Deck 13: Emotion and Personality

Question 1

A functional analysis of emotions and emotional expression focuses on the _____ of emotions and emotional expression.

A)"why"
B)"how"
C)"what"
D)"where"

Answer 1

"why"

Question 2

Happiness is usually measured

A)with a polygraph.
B)with life-outcome data.
C)with self-report questionnaires.
D)in the limbic system.

Answer 2

with self-report questionnaires.

Question 3

There is much consensus among proponents of the dimensional view of emotions that _____ are the basic dimensions underlying emotions.

A)pleasantness/unpleasantness and arousal level
B)pleasantness/unpleasantness and universality of facial expressions
C)arousal level and universality of facial expressions
D)subjective experience and bodily change

Answer 3

pleasantness/unpleasantness and arousal level

Question 4

The _____ is most concerned with identifying primary emotions.

A)categorical view of emotions
B)dimensional view of emotions
C)diathesis-stress model
D)circumplex model

Question 5

The _____ has focused on gathering self-ratings of emotions and using statistical techniques to reduce the number of emotion terms.

A)categorical view of emotions
B)dimensional view of emotions
C)diathesis-stress model
D)functional view of emotions

Question 6

_____ depend more on particular situations than personality characteristics.

A)Emotional states
B)Emotional traits
C)Mood inductions
D)Dimensional emotions

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT considered a component of emotions?

A)Subjective feelings
B)Bodily changes
C)Categorizations
D)Action tendencies

Question 8

The average person

A)is happy more often than unhappy.
B)is unhappy more often than happy.
C)is happy and unhappy about equal amounts of time.
D)does not care about happiness.

Question 9

Questionnaire measures of happiness

A)correlate with measures of social desirability.
B)appear to be valid.
C)are invalid due to response bias.
D)correlate with measures of social desirability and appear to be valid.

Question 10

The patterns of emotional reactions that a person consistently experiences over time are called

A)emotional states.
B)emotional traits.
C)explanatory style.
D)the cognitive triad.

Question 11

According to the dimensional view, emotions define a common dimension when they

A)have similar facial expressions.
B)serve similar functions.
C)occur together in experience.
D)are rated as feeling distinct.

Question 12

Which of the following has NOT been used as a criterion for identifying fundamental or primary emotions?

A)Subjective experience
B)Unique motivational properties
C)Distinct facial expressions
D)Relationship to biological processes

Question 13

_____ is the component of emotions that refers to the increase in probabilities of certain behaviors.

A)Subjective feelings
B)Bodily changes
C)Categorizations
D)Action tendencies

Question 14

Happiness can be thought of as an emotional

A)state.
B)trait.
C)state and as an emotional trait.
D)None of these.

Question 15

Most lists of primary emotions contain _____ emotions.

A)equal numbers of positive and negative
B)more positive emotions than negative
C)more negative emotions than positive
D)only negative emotions or positive

Question 16

The extent to which people are satisfied with their lives correlates with

A)social desirability.
B)having many positive emotions.
C)positive illusions.
D)All of these.

Question 17

Seidlitz and Diener found that when given five minutes to recall happy events and five minutes to recall unhappy events, happy people recalled _____ than unhappy people.

A)more pleasant events and fewer unpleasant events
B)as many pleasant events, but fewer unpleasant events
C)more pleasant events, but as many unpleasant events
D)more events, both happy and unhappy

Question 18

Ekman has argued that primary emotion facial expressions are innate based on

A)universal recognition of facial expressions.
B)research that shows people who are blind from birth make facial expressions.
C)factor analysis.
D)universal recognition of facial expressions and the observation of blind persons' facial expressions.

Question 19

_____ is the part of a person's emotional life that refers to the kinds of emotions that are being experienced.

A)Style
B)Content
C)Action tendency
D)Intensity

Question 20

An inflated view of abilities and desirable characteristics is referred to as

A)self-deceptive happiness.
B)life satisfaction.
C)subjective well-being.
D)positive illusions.

Question 21

Which of the following brain imaging techniques CANNOT easily test Eysenck's biological explanation of neuroticism?

A)EEG
B)MRI
C)PET
D)Not just one of these.All of these techniques can test Eysenck's theory.

Question 22

Studies of sex differences in happiness indicate that

A)men and women are about equally happy.
B)men are more likely than women to be depressed.
C)women are more likely than men to become alcoholics.
D)All of these.

Question 23

Studies of happiness and age have found that

A)levels of happiness are not predicted well by age.
B)relationships and success at work are more important to young people.
C)financial security is more important to older people.
D)All of these.

Question 24

People in countries with _____ tend to be happier.

A)high incomes
B)low incomes
C)more civil liberties
D)high incomes and more civil liberties

Question 25

Which of the following is consistent with Eysenck's biological explanation of neuroticism?

A)Neuroticism scores are stable over time.
B)Neuroticism is partially heritable.
C)Neuroticism is described by almost all cultures.
D)All of these.

Question 26

Which of the following traits is strongly associated with increased happiness?

A)High levels of extraversion
B)High levels of neuroticism
C)Type A personality
D)High levels of extraversion and high levels of neuroticism

Question 27

Which of the following is a potential "third variable" that might explain the correlation between wealth and happiness across countries?

A)Civil rights
B)Health care
C)Education
D)All of these

Question 28

Eysenck linked the trait of _____ to activation in the limbic system.

A)extraversion
B)neuroticism
C)Type A personality
D)hostility

Question 29

People who score high on neuroticism

A)take a dimensional view of emotions.
B)take a categorical view of emotions.
C)are irritated by many things.
D)take a categorical view of emotions and are irritated by many things.

Question 30

Studies have shown that the control of emotion is associated with an increased activation of the

A)hippocampus.
B)hypothalamus.
C)anterior cingulate.
D)prefrontal cortex.

Question 31

Wealth has been found to correlate with happiness

A)in studies of lottery winners.
B)across different nations.
C)when comparing people within most countries.
D)All of these.

Question 32

Correlational studies have

A)provided evidence of a direct effect of personality on happiness.
B)provided evidence of an indirect effect of personality on happiness.
C)shown that high extraversion and low neuroticism are associated with happiness.
D)shown that personality type causes happiness.

Question 33

Studies that have used mood inductions have

A)supported the idea of an indirect effect of personality on happiness.
B)supported the idea of a direct effect of personality on happiness.
C)shown that personality can influence the mood of a group.
D)All of these.

Question 34

Which of the following MOST suggests a cognitive basis of neuroticism?

A)Neuroticism scores are stable over time.
B)Neuroticism is associated with better recall of negative information.
C)Neuroticism is partially heritable.
D)Neuroticism is described by almost all cultures.

Question 35

Pictures designed to create an emotional reaction would be used

A)in the emotional Stroop task.
B)in a mood induction.
C)to assess Type A personality.
D)All of these.

Question 36

Studies of personality and mood inductions find that it is easier to put people who score _____ in good moods.

A)high on extraversion
B)low on extraversion
C)high on neuroticism
D)low on neuroticism

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT likely to increase happiness?

A)Spending time with friends
B)Helping others
C)Wishing for happiness
D)Exercise

Question 38

Studies have shown that emotion is associated with an increased activation of the

A)hippocampus.
B)hypothalamus.
C)anterior cingulate.
D)prefrontal cortex.

Question 39

People who spend much time worrying score

A)high on measures of hostility.
B)low on measures of hostility.
C)high on measures of neuroticism.
D)low on measures of neuroticism.

Question 40

Diener et al.(1995) found that the correlation between personal income and happiness was _____ in the United States.

A)0.0
B)+.12
C)+.32
D)+.52

Question 41

Which of the following are related to neuroticism?

A)Coronary disease
B)Cancer
C)Premature death
D)None of these

Question 42

Someone who becomes very angry and irritated when receiving a bill in the mail or encountering traffic delays, for example, may be labeled

A)neurotic.
B)hostile.
C)psychopathic.
D)antisocial.

Question 43

According to Beck, which of the following is NOT a cognitive distortion among people with depression?

A)Making arbitrary inferences
B)Personalizing
C)Catastrophizing
D)Compartmentalizing

Question 44

It is estimated that depression strikes _____ percent of the people in the United States at some point in their lives.

A)5
B)10
C)20
D)30

Question 45

People who score high (as compared to low) on neuroticism tend to

A)underestimate their physical symptoms.
B)reported fewer serious physical symptoms.
C)have exaggerated memories of the physical symptoms they experienced.
D)believe that others have physical symptoms even when they do not.

Question 46

_____ refers to a way of organizing and interpreting the world.

A)Cognitive schemas
B)Cognitive triads
C)Syndromes
D)Cognitive categorization

Question 47

People who _____ tend to complain of more physical ailments.

A)score high on neuroticism
B)score high on extraversion
C)have positive illusions
D)All of these.

Question 48

According to the diathesis-stress model, depression results from

A)stressful life events.
B)a pre-existing vulnerability.
C)an active limbic system.
D)stressful life events and a pre-existing vulnerability.

Question 49

Beck emphasized _____ in explaining depression.

A)vulnerability to negative emotions
B)activity in the limbic system
C)distortions in thoughts
D)the categorical approach to emotions

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a part of Beck's cognitive triad?

A)Information about the self
B)Information about one's past
C)Information about one's future
D)Information about the world

Question 51

The emotional Stroop task has been used to study personality differences in

A)emotional reactivity.
B)attention biases.
C)physical symptoms.
D)affect intensity.

Question 52

According to the neurotransmitter theory of depression, which of the following neurotransmitters are NOT involved in depression?

A)Dopamine
B)Serotonin
C)Norepinephrine
D)Not just one of these answers.They are all involved in depression.

Question 53

Hostility includes which of the following?

A)Easily irritated
B)Feeling frequent resentment
C)Acting in rude and critical manner in everyday interactions
D)All of these.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of depression?

A)Diminished pleasure in most activities
B)Fatigue
C)Feelings of worthlessness
D)Dwelling on the past

Question 55

Beck thought that cognitive distortions

A)lead to self-fulfilling prophesies.
B)lead to negative feelings about the self.
C)were automatic in depressed people.
D)All of these.

Question 56

People high in neuroticism are often _____ to name colors of anxiety- and threat-related words.

A)faster
B)slower
C)unwilling
D)eager

Question 57

Depressed persons maintain an _____, _____, and _____ explanatory style.

A)external; unstable; specific
B)external; stable; specific
C)internal; stable; global
D)internal; unstable; global

Question 58

Recent research on Type A personality has focused on

A)defining the categorical approach to emotion.
B)defining the dimensional approach to emotion.
C)neuroticism.
D)hostility.

Question 59

Which of the following words would cause emotional interference in a person who is high in neuroticism?

A)Disease
B)Fear
C)Failure
D)All of these

Question 60

Research suggests that _____ may be more susceptible to immune-mediated diseases.

A)People with Type A personality.
B)People who score high on hostility.
C)People who score high on neuroticism.
D)All of these.

Question 61

Researchers agree that

A)it is better to be high on affect intensity.
B)it is better to be low on affect intensity.
C)it is better to be high on affect intensity most of the time.
D)we cannot say whether it is bad or good to be low or high on affect intensity.

Question 62

People who score high on affect intensity

A)experience only negative emotions more strongly than people who score low.
B)experience more physiological arousal than people who score low.
C)experience less physiological arousal than people who score low.
D)Both A and B.

Question 63

A benefit of low affect intensity is

A)fewer psychosomatic symptoms.
B)lower levels of concern about psychosomatic symptoms.
C)experiencing less intense positive emotions.
D)experiencing more intense positive emotions.

Question 64

A person who experiences very high "highs" and very low "lows" scores high on the trait of

A)affect intensity.
B)neuroticism.
C)extraversion.
D)hostility.

Question 65

Emotional content and emotional style

A)correlate at high levels.
B)correlate at moderate levels.
C)correlate at low levels.
D)do not correlate at all.

Question 66

People who are concerned with aggressively achieving more in less time

A)score high on measures of neuroticism.
B)tend to be depressed.
C)exhibit Type A personality.
D)score high on measures of extraversion.

Question 67

People _____ in affect intensity exhibit _____ frequent changes in their moods.

A)low; slightly more
B)low; many more
C)high; more
D)high; less

Question 68

A cluster of several traits is referred to as a(n)

A)"taxonomy."
B)"syndrome."
C)"explanatory style."
D)"diathesis-stress model."

Question 69

Which of the following traits refers to an emotional style?

A)Type A personality
B)Hostility
C)Affect intensity
D)Easygoingness

Question 70

High levels of affect intensity are associated with

A)Type A personality.
B)high levels of neuroticism.
C)high levels of extraversion.
D)high levels of neuroticism and extraversion.

Question 71

Mood variability is a component of

A)Type A personality.
B)affect intensity.
C)extraversion.
D)anxiety.

Question 72

A person who scores low on affect intensity

A)never experiences strong emotions.
B)experiences negative emotions more frequently than a person who scores high.
C)experiences strong emotions less frequently than a person who scores high.
D)All of these.

Question 73

Research on affect intensity suggests that most people _____ affect intensity.

A)prefer to be high in
B)prefer to be low in
C)prefer to be moderate in
D)would not want to change their level of

Question 74

Research on Type A personality suggests that the component of _____ is most associated with poor health.

A)time urgency
B)achievement strivings
C)hostility
D)competitiveness

Question 75

Which of the following was identified using the experience sampling method?

A)Type A personality
B)Affect intensity
C)Neuroticism
D)Explanatory style