Deck 5: Correlates of Criminal Behaviour

Question 1

The argument that older men have more social bonds - such as marriage and children - and become less involved in crime is an example of which of the following theories?

A)life course theory
B)age-crime theory
C)middle age Theory
D)patriarchical theory

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following statements does NOT represent a correlate of criminal behaviour?

A)Young men are overrepresented among criminal offenders.
B)Poverty and other social disadvantages are significant causes of criminal behaviour.
C)Poor neighbourhoods tend to have higher rates of crime.
D)There is a complex relationship between socio-economic status and criminal behaviour.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In recent years police-reported crime statistics for Canada depict which of the following trends?

A)Female crime rates increased faster than male crime rates,but there is still a large gap in crime rates between the genders.
B)Female crime rates increased faster than male crime rates,and the gap in crime rates between the genders has practically disappeared.
C)Male crime rates increased faster than female crime rates,but the absolute gap in crime rates between the genders did not change much.
D)Male crime rates increased faster than female crime rates,and the absolute gap in crime rates between the genders increased.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Phenomena that are regularly associated with crime and criminal offending are known as which of the following?

A)correlates
B)explanations
C)crime rates
D)theories

Question 5

According to your textbook,why do women generally receive more lenient treatment in the courts in Canada compared to men?

A)There is insufficient space in correctional facilities for women in this country.
B)They commit less serious crimes.
C)Judges have a tendency to feel sorry for women.
D)The Criminal Code dictates that women should receive more lenient sentences due to sexism in Canadian society.

Question 6

In general young women are most likely to be involved in which types of crimes?

A)violent assaults
B)weapons offences
C)fraud
D)drug trafficking

Question 7

Which of the following factors has the weakest correlation with crime and delinquency?

A)race
B)gender
C)age
D)socio-economic status

Question 8

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the knowledge that there is a correlation between poverty and crime?

A)Crime is the sole cause of poverty.
B)Poverty is the main cause of crime.
C)Poverty is one of several causes of crime.
D)Poverty may be a cause of crime.

Question 9

According to the textbook,the notion of maturational reform encompasses three factors that may help diminish criminal behaviour as one gets older.Which of the following is NOT one of these three factors?

A)physiological limitations
B)the formation of various social bonds to mainstream society
C)more socially responsible behaviour
D)a decline in cognitive functioning

Question 10

Findings for 2011/2012 Adult Criminal Court Survey show which of the following?

A)White collar crime follows the general age pattern of crime.
B)Persons 18 to 24 years old are overrepresented among accused persons.
C)The age distribution is stronger for violent crime than for property crimes.
D)Persons 55 or older are overrepresented among accused persons.

Question 11

Based on 2012 statistics,which age category correlates most strongly with homicides in Canada?

A)10 to 17
B)12 to 24
C)36 to 49
D)50 and above

Question 12

Which of the following best describes female offenders in Canada?

A)young,well off,well-educated
B)young,poor,undereducated
C)young,poor,well educated
D)older,poor,undereducated

Question 13

The textbook examines six variables that correlate with crime.Which of the following is NOT one of these variables?

A)offender's age
B)offender's place of birth
C)offender's gender
D)offender's racial background

Question 14

Which of the following statements is generally true?

A)Criminal activity intensifies in adolescence and young adulthood and declines thereafter.
B)Criminal activity declines during adolescence and young adulthood and then increases thereafter.
C)There is no difference in the rate of criminal offending among young adults and older adults.
D)Young people have the highest rate of criminal offending in all categories of crime.

Question 15

Heimer and De Coster (1999)have made an important contribution to our understanding of the gender gap in violent crime by examining structural positions and cultural processes,including social learning.Which of the following is NOT one of their conclusions?

A)Violent delinquency is a function of social learning of violent definitions by males and females.
B)Boys learn more violent definitions and have greater experience with violence.
C)Girls accept traditional gender definitions.
D)Parents supervise girls far more closely than boys.

Question 16

Which of the following variables is most strongly correlated with crime?

A)race
B)gender
C)socio-economic status
D)place of birth

Question 17

According to the text,which of the following is a major reason why crime rapidly declines as adolescents move into adulthood?

A)Adults are physically weaker and less agile.
B)The criminal justice system is biased in favour of older adult offenders.
C)Adults are more mature and have more incentives to conform to mainstream social values.
D)Adult offenders are more practised at avoiding detection.

Question 18

What is the term used for the fact that people are less likely to commit crime as they grow older?

A)correlation reform
B)delinquency reform
C)maturational reform
D)demographic reform

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios does NOT reflect the term "maturational reform"?

A)Judy matured faster than her brother John and as such did not become involved in criminal behaviour.
B)Fred's shoplifting declined significantly after he turned 24 years of age.
C)Jim started a family and became less involved in the street gang of which he was once the leader.
D)As Allen rose through the ranks of the bank as he got older,his family's financial pressures prompted him to embezzle large amounts of money.

Question 20

Which of the following statements best represents the role convergence hypothesis?

A)As women become more involved in the workforce,they become more involved in property crime.
B)Stay-at-home moms commit far fewer crimes than working moms.
C)Rates of crime by transgendered people fall somewhere between the rates of crime committed by men and women.
D)The convergence of sexism and lower pay for women in society means they play a greater role in the sex trade.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the different variations of structural theories of why aboriginal people are overrepresented in the CJS?

A)colonial model
B)historic trauma transmission model
C)critical race theory
D)the code of the street theory

Question 22

According to Wright and colleagues (1999),the relationship between socio-economic status and crime is indirect and operates through mediating variables.Which of the following statements best represent this argument?

A)High SES promotes delinquency because it increases risk-taking behaviours.
B)Low SES promotes delinquency because it creates greater opportunities for fraud.
C)Low SES promotes delinquency by reducing bonds to conventional values while increasing risk-taking behaviours.
D)High SES promotes delinquency because it reduces one's bonds to conventional values.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Aboriginal offenders when compared to non-Aboriginal offenders?

A)They are more likely to be denied bail.
B)They spend more time in pre-trial detention.
C)They more likely to have legal representation at court proceedings.
D)They are more likely to be incarcerated than non-Aboriginal offenders.

Question 24

Which of the following best represents the differential treatment hypothesis?

A)There are actual differences between racial groups in terms of the incidence,level of seriousness,and persistence of offending patterns.
B)Structural inequality in the administration of justice is responsible for the overrepresentation of minority groups in the criminal justice process.
C)Structural injustices in society are responsible for the overrepresentation of minority groups in criminal offending.
D)There is a higher rate of criminal offending by racial minority groups because they receive preferential treatment by government.

Question 25

Which of the following statements best depicts Canada's violent crime rate compared to other countries?

A)It is lower than that of the United States but the same as European countries.
B)It is lower than that of the United States but higher than European countries.
C)It is at the same level as that of the United States and European countries.
D)It is a higher rate compared to the United States and European countries.

Question 26

Which of the following statements is false regarding the relationship between criminal and violent behaviour,and socio-economic status?

A)Most violent men are overwhelmingly from high SES.
B)Employment reduces recidivism.
C)There is a high correlation between dropping out of high school and violence.
D)Older and better educated people generally commit more sophisticated crimes.

Question 27

Assigning the poor living conditions among Aboriginal peoples as the reason for their overrepresentation in the criminal justice system is an example of which of the following theories?

A)critical race theories
B)structural theories
C)cultural theories
D)post-structuralist theories

Question 28

In general,crime rates in Canada tend to adhere to which of the following patterns?

A)Crime rates increase as one travels from east to west.
B)Crime rates increase as one travels from west to east.
C)Crime is highest on the east and west coasts.
D)Crime rates are highest in central Canada.

Question 29

Which of the following scenarios does NOT represent the statement the "relationship between class and crime is class and crime specific"?

A)A drug-addicted youth breaks into a pharmacy close to his house.
B)An accountant fraudulently underestimates the revenue of his wealthy client to reduce his taxes.
C)A corporate executive breaks into a pharmacy to steal cash in the till.
D)A lawyer launders the proceeds for his drug trafficking client.

Question 30

Which of the following statements best reflects the cultural theories of Aboriginal overrepresentation in the criminal justice system?

A)The sharing of material possessions implies reciprocal action in Aboriginal communities but in the dominant culture it is called theft.
B)Aboriginal people are overrepresented in the criminal justice system because of the culture of racist policing in mainstream society.
C)Three to four times as many Aboriginal people live in poor neighbourhoods.
D)A much smaller proportion of Aboriginal inmates have a high school education.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Aboriginal adults are overrepresented in the criminal justice process in Canada.
B)The number of Aboriginal youth in custody in Canada has increased in recent years.
C)Aboriginal female youth are overrepresented in Canada's prison population.
D)Aboriginal youth are underrepresented among criminal offenders.

Question 32

Which of the following regions of Canada has the highest crime rate as measured by the Crime Severity Index?

A)the Northwest Territories
B)Western Canada
C)Central Canada
D)Atlantic Canada

Question 33

Which of the following regions of Canada has the highest incarceration rate of Aboriginal peoples?

A)the Northwest Territories
B)the prairies
C)Central Canada
D)Atlantic Canada

Question 34

Research in Canada shows that one minority group reported being much more likely to be stopped and searched by the police than those from other racial backgrounds.Which of the following groups was this?

A)Hispanics
B)Blacks
C)South Asians
D)Aboriginals

Question 35

Studies show that different neighbourhoods have different patterns of crime.Which of the following is NOT one of the patterns documented in this research?

A)Violent juvenile criminal behaviour declines when families move to wealthier neighbourhoods.
B)Crime and violence are higher in poor,socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods.
C)Neighbourhoods with greater "collective efficacy" have less crime.
D)Characteristics of neighbourhoods and social context are not linked to aboriginal offending in Canada.

Question 36

According to the textbook,which of the following best characterizes the relationship between socio-economic class and crime?

A)It is simple to understand.
B)It is unknown because of limited evidence.
C)It is complex.
D)It is a myth.

Question 37

Which of the following best represents the concept of "collective efficacy"?

A)Criminals are more effective when working together.
B)Neighbourhoods are safer where there is a higher level of social cohesion among neighbourhood residents.
C)Police are involved in socially sorting who belongs to the neighbourhood collective and who does not.
D)Neighbourhoods are safer where there is a higher level of racial integration,rather than segregation.

Question 38

According to research,which of the following is NOT true about the relationship between substance abuse and crime?

A)Use of illicit drugs strongly correlates with street crime.
B)There is not a high rate of criminal offenders in prison with substance abuse problems because most are diverted to community-based drug treatment programs.
C)There is a high rate of criminal offenders in prison with substance abuse problems.
D)There is a direct link between substance use and criminal behaviour.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a structural explanation of the overrepresentation of Aboriginal peoples in criminal offending and the criminal justice system in Canada?

A)Aboriginal cultures are structured differently from the dominant Euro-Canadian culture in content and/or manner of expression.
B)First nations reserves have inferior educational systems.
C)Aboriginal communities have been colonized by the dominant Euro-Canadian population.
D)Aboriginal people are excluded from mainstream society due to racism.

Question 40

Which of the following countries had the highest homicide rate in 2011?

A)United States
B)England and Wales
C)Canada
D)Japan

Question 41

Criminal activity declines during adolescence and young adulthood and then increases thereafter.

Question 42

No single factor explains any particular crime.

Question 43

Women's imprisonment has not increased in the past few decades

Question 44

One category of crime that young women are most likely to be charged with is fraud.

Question 45

Maturational reform refers to the observation that involvement in crimes tends to decrease as people age.

Question 46

Young people have the highest rate of criminal offending in all categories of crime.

Question 47

Identifying the correlates of a particular crime problem will identify the causes of that crime problem.

Question 48

The differential treatment hypothesis suggests that there are actual differences between racial groups in terms of the incidence,level of seriousness,and persistence of offending patterns.

Question 49

A basic explanation for the theory of maturational reform is that adolescence is a period of transition marked by ambiguity and nonconformity,which contributes to more criminal and delinquent behaviour

Question 50

Violent males tend to come from a high level of privilege and their violence is the result of their being spoiled as children.

Question 51

There are greater incentives for older adults to conform to mainstream society and thus they become less involved in crime compared to young people.

Question 52

Young men make up a disproportionate amount crime.

Question 53

Race is a stronger correlate of crime than age or gender.

Question 54

According to Heimer and De Coster (1999)the gender gap in violent crime can be explained in part by research suggesting that young boys learn more violent definitions and have greater experience with violence compared to young girls.

Question 55

There is no difference between the rate of criminal offending among adolescence and older adults.

Question 56

The rate of increase in the aboriginal prison population is the same as the rate of increase of the aboriginal population in Canadian society.

Question 57

Aboriginal people are overrepresented among criminal offenders but are not overrepresented within the prison population due to more lenient sentencing.

Question 58

The role convergence hypothesis suggests that as social roles of the sexes become more equal,differences in their criminal behaviour should diminish.

Question 59

One dominant explanation why women receive more lenient treatment in the courts compared to men is because they commit less serious crimes.

Question 60

While blacks are highly discriminated against in the US criminal justice system,there is no evidence of that in Canada.

Question 61

Canada has a higher homicide rate than European countries.

Question 62

Distinguish between structural and cultural explanations of Aboriginal overrepresentation in the criminal justice system.provide specific examples to substantiate each of these explanations

Question 63

Is there a direct link between alcohol/drug misuse and criminal behaviour? Support your answer by citing statistics and research findings.

Question 64

There are three variations of structural theories on the overrepresentation of Aboriginal people within the Canadian criminal justice system.Identify and summarize each of these variations.

Question 65

Choose one major correlate of crime as documented in your textbook and describe its relationship with crime,using theories and research to substantiate your arguments.

Question 66

Explain the role convergence theory.How does it account for the rising crime rate among women? Is this explanation substantiated by empirical research? Elaborate on your answer.

Question 67

Explain the maturational reform thesis.How does this theory account for the decline of criminal behaviour after adolescence?

Question 68

While research demonstrates a strong correlation between substance abuse and criminal offending,there is not a high rate of criminal offenders in prison with substance abuse problems because most are diverted to community-based drug treatment programs.

Question 69

The larger the population size of a city in Canada,the higher the crime rate.

Question 70

Canada's three largest cities have lower crime rates than other smaller cities in the country

Question 71

There is no evidence that substantiates a correlation between substance abuse and criminal behaviour.

Question 72

The textbook cites Hagen (1992)who says the "relationship between class and crime is class and crime specific." What does Hagen mean by this? Provide some specific examples to substantiate your answer.

Question 73

This chapter explores how certain variables correlate with crime.Yet,it emphasizes that just because a variable is associated with crime,this does not mean it causes crime.Explain the difference between a correlate of crime and a cause of crime.Cite one example from the chapter for each.

Question 74

Structural explanations for Aboriginal overrepresentation in the criminal justice system centre on the social and economic oppression of Aboriginals by the dominant white society.

Question 75

Identify and describe some of the ways that illicit drug use leads to crime and violence.

Question 76

Describe some of the major differences in crime rates and patterns between the genders.How have official statistics and self-report studies differed in their findings on such sex differences?

Question 77

The evidence suggests that some minority groups are overrepresented in police-reported crime statistics.Identify and describe the two main hypotheses that account for overrepresentation.Which one do you believe is most accurate?

Question 78

According to Hagen,the relationship between crime and class is complex because various classes are involved in different kinds of criminal behaviour due to differential opportunities to commit crimes.

Question 79

People with high socio-economic status are overrepresented in police-reported statistics.

Question 80

According to the textbook,there are three broad factors that link alcohol/drug misuse and crime.Identify and describe each of these factors.