Deck 1: The Importance of Ethics in Criminal Justice

Question 1

The field of ethics is also known as ______.

A)moral philosophy
B)moralography
C)post-modernism
D)moralology

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Proponents of which ethical theory argue that every society has a different moral code that explains which acts are permitted or not?

A)ethical relativism
B)cultural relativism
C)extreme or individual relativism
D)ethical absolutism

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Among the reasons commonly given for studying ethics,which of the following are NOT mentioned?

A)It is crucial that ethical decisions are made,and the study of ethics enables the development of tools that enhance ethical decision-making.
B)It is important to have the capacity to point to moral reasoning in justifying behavior,and the study of ethics develops that capacity.
C)The study of ethics increases sensitivity to issues of right and wrong and the right way to conduct oneself,and aids in identifying acts that have a moral content.
D)all of these

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The branch of ethics concerned with the question of what "good" means is ______.

A)normative ethics
B)metaethics
C)applied ethics
D)philosophy

Question 5

Ethics involves making judgments about ______.

A)how to live a "good" life
B)what "good" means
C)what is absolute truth
D)what is right or wrong

Question 6

The author of the text suggests that supporting and upholding the execution of persons 16 or younger violates the principle of ______.

A)relativism
B)absolutism
C)fallibility
D)tolerance

Question 7

According to Holmes (1998),which of the following agree that there is moral right and wrong but contend what is right for one,may be wrong for another?

A)ethical relativism
B)cultural relativism
C)extreme or individual relativism
D)ethical absolutism

Question 8

Which of the following is considered valid regardless of the thought and feeling?

A)ethical relativism
B)cultural relativism
C)extreme or individual relativism
D)ethical absolutism

Question 9

Ethical relativism assumes that ______.

A)all issues are related
B)what is right or ethical may vary from person to person or culture to culture
C)answers to ethical questions are relative to the etiology of the problem
D)all people on the planet are related to each other in a symbiotic relationship

Question 10

Normative ethics is a form of ethics devised to assist in ______.

A)deciding which system of ethics is best
B)making decisions about the proper behavior
C)deciding what is good or right in the abstract
D)deciding which government or agency policies are best

Question 11

Which of the following is a major problem with cultural relativism?

A)It provides answers to issues and spurs debate.
B)It operates as a moral isolationism.
C)Values of different historical periods are valid throughout time.
D)Cultures are totally isolated from one another.

Question 12

What type of ethics is concerned with methods,language,and logical structure?

A)metaethics
B)normative ethics
C)applied ethics
D)method ethics

Question 13

The study of ethics is especially important in criminal justice because ______.

A)unethical behavior is more rampant in criminal justice that other fields
B)ethics is not studied at police academies
C)CJ professionals have historically ignored ethics in their decision making
D)the potential of abuse of discretion and the powers of arrest and use of force society grants to law enforcement personnel

Question 14

According to Hinman (1998),under which principle should people be prepared to stand up to what he calls "egregious moral wrongdoing"?

A)the principle of understanding
B)the principle of tolerance
C)the principle of standing up against evil
D)the principle of fallibility

Question 15

The central notion to ______ is that one's conduct must take into account moral issues.

A)metaethics
B)normative ethics
C)applied ethics
D)method ethics

Question 16

Ethical pluralism argues that in most situations ______.

A)there are a lot of alternatives but only one can be correct
B)the principle with which the greatest number of people agree is the correct principle
C)there are many truths rather than a single truth
D)ethical absolutism applies only when there are a large number of ethical options

Question 17

The principle of understanding requires that we ______.

A)appreciate the meaning of ethical standards in other cultures from the perspective of those cultures
B)accept the existence of differences but deny diversity in ethical standards
C)be prepared to stand up against moral wrongdoing by creating more laws
D)be prepared to learn from other cultures yet have our own moral codes

Question 18

The principles of understanding,tolerance,standing up and fallibility are all parts of the theory of ethical ______.

A)relativism
B)pluralism
C)absolutism
D)exoneration

Question 19

Ethical absolutism assumes that ______.

A)there is an eternal,unchanging moral law that applies everywhere to everyone
B)there are absolutely no moral universals
C)there are many possible ethical truths
D)no set of moral rules is absolutely true in all times and all places

Question 20

Which of the following teaches the value of an open mind,of tolerance,and understanding?

A)ethical relativism
B)cultural relativism
C)extreme or individual relativism
D)ethical absolutism

Question 21

Which famous philosopher discussed the issue of whether divine command theory was concerned with power of the Gods to command?

A)Plato
B)Aristotle
C)Socrates
D)Euripides

Question 22

Using institutional time and materials for personal gain unrelated to legitimate work activity is an example of an ethical problem in ______.

A)the use of authority
B)the relationship between personal and professional interests
C)personal and professional commitments to clients
D)criminal justice and public policy

Question 23

Capital punishment is an example of an ethical problem in ______.

A)the use of authority
B)the relationship between personal and professional interests
C)personal and professional commitments to clients
D)criminal justice and public policy

Question 24

______ laws conflict with ethical standards.

A)Always
B)Never
C)Maybe
D)Sometimes

Question 25

The difference between an ethical dilemma and an ethical issue is that the ______.

A)former is more important than the latter
B)latter involves a public policy question
C)latter involves questions of individual ethical conduct
D)former involves conflicting principles,while the latter does not

Question 26

An example of a prosecutorial ethical situation discussed in the chapter is when they decide to ______.

A)seek the death penalty in the case instead of life imprisonment
B)seek the maximum penalty under three-strikes legislation
C)withhold evidence from the defense
D)put a witness on the stand they know is lying

Question 27

Which of the following does not reflect the views of an ethical pluralist?

A)There is no possibility that there are moral absolutes.
B)We can learn from the morality of other societies.
C)We must accept the fact that there are differences in the morality of different societies.
D)We should be willing to have our own society's shortcomings exposed.

Question 28

Legislation,statutes,and regulations made by governments are known as ______.

A)natural law
B)relative ethics
C)law
D)metaethics

Question 29

Which of the following beliefs do not reflect of a divine command theory believer?

A)Ethical standards of conduct are derived from the interpretation of religion.
B)Divine commands will necessarily have to be drawn from a variety of religious texts.
C)The divine commands right conduct because it is right.
D)Divine commands are those that arise from superstition.

Question 30

Hare (1987)argues moral judgments must be able to be applied ______.

A)differently
B)universally
C)continuously
D)sparingly

Question 31

Truth in sentencing policies is an example of an ethical problem in ______.

A)the use of authority
B)the relationship between personal and professional interests
C)personal and professional commitments to clients
D)criminal justice and public policy

Question 32

Which of the following is the first of the six recommended steps in solving an ethical dilemma?

A)identifying available options
B)collecting all relevant facts
C)identifying the fact that one is faced with an ethical dilemma and clearly stating it
D)identifying relevant personal values

Question 33

Personal values are ______.

A)what is good or right in the abstract
B)deciding which government or agency policies are best
C)what individuals care about and what they think is important
D)deciding which system of ethics is best

Question 34

Divine Command Theory argues that ______.

A)religion is the only basis one should use to make moral decisions
B)natural law and religion command that individuals do the right thing
C)what is morally right is what God directs,and conversely,what is morally wrong is what God prohibits
D)we are unable to be critical thinkers if we do not value religion

Question 35

Natural laws are said to ______.

A)govern human behavior
B)incorporate human nature and goals humans naturally seek
C)represent a search for moral absolutes
D)all of these

Question 36

Steffen (2012)argued a proposal to bridge the gap between ethical ______.

A)relativism and ethical absolutism
B)absolutism and lived experience
C)theory and lived experiences
D)theory and classism

Question 37

The idea of natural law is ______.

A)almost identical to religious law
B)we can identify some factors that are common to our human nature
C)that a behavior is natural because God commands it
D)God commands a law because it is natural

Question 38

Ethical issues ______.

A)do not require individual decision making beyond the decision of whether one is in favor of,or opposed to,a particular social issue
B)do not require most individuals to decide the issue does not mean an individual is helpless to influence public debate on a social issue
C)are usually an issue of public policy
D)all of these

Question 39

An ethical dilemma can arise when a person ______.

A)is faced with choices that involve conflicting ethical principles
B)knowingly decides to violate the clearly applicable ethical principle
C)is punished for making an ethical decision
D)cannot determine which ethical principles apply

Question 40

Kane (1996)argues for an approach that emphasizes ethical pluralism that does not imply indifference.He calls this approach ______.

A)closeness
B)openness
C)correctness
D)demonstrative

Question 41

Use of force is an example of an ethical issue ______.

A)resulting from policing policies
B)in information sharing
C)dealing with human rights issues in the criminal justice system
D)in the media reporting of crime

Question 42

Cultural and ethical relativism are similar approaches to ethics.

Question 43

Values do not include what individuals care about and what they think are important.

Question 44

The politicization of crime is an example of an ethical issue ______.

A)resulting from policing policies
B)in information sharing
C)dealing with human rights issues in the criminal justice system
D)in the media reporting of crime

Question 45

Hare argues that we initially use an intuitive level of moral thinking when we consider ethical dilemmas.

Question 46

Engaging in or promoting professional activities that are contrary to personal values is an example of an ethical problem in ______.

A)the use of authority
B)the relationship between personal and professional interests
C)personal and professional commitments to clients
D)criminal justice and public policy

Question 47

The principles of normative ethics help us decide which government policies are best.

Question 48

Police gratuities do not raise ethical issues.

Question 49

Rules or practices relating to retention or disposal of court records is an example of an ethical problem ______.

A)resulting from policing policies
B)in information sharing
C)dealing with human rights issues in the criminal justice system
D)in the media reporting of crime

Question 50

The criminalization of immigration,or "crimmigration," is an example of an ethical problem in ______.

A)the use of authority
B)the relationship between personal and professional interests
C)criminal justice and public policy
D)information sharing

Question 51

Ethics of withholding information from a client,the court,or police,is an example of an ethical problem ______.

A)resulting from policing policies
B)in information sharing
C)dealing with human rights issues in the criminal justice system
D)in the media reporting of crime

Question 52

Ethical pluralism and ethical relativism are similar in that both tend to reject moral or ethical absolutes.

Question 53

Capital punishment and the use of armed drones and targeted killings by authorities are examples of ethical problems ______.

A)dealing with human rights issues in the criminal justice system
B)resulting from policing policies
C)in criminal justice and public policy
D)in information sharing

Question 54

The field of ethics is a branch of the field of philosophy.

Question 55

An ethical or cultural relativist will not condemn practices in other cultures that are required by that culture.

Question 56

Crime and public opinion is an example of an ethical issue ______.

A)resulting from policing policies
B)in information sharing
C)dealing with human rights issues in the criminal justice system
D)in the media reporting of crime

Question 57

The study of ethics is important for criminal justice personnel in that it can provide tools and perspectives on how to properly exercise discretion.

Question 58

Increased surveillance of citizens in society is an example of an ethical problem in ______.

A)the use of authority
B)the relationship between personal and professional interests
C)personal and professional commitments to clients
D)criminal justice and public policy

Question 59

The study of ethics decreases sensitivity to issues of right and wrong.

Question 60

Policing policy in domestic violence cases,police use of body cameras,and "Stop and Frisk" are all examples of ethical problems ______.

A)resulting from policing policies
B)in information sharing
C)dealing with human rights issues in the criminal justice system
D)in the media reporting of crime

Question 61

According to exchange theory,much of family life can be viewed in terms of which of the following?

A) norms and values
B) ambiguity and boundaries
C) costs and benefits
D) roles and interpretations

Question 62

A(n)____________________ reflects the characteristics or attitudes that result from the period in history in which people have lived.

Question 63

What is "natural law?"

Question 64

Give a brief exampGive a brief example of an ethical dilemma in the use of authority.

Question 65

According to Engels,monogamous marriage developed to solve which problem?

A) inheritance
B) infidelity
C) insecurity
D) infatuation

Question 66

Researchers in one study videotaped conversations between married couples.They found that couples who had miserable smiles and showed disgust were more likely to later separate.What form of research is this?

A) interview
B) direct observation
C) documentary research
D) cross-sectional research
Enter the appropriate word(s)to complete the statement.

Question 67

What is the purpose of normative ethics?

Question 68

What is the basic argument of ethical relativism?

Question 69

The process by which individuals learn the socially defined behaviour appropriate for males and females is called _____________________.

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT included in the Statistics Canada definition of "family"?

A) a widowed father living with his never-married daughter
B) a brother and sister sharing an apartment
C) a 12-year-old boy living with his mother
D) a common-law couple

Question 71

The ____________________ theory looks at meanings family members see in each other's words and actions.

Question 72

Luc and Nancy have just become parents.According to developmental theory,what must they now do?

A) match the social time clock
B) prepare to transmit norms and rules to their offspring
C) adjust their family arrangements to meet the needs of the baby
D) use the "album" approach to their family

Question 73

According to conflict theory,families and society change as a result of which of the following?

A) the vicious cycle of morphogenesis
B) changes in the meanings found in the situation
C) shifts in the balance of power
D) the pressure of developmental tasks

Question 74

What is the basic argument of moral absolutism?

Question 75

Same-sex marriages are permitted in Canada,but the Catholic Church will not perform same-sex wedding ceremonies.According to the text,what do we call the Catholic Church's definition of family?

A) legal definition
B) social definition
C) personal definition
D) formal definition

Question 76

In 2005,a federal law was passed that allowed couples to enter into which of the following types of relationships?

A) family of procreation
B) same-sex marriage
C) polygamous partnership
D) legal cohabitation

Question 77

Which theory is often used as a basis for family therapy?

A) structural functionalist theory
B) conflict theory
C) symbolic interactionist theory
D) feminist theory

Question 78

According to the text,what is the main strength of the ecological theory?

A) its basis for shaping social policies
B) its explanations of how society and family interact
C) its exploration of how family members influence each other
D) its ability to explain change that occurs in society as a whole

Question 79

Most families operate in much the same way from day to day.According to the text,what is this called?

A) morphogenesis
B) monolithic bias
C) steady state
D) explicit and implicit rules

Question 80

According to the text,why do feminist thinkers criticize structural functionalism?

A) for blaming the victim of domestic violence for her own misfortune
B) for considering the man as the natural head of the family
C) for emphasizing the individual's responsibility in shaping a world view
D) for providing a model that real families do not fit