Deck 13: Inferential Statistics

Question 1

In her treatment group, Kenesha had students with developmental disabilities swim daily for 20 minutes. In her findings she reported that at the conclusion of the study, those in the treatment condition had greater self-confidence than those in the no-swimming control group. There were actual differences between groups. Kenesha's conclusion represents

A) a Type I error.
B) a Type II error.
C) both a Type I and Type II error.
D) neither a Type I or Type II error.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Darlene concludes in her thesis that there are significant differences in reading motivation between those children whose parents read to them daily and those who did not. There were, however, no actual differences between these groups. Darlene's conclusion represents

A) a Type I error.
B) a Type II error
C) both a Type I and Type II error.
D) neither a Type I or Type II error.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

As standard error of the mean increases

A) population mean decreases.
B) sample mean increases.
C) sampling error increases.
D) sample mean decreases.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Inferential statistics are generally concerned with

A) how well the sample represents the population.
B) if the correct statistical test is used for analysis.
C) the internal validity of the research design.
D) the consequential validity of the dependent measure.

Question 5

If a null hypothesis is retained one can conclude which of the following?

A) Any differences between groups are due to sampling error.
B) Differences between conditions are due to the treatment.
C) The treatment is successful.
D) There are no significant differences between groups.

Question 6

Which of the following does one need to know to calculate the standard error of the mean?

A) Mean and sample size.
B) Mean and standard deviation.
C) Standard deviation and sample size.
D) Mean, standard deviation, and sample size.

Question 7

Which of the following represents a null hypothesis regarding differences in SAT score by identity status?

A) There are no differences in SAT scores among students of different race and ethnicities.
B) Hispanic students score lower than any other students on the SAT.
C) Hispanic students score higher than any other students on the SAT.
D) There are significant differences in SAT among students of different race and ethnicities.

Question 8

The percentage of sample means that fall between +/- 1 standard deviation is

A) 36.
B) 68.
C) 84
D) 99.

Question 9

Mike concluded that there were no differences in self-confidence between those who had received his intervention and those in the control group. However, there were differences. Mike's intervention did work! Mike's conclusion represents

A) a Type I error.
B) a Type II error
C) both a Type I and Type II error.
D) neither a Type I or Type II error.

Question 10

Given a set of scores with a mean of 25, standard deviation of 4 and a sample size of 50, calculate the standard error of the mean.

A) .36
B) .57
C) 1.75
D) 2.42

Question 11

Which of the following represents a null hypothesis regarding the differences between two groups learning biology content?

A) There are differences in a practicum exam between those who learn dissection in the actual lab and those who learn dissection by computer simulation.
B) There are no differences in a practicum exam between those who learn dissection in the actual lab and those who learn dissection by computer simulation.
C) Those students who learn dissection in the lab will perform better on the practicum exam than those who learn dissection via the computer simulation.
D) Those students who learn dissection via the computer simulation will perform better on the practicum exam than those who learn dissection in the lab.

Question 12

When a researcher concludes that there are no differences between the treatment and control groups in a study, and in fact, there were no differences between the conditions. The researcher is illustrating

A) Type I error.
B) Type II error.
C) both Type I and Type II error.
D) neither Type I and Type II error.

Question 13

Both the mean and the standard deviation are examples of which of the following?

A) Statistics.
B) Parameters.
C) Data.
D) Assessment.

Question 14

When a researcher is concerned about committing a Type I error which of the following significance levels should she use to reject or retain the null hypothesis?

A) .001
B) .01
C) .05
D) .10

Question 15

If a null hypothesis is rejected it means

A) the treatment causes significant differences.
B) there are no differences between treatments.
C) any differences between groups are due to sampling error.
D) the differences found between groups are not due to chance.

Question 16

As the population standard deviation increases

A) sampling error decreases.
B) sample mean decreases.
C) sampling error increases.
D) population mean increases.

Question 17

Anan conducted an experimental study in which students were randomly assigned to either 10 minutes of read aloud, 10 minutes of silent reading, 10 minutes of writing, or 10 minutes of free time. She concluded that there were significant differences among groups with the read aloud group outperforming others on a standardized reading assessment. However, there were not actual differences among groups. Anan conclusion represents

A) a Type I error
B) a Type II error
C) both a Type I and a Type II error
D) neither a Type I or Type II error

Question 18

In a recent study that tested differences in metacognition between those with high ability and those with low ability, Teo concluded that there were not differences between these groups. In fact, however, the low ability students were actually significantly better at monitoring their learning. Teo's conclusion represents

A) a Type I error
B) a Type II error
C) both a Type I and a Type II error
D) neither a Type I or Type II error

Question 19

Given a set of scores with a mean of 80, a standard deviation of 3, and a sample size of 82, calculate the standard error of the mean.

A) .27
B) .33
C) .68
D) .80

Question 20

The smaller the standard error the

A) more accurate the sample means are as an estimate of the population mean.
B) more likely differences between groups are due to chance.
C) less likely that the statistic represents the parameter.
D) less accurate the subject's response is on a dependent measure.

Question 21

The first decision in selection of an appropriate test of significance is

A) to examine sample size.
B) to determine if a parametric or nonparametric test must be selected.
C) to consider the effect size you need.
D) to decide if your level of significance is appropriate.

Question 22

Independent samples refer to samples

A) selected from different populations.
B) selected from the same population.
C) known to be different on extraneous variables.
D) selected based upon a stratified sample.

Question 23

If a researcher rejects the null hypothesis she is concluding that

A) there are real differences between groups.
B) there are no real differences between groups.
C) differences between groups are due to chance.
D) differences between groups are due to measurement error.

Question 24

Rose is sure that any significant differences in her reading intervention study will favor those children who were in her treatment condition. She therefore will not consider rejecting the null hypothesis that the groups are different in favor of her control condition. Rose will then

A) use a non-parametric test of significance.
B) apply a two-tailed test of significance.
C) apply a one-tailed test of significance.
D) use descriptive findings only to examine her data.

Question 25

In determining the test of significance to select, one must consider all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) Number of groups.
B) Sample sizes.
C) Needed effect size.
D) Level of measurement of data.

Question 26

Moya would like to increase the degrees of freedom in her study that explores students' test performance in Chemistry. How might she do this?

A) She could make an easier test so students perform better.
B) She could increase her sample size.
C) She could divide her sample into subgroups.
D) She could add a covariate to her analysis.

Question 27

The level of probability selected determines the

A) probability of committing a Type I error.
B) probability of committing a Type II error.
C) probability of committing both a Type I and Type II error.
D) neither Type I or Type II error is related to selected probability.

Question 28

In both a t-test and an ANOVA the differences between groups is represented as the

A) numerator in the equation.
B) denominator in the equation.
C) error in the equation.
D) treatment variance in the equation.

Question 29

Researchers determine the probability level

A) prior to the execution of the study and any data collection.
B) after the data are collected by prior to analysis
C) after analysis but prior to interpretation
D) after the data are analyzed and interpreted but before writing it up.

Question 30

Parametric tests require all EXCEPT the following assumptions

A) that there are an equal number of participants per group.
B) that data are interval or ratio scale of measurement.
C) that the selection of participants is independent.
D) that the variable measured is normally distributed.

Question 31

The test of significance that determines if two group means differ more than would be expected by chance is the

A) t- test.
B) chi square.
C) ANOVA.
D) analysis of gain scores.

Question 32

Degrees of freedom are dependent upon

A) the number of participants.
B) the number of participants and groups.
C) the number of groups and their means.
D) the number of participants and their performance.

Question 33

Nonindependent t-tests are used when

A) the two groups tested are randomly formed samples.
B) the two groups tested are initially the same on the dependent variable.
C) the two groups are formed by preexisting samples.
D) Matching has been done or in a pre-post design.

Question 34

Cristos has collected data to explore differences in opinions about diversity training in the workplace based upon geographic location in the county. The first step he should take in selecting the appropriate test of significance is to

A) conduct a power analysis.
B) consider the effect size he needs.
C) decide his level of significance.
D) decide if a parametric or nonparametric test will be used.

Question 35

One benefit of conducting a two-tailed test is that

A) it allows for a greater region of rejection than a one tailed test.
B) it allows for differences in groups be in either direction.
C) it is easier to obtain significant differences between groups.
D) it is easier to reject the null hypothesis than for a one tailed test.

Question 36

The selection of an inappropriate test of significance

A) will cause one to make a Type I error.
B) will cause one to make a Type II error.
C) may cause either a Type I or Type II error.
D) is independent of Type of error.

Question 37

A non-parametric test should be used if

A) the sample size is small.
B) the level of measurement is nominal.
C) the scores are normally distributed.
D) the concern for a Type II error is great.

Question 38

Misha is comparing different Types of typing instruction. In one group he used a classroom-based instructional method, while for the other group he used a computer-based training program. After a six-week treatment, he assessed differences in their typing ability. Of the following, which is the appropriate test of significance for Misha to use assuming random assignment and no pretreatment differences?

A) Independent t test
B) Dependent t test
C) Difference scores
D) ANOVA

Question 39

Hal administers a self-esteem measure to his sample before the sessions begin and after a semester of the Saturday Esteem Program, he measures their esteem again. Which type of analysis is Hal likely to use to test for significant differences in his group?

A) Independent t test
B) Dependent t test
C) Difference scores
D) ANCOVA

Question 40

As the probability of committing a Type I error increases

A) the probability of committing a Type II error decreases.
B) the probability of committing a Type II error generally increases.
C) the probability of committing a Type II error may increase or decrease.
D) the probability of committing a Type II error will remain constant.

Question 41

The statistical test that allows us to determine the degree to which variables are related is the

A) ANCOVA.
B) MANOVA.
C) Multiple Regression.
D) Chi Square.

Question 42

Shani is testing whether her intervention designed to increase self-reported tolerance for others in aggressive youth is effective. She administers her scale before and after the intervention and concludes that her intervention is effective. Which analysis did Shani use?

A) Independent t test
B) Dependent t test
C) ANCOVA
D) ANOVA

Question 43

When one does follow-up tests to determine significant differences between groups in a comparison between means test, one test to use is the

A) nonindependent t.
B) Scheffe test.
C) Chi Square.
D) Pearson r.

Question 44

Given the following pre and post data set for students completing number of push-ups in 30 seconds, if we were to determine if there are differences between pre and post we would calculate a non independent t test. The formula follows:
D=

A) 5
B) 8
C) 10
D) 24

Question 45

Given the following pre and post data set for students completing number of push-ups in 30 seconds, if we were to determine if there are differences between pre and post we would calculate a non independent t test. The formula follows:
mean D=

A) 1
B) 2
C) 5
D) 10

Question 46

Andy compared students' ability to transfer learning from three different Types of instructional materials. He found that there were pre-existing group differences between his conditions. Which of the following is the appropriate analysis technique for Andy to use?

A) Nonindependent t test
B) Independent t test
C) MANOVA
D) ANCOVA

Question 47

Given the following groups of scores, to test for differences between means it is most likely that an ANOVA would be calculated.
Given the above formula N =

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 15

Question 48

Given a set of scores with a mean of 80, standard deviation of 8 and a sample size of 200, calculate the standard error of the mean.

A) .57
B) .85
C) 1.18
D) 1.62

Question 49

Given the following data for two groups, answer questions 50-52.
The formula for degrees of freedom for independent t tests is n₁+n₂-2). Therefore, the degrees of freedom for this dataset equals

A) 4
B) 5
C) 8
D) 10

Question 50

Given the following pre and post data set for students completing number of push-ups in 30 seconds, if we were to determine if there are differences between pre and post we would calculate a non independent t test. The formula follows:
If degrees of freedom equal N-1 where N is the number of pairs, the degrees of freedom are

A) 1
B) 4
C) 9
D) 14

Question 51

Given the following data for two groups, answer questions 50-52.
To test for significance one must also calculate the X₁)². The X₁)²=

A) 25
B) 35
C) 133
D) 255

Question 52

Given the following pre and post data set for students completing number of push-ups in 30 seconds, if we were to determine if there are differences between pre and post we would calculate a non independent t test. The formula follows:
t=

A) .44
B) 2
C) 4.27
D) 4.54

Question 53

Given the following data for two groups, answer questions 50-52.
To test for differences between these two groups the researcher will employ an independent groups t-test. To calculate the independent groups t-test, one must calculate the X₁ The X₁₌

A) 5
B) 7
C) 25
D) 35

Question 54

Given the following groups of scores, to test for differences between means it is most likely that an ANOVA would be calculated.
Given the above formula, X² =

A) 61
B) 70
C) 248
D) 277

Question 55

Given equal F and equal degrees of freedom, and a change from p=.01 to p=.05, the needed F ratio to indicate significant differences between groups will

A) remain constant.
B) decrease.
C) increase.
D) may either increase or decrease.

Question 56

Given a group of 100 individuals queried at random from a busy urban street, 75 stated they preferred Indian food and 25 stated that they prefer Thai food. The expected frequency would be 50 and 50. A Chi Square test would be used to calculate the differences between the observed and the expected frequencies.
In order to calculate the Chi Square, the degrees of freedom are calculated as C-1. How many degrees of freedom are there in this example?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 4

Question 57

Vincente intends to examine differences between three groups of district curriculum coordinators that received either no formal training, a web-based training, or a cooperative group experience as instruction for the core standards. He tested participants' knowledge of the standards both before treatment and then after treatment. Given his design, which of the following analysis should Vincente conduct?

A) Independent t test
B) Dependent t test
C) ANCOVA
D) ANOVA

Question 58

Nelson's recent study tested differences in problem-solving ability based upon science ability, treatment instruction, no instruction), and gender. Of the following, which test should Nelson employ?

A) Chi Square
B) t-test
C) ANOVA
D) Multiple Regression

Question 59

If an observed F value with 1 degree of freedom within and 12 degrees of freedom between and a significance level of p=.05 is 4.80 and the table value is 4.75 what can the researcher conclude?

A) He has proven there are differences between groups.
B) There are no differences between groups.
C) Differences between groups are due to chance.
D) Differences between groups are greater than those expected by chance.

Question 60

Given a group of 100 individuals queried at random from a busy urban street, 75 stated they preferred Indian food and 25 stated that they prefer Thai food. The expected frequency would be 50 and 50. A Chi Square test would be used to calculate the differences between the observed and the expected frequencies.
Given the following formula, calculate Chi Sq

A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 125

Question 61

Given the following groups of scores, to test for differences between means it is most likely that an ANOVA would be calculated.
Given the above formula, X1)² =

A) 18
B) 248
C) 324
D) 729

Question 62

In a study that tested the effects of three groups of after school homework club participation in end of year mathematics performance. In the first group, students worked independently, in the second group students worked with peer-tutors, and in the third group students worked independently with a tutor. Jasmine concluded that there were differences between the three groups, however there were not actual differences between these conditions.
In this scenario, Jasmine's conclusion represents

A) a Type I error
B) a Type II error
C) both a Type I and a Type II error
D) neither a Type I or a Type II error

Question 63

Chloe concluded that there were differences in achievement goals between those who had completed a ropes course and those who did not complete the course. However, there were no true differences between groups. The ropes course had no significant effect on achievement goals?
To determine if there were significant differences between groups, Chole would have conducted which of the following analyses?

A) Chi-Square
B) Pearson r
C) T-Test
D) ANOVA

Question 64

Given a set of scores in a normal distribution with a mean of 80, standard deviation of 4, and sample size of 100.
What is the standard error of the mean of this distribution?
1) .05
2) .20
3) .40
4) .80

Question 65

In her study of student athlete's achievement motivation, Katie administers a self-report achievement motivation scale before she starts a new motivation enhancement intervention. After the intervention, Katie again assesses students' achievement motivation. She set her alpha at p=.05, and reported that there were no significant findings in her study.
Which statistical analysis was appropriate for Katie to use to determine if there were treatment differences in her study?

A) Pearson r
B) ANOVA
C) Spearman rho
D) T-Test

Question 66

Garrett wants to see if there are gender differences in the restaurant preferences of high school students in his town. His data is nominal in nature. Which of the following tests is he likely to employ?

A) Dependent t-test
B) Independent t-test
C) Chi-square
D) ANOVA

Question 67

Given the following groups of scores, to test for differences between means it is most likely that an ANOVA would be calculated.
Given the above formula N =

A) 3
B) 30
C) 43
D) 106

Question 68

In her study of student athlete's achievement motivation, Katie administers a self-report achievement motivation scale before she starts a new motivation enhancement intervention. After the intervention, Katie again assesses students' achievement motivation. She set her alpha at p=.05, and reported that there were no significant findings in her study.
Which of the following best represents the design of Katie's study?

A) Experimental
B) Cross-sectional
C) Correlational
D) Pre-experimental

Question 69

In her study of student athlete's achievement motivation, Katie administers a self-report achievement motivation scale before she starts a new motivation enhancement intervention. After the intervention, Katie again assesses students' achievement motivation. She set her alpha at p=.05, and reported that there were no significant findings in her study.
Katie questions whether there are significant differences in her study but her significance level is unable to detect these differences. What Type of error is Katie most concerned that she is committing?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV

Question 70

Given the following groups of scores, to test for differences between means it is most likely that an ANOVA would be calculated.
Given the above data, if significant differences are found between conditions. Which of the following tests might a researcher use to determine where these differences are found?

A) Spearman rho
B) dependent t-test
C) ANOVA
D) Scheffe test

Question 71

In a study that tested the effects of three groups of after school homework club participation in end of year mathematics performance. In the first group, students worked independently, in the second group students worked with peer-tutors, and in the third group students worked independently with a tutor. Jasmine concluded that there were differences between the three groups, however there were not actual differences between these conditions.
Which test did Jasmine use to analyze her data?

A) A dependent t test
B) A independent t test
C) An ANOVA
D) An ANCOVA

Question 72

Given the following groups of scores, to test for differences between means it is most likely that an ANOVA would be calculated.
Given the above formula, X₁)² =

A) 33
B) 191
C) 696
D) 1089

Question 73

Chloe concluded that there were differences in achievement goals between those who had completed a ropes course and those who did not complete the course. However, there were no true differences between groups. The ropes course had no significant effect on achievement goals?
In this scenario, Chloe's conclusion represents a
1) Type I error.
2) Type II error.
3) Type III error.
4) Type IV error.

Question 74

Molly has conducted a study that examines whether exposure to computers increases eyestrain in children. She randomly assigns children to one of four treatment conditions dependent upon computer exposure levels. The children's eyestrain is then tested. Which of the following tests of significance is Molly likely to use?

A) T-test
B) Chi square
C) ANOVA
D) Analysis of gain scores

Question 75

Given a set of scores with a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 10 and a sample size of 100, calculate the standard error of the mean.

A) .48
B) .76
C) 1.00
D) 2.24

Question 76

Saud concluded that there were no differences in reading ability between those who were exposed to parent read aloud and those who were exposed to sibling read aloud. There were, in fact, no actual differences in reading ability.
In this scenario, Saud's conclusion represents

A) a Type I error.
B) a Type II error.
C) both a Type I and a Type II error.
D) neither a Type I nor a Type II error.

Question 77

Saud concluded that there were no differences in reading ability between those who were exposed to parent read aloud and those who were exposed to sibling read aloud. There were, in fact, no actual differences in reading ability.
To calculate his t-test to compare groups, Saud needed to determine his degrees of freedom. To do so he will need to know not only that he has two groups but also he will need to know which of the following pieces of information?

A) The number of children in the study.
B) The number of parents in the study.
C) The mean group performance.
D) The mean number of treatment sessions.

Question 78

Given the following groups of scores, to test for differences between means it is most likely that an ANOVA would be calculated.
Given the above formula, X₃ =

A) 18
B) 30
C) 33
D) 43

Question 79

Given a set of scores in a normal distribution with a mean of 80, standard deviation of 4, and sample size of 100.
If the sample were increased to 200 participants would we expect to happen to the standard error?

A) The standard error would be unaffected
B) The standard error would decrease
C) The standard error would increase
D) The standard error would double

Question 80

Which of the following represents a null hypothesis regarding the differences between two treatment groups of students exposed to behavior management strategies for social behavior?

A) There are differences in observed prosocial behavior between those exposed to a graphing strategy and those exposed to a cognitive self-reflection strategy.
B) Those students who are given a graphing strategy will display more prosocial behavior than those given a cognitive self-reflection strategy.
C) There are no differences in prosocial behavior between those exposed to a graphing strategy and those exposed to a cognitive self-reflection strategy.
D) Those students who are given a cognitive self-reflection strategy will display more prosocial behavior than those given a graphing strategy.