatize the social security system.
D)Increase regulations on the banking sector.

Question 16

Which of these figures is one of the founders of classic conservatism?

A)G.W.F.Hegel
B)Edmund Burke
C)Margaret Thatcher
D)Niccolo Machiavelli

Question 17

Which of these ideas was first advanced by Adam Smith?

A)Human beings are fundamentally moral.
B)Self-interest can produce social benefits.
C)Governments have a role in preserving traditions.
D)The government is inherently hostile to individual rights.

Question 18

The laissez-faire viewpoint recommends __________.

A)creating monopolies to ensure efficiency
B)leaving the economy alone to promote growth
C)intervening heavily in the economy to promote stability
D)breaking up large banks to reduce risks to the financial system

Question 19

A modern liberal would argue that markets __________.

A)are self-correcting
B)require regulation to function properly
C)are hostile to the preservation of society
D)result in unpredictable and irrational outcomes

Question 20

The Wealth of Nations was written by __________.

A)John Locke
B)Adam Smith
C)Edmund Burke
D)Anthony Downs

Question 21

Which of these is an extreme form of nationalism?

A)conservatism
B)fascism
C)liberalism
D)socialism

Question 22

Which of these is an assumption underlying feminism?

A)Gender roles and attitudes are socially conditioned.
B)Men and women are biologically predisposed to perform different social roles.
C)Individuals find their identities through family ties and unified national values.
D)The government has an important role to play in preserving traditional family values.

Question 23

The Communist Manifesto was written by __________.

A)Karl Marx
B)John Locke
C)Mao Zedong
D)Adam Smith

Question 24

Which of these countries has had a fascist government?

A)China
B)Ireland
C)Italy
D)Switzerland

Question 25

Which statement describes the difference between Maoism and Titoism?

A)Titoism was more fascist in ideology than Maoism.
B)Titoism was more closely based on the ideas of Karl Marx.
C)Maoism was a more radical form of communism than Titoism.
D)Maoism was more specific to a particular set of economic conditions.

Question 26

Which of these was central to Lenin's vision of the Russian socialist party?

A)It had to be socially tolerant.
B)It had to be broadly popular.
C)It had to be theoretically open.
D)It had to be centrally organized.

Question 27

Which of these ideologies is based on principles derived from the views of Karl Marx?

A)Fascism
B)Libertarianism
C)Neoconservatism
D)Social democracy

Question 28

Which statement describes a central difference between Marx and Lenin?

A)Marx opposed imperialism,whereas Lenin supported imperialism.
B)Marx preferred social democracy,whereas Lenin preferred socialism.
C)Marx advocated for a proletarian revolution,whereas Lenin advocated for a military coup d'état initiated by the upper class.
D)Marx focused on the situation within a particular capitalist country,whereas Lenin focused on promoting global revolution.

Question 29

Neoconservatism emerged in the United States during the __________.

A)1920s
B)1940s
C)1970s
D)2000s

Question 30

After World War I,Germany and Italy used ___________ to build support for another war.

A)religious ideology
B)bureaucratic management
C)extreme nationalist ideas
D)resentment of the aristocracy

Question 31

According to Lenin,imperialist countries build colonial empires to __________.

A)exploit people and resources
B)demonstrate the efficiency of capitalism
C)spread liberty and prosperity around the world
D)encourage socialist revolution against oppressive regimes

Question 32

Which ideology prefers virtually no government involvement in anything other than personal and national security?

A)fascism
B)libertarianism
C)Marxism
D)neoconservatism

Question 33

Why was Titoism ultimately unsuccessful in Yugoslavia?

A)It created an unstable system centered on the charisma of a single leader.
B)It was so ideologically extreme that it failed to gain widespread public support.
C)It rendered the nation vulnerable to exploitation by advanced capitalist countries.
D)It aimed at submerging ethnic identities beneath an overarching nationalist identity.

Question 34

Which of these provides a nationalist country with the strongest unifying factor?

A)a stable economy
B)a common enemy
C)a strong one-party state
D)a respectful civil society

Question 35

Giuseppe Mazzini's concept of freedom asserts that __________.

A)the government must provide basic services for all citizens
B)rights to privacy,free speech,and protest are fundamental
C)there should be minimal government interference in the economy
D)individuals gain meaning through subordination of their will to the national will

Question 36

Which of the following is most likely to characterize a fascist regime?

A)a propensity to engage in war
B)a strong respect for human rights
C)centralized planning of the economy
D)tolerance of ethnic and religious diversity

Question 37

How do classic conservatives address the issue of change?

A)They believe that change should happen gradually rather than suddenly.
B)They believe that change is only positive if it happens through government action.
C)They argue that change should first occur at the elite level before spreading to the lower classes.
D)They believe that change driven by technological advancement is almost always beneficial to society.

Question 38

Which statement best explains the pro-choice position of libertarians?

A)A fetus has no political rights.
B)Outlawing abortion will not prevent it from happening.
C)Reproductive choice helps keep women out of poverty and off of welfare.
D)The government has no place making personal decisions about peoples' private lives.

Question 39

A Marxist utopia would include which of the following elements?

A)an equal distribution of wealth
B)unlimited economic liberty and property rights
C)government action to preserve traditional values
D)civil rights protections and extensive market regulation

Question 40

According to Karl Marx,a communist system is one where the government __________.

A)is rendered unnecessary
B)is limited to national security matters
C)creates policies to promote rapid economic growth
D)ensures that one social class does not oppress another

Question 41

Former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev would be considered a reformer.

Question 42

Which statement accurately describes present-day China?

A)China has moved more closely towards state ownership of the entire economy.
B)China is moving to mirror the political and economic structure of the Western world.
C)China retains an authoritarian political structure even as it continues to open its markets.
D)China has adopted significant political reforms as part of its program to modernize the economy.

Question 43

The origin of the left-right ideological spectrum dates back to 1789.

Question 44

Which of these statements is consistent with Francis Fukuyama's view?

A)A centralized world government is inevitable.
B)Ideological conflict is a product of inherent human traits.
C)There will be no more world wars over conflicting ideologies.
D)War will always be necessary to protect American interests abroad.

Question 45

The fact that socialism still exists in a number of countries supports the ideas of Francis Fukuyama.

Question 46

Liberals are more likely than conservatives to espouse nationalist views in the United States.

Question 47

How did Irving Kristol conceptualize the relationship between neoconservatism and liberalism?

A)Neoconservatism departed from liberalism's pessimistic outlook.
B)Neoconservatism borrowed many ideals found within liberalism.
C)Neoconservatism expanded the application of liberalism to a global context.
D)Neoconservatism recognized what he perceived to be the naiveté of liberalism.

Question 48

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes environmentalism in the United States?

A)Environmentalists' demands have only been partially satisfied.
B)Environmentalists have gained ground through the formation of new political parties.
C)Environmentalists' concerns have been incorporated into both major parties' platforms.
D)Environmentalists have been consistently ignored by the Environmental Protection Agency.

Question 49

Bernstein was responsible for revising Marxism.

Question 50

Which of the following groups would be most likely to support spreading American values abroad?

A)Feminists
B)Marxists
C)Modern liberals
D)Neoconservatives

Question 51

Neoconservatives are opposed to __________.

A)nation-building
B)welfare spending
C)military intervention
D)unregulated markets

Question 52

The term laissez-faire generally indicates a desire for government intervention in economic matters.

Question 53

Edmund Burke gave theoretical expression to the traditional conservative view.

Question 54

Daniel Bell and Francis Fukuyama would agree that __________.

A)capitalism has no serious rivals in today's world or in the future
B)socialism deserves a second chance in the advanced industrial world
C)there will always be significant competition among ideological perspectives
D)any ideology can produce a prosperous society given high-quality leadership

Question 55

Which statement fits with feminist views of the challenges women face in the present-day world?

A)Too many women choose to leave the workforce early due to overly generous maternity benefits.
B)Women have less power in society because they are naturally less assertive and confident than men are.
C)Too many lucrative jobs are legally closed to women because of men's dominance of the political system.
D)Women have difficulty gaining economic and political power because men are socialized into leadership roles.

Question 56

Maoism is a form of conservatism.

Question 57

The "end of ideology" argument was developed by __________.

A)Karl Marx
B)Daniel Bell
C)Mao Zedong
D)Francis Fukuyama

Question 58

Which statement,if true,undermines the arguments of Daniel Bell and Francis Fukuyama?

A)Capitalism has no significant rival in the modern era.
B)Capitalism has spread successfully to the formerly-socialist world.
C)Many nations continue to practice variants of socialism with some success.
D)The world's remaining communist countries are adopting free-market reforms.

Question 59

Classic liberalism split into modern liberalism and socialism.