Deck 54: Animal Development

Question 1

By the end of the _____ week of pregnancy,in the neurulation stage,the first somites appear from which the muscles,vertebrae,and connective tissues develop.

A)first
B)third
C)eighth
D)tenth

Answer 1

B

Question 2

One of the hormones released by the placenta is __________,which maintains the mother's corpus luteum and is the hormone assayed in pregnancy tests.

A)hCG
B)estrogen
C)progesterone
D)FSH
E)LH

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The cleavage pattern is influenced by the amount of __________ and its distribution in the egg.

A)albumen
B)yolk
C)shell
D)air

Answer 3

B

Question 4

There are enzymes located in the acrosome that enables a sperm to tunnel its way through the

A)blastula to the egg's plasma membrane.
B)zona pellucida to the egg's plasma membrane.
C)archenteron to the egg's plasma membrane.
D)allantois to the egg's plasma membrane.
E)chorion to the egg's plasma membranE.

Question 5

The production of milk,called lactation,is stimulated by ____________.

A)adrenaline
B)prolactin
C)estradiol
D)oxytocin

Question 6

An outpouching of the gut that serves to store the uric acid excretion in the urine of developing birds is called the

A)acrosome.
B)archenteron.
C)placenta.
D)chorion.
E)allantois.

Question 7

Which of the following are stages in fertilization?

A)cleavage and fusion
B)fusion
C)activation
D)penetration
E)fusion,activation,and penetration

Question 8

Certain groups of cells move inward from the surface of the blastula in a carefully orchestrated migration called

A)blastulation.
B)archenteron formation.
C)morulla formation.
D)gastrulation.
E)cleavagE.

Question 9

The elaboration of a notochord and a dorsal nerve chord,the key developmental event that marks the evolution of the chordates,is referred to as

A)morphogenesis.
B)organogenesis.
C)gastrulation.
D)neural crest formation.
E)neurulation.

Question 10

There is a protective layer between the granulosa cells and the egg's plasma membrane or zona pellucida.This layer is made of a

A)glycoprotein.
B)glycolipid.
C)protein.
D)lipoprotein.
E)saturated fatty acid.

Question 11

The milk ejection reflex requires the action of the hormone ___________.

A)prolactin
B)estradiol
C)oxytocin
D)somatomammotropin

Question 12

The ______ trimester of pregnancy is characterized by growth,formation of major nerve tracts,and formation of new brain cells.

A)first
B)second
C)third

Question 13

_________ is the initial event in development.

A)Fertilization
B)Cleavage
C)Gastrulation
D)Organogensis

Question 14

The trophoblast implants into the endometrial lining of the mother's uterus and becomes the ________ membrane.

A)chorionic
B)amnionic
C)umbilical
D)placental

Question 15

The appearance of the __________ in the developing embryo marked the beginning of the first truly vertebrate phase of development.

A)limb buds
B)heart
C)neural crest
D)gastrula

Question 16

In mammals,the embryonic cells form an inner cell mass that will become the body of the embryo and a layer of surrounding cells called the ____________________.

A)blastocoel
B)yolk
C)blastodisc
D)trophoblast

Question 17

Birth occurs in response to uterine contractions stimulated by

A)FSH and prostaglandins.
B)LH and prostaglandins.
C)oxytocin and prostaglandins.
D)prolactin and prostaglandins.
E)hCG and prostaglandins.

Question 18

The hollow crater formed during gastrulation is known as the

A)acrosome.
B)archenteron.
C)morulla.
D)cleavage furrow.
E)trophoblast.

Question 19

During the ______ month,morphogenesis,the formation of the shape of the adult in miniature limb formation takes place.

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth

Question 20

Together,the chorionic frondosum and decidua basalis form a single functioning unit,the ________.

A)chorion
B)placenta
C)yolk sac
D)amnion

Question 21

All of the following occur within the placenta except

A)the bloods of the mother and the embryo come in close contact without mixing.
B)oxygen can diffuse from the mother to the embryo.
C)carbon dioxide can diffuse from the embryo to the mother.
D)the placenta provides nourishment,hormones,and detoxifying functions to the embryo.
E)the antibodies made in the embryo protect the mother from infections.

Question 22

Neurulation is the developmental stage in which tissue differentiation begins,with the formation of which of the following morphological features?

A)notochord
B)ectoderm,endoderm,and mesoderm
C)hollow dorsal nerve cord
D)notochord and hollow dorsal nerve cord
E)ectoderm,endoderm,mesoderm,and hollow dorsal nerve cord

Question 23

The neural crest produces all of the following except

A)a gill chamber of primitive chordates.
B)sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia.
C)Schwann cells.
D)blastopores.
E)olfactory and hearing organs.

Question 24

The head of a sperm is capped with an organelle that contains glycoprotein-digesting enzymes.This organelle is the

A)zona pellucidA.
B)acrosome.
C)granulosa.
D)blastula.
E)neural cap.

Question 25

In mammals,egg activation is characterized by all of the following except

A)prevention of entry of other sperm by changes in the egg membrane.
B)stimulation of the egg chromosomes to complete the second meiotic division.
C)one of the two nuclei is extruded from the egg as a second polar body.
D)cytoplasmic movements triggered around the point of sperm entry.
E)the cleavage of sperm nuclei.

Question 26

All of the following are features representing blastula except

A)each cell is in contact with a different set of neighboring cells.
B)some blastomeres are larger than the others and thus not equivalent.
C)differentiation into notochord and the hollow nerve chord takes place.
D)different blastomeres receive different components of the egg cytoplasm.
E)some blastomeres may divide slower than others depending on the amount of yolk.

Question 27

The developing embryo of reptiles,birds,and mammals is encased in the fluid-filled ________ membrane.

A)amniotic.
B)embryonic.
C)chorioniC.
D)yolk sac.
E)allantois.

Question 28

The appearance of which of the following structures has been widely accepted as the key event in the evolution of vertebrates?

A)neural crest
B)neural groove
C)neural tube
D)spinal cord
E)placenta

Question 29

The period of rapid division in which the embryo does not increase in overall size is called

A)syngamy.
B)cleavage.
C)neurulation.
D)meiosis.
E)crest formation.

Question 30

Which of the following stages of development are incorrectly matched with the times elapsed from fertilization?

A)implantation-six days
B)gastrulation-two weeks
C)neurulation-three weeks
D)fetus formation-six weeks
E)morphogenesis-second month

Question 31

Brain growth in humans is different from other mammals in that

A)in humans brain growth is complete by the third trimester.
B)in humans brain growth stops at birth.
C)human growth is not allometriC.
D)in humans brain growth continues after birth.
E)only humans develop a cerebrum.

Question 32

Which of the following is not a fetal membrane?

A)amnion
B)endometrium
C)chorion
D)yolk sac
E)allantois

Question 33

Segmented blocks of tissue that form on either side of the notochord and are continuously added during development are called

A)blastopores.
B)gastropores.
C)somites.
D)amniotic cells.
E)sensory neurons.

Question 34

Which of the following statements about human chorionic gonadotropin is not correct?

A)It is released by the placentA.
B)It stimulates the release of oxytocin from the mother's pituitary.
C)It is the hormone assayed in pregnancy tests.
D)It is almost identical to the action of lutenizing hormone.
E)It maintains the mother's corpus luteum.

Question 35

The human placenta is formed by the interaction of uterine tissue and the

A)amnion.
B)embrion.
C)chorion.
D)yolk sac.
E)allantois.

Question 36

The pattern of cleavage division characteristic of mammalian cells is

A)holoblastic cleavage with eggs containing little or no yolk.
B)more yolk-containing egg-cleavage resulting in vegetal and animal pole.
C)meroblastic cleavage with eggs containing almost entirely yolk.
D)holoblastic cleavage with eggs containing very little yolk,but with the inner cell mass concentrated at one pole.
E)holoblastic cleavage with eggs containing very little yolk,but with the inner cell mass distributed uniformly.

Question 37

Which of the following leads to the occurrence of vertebrate sense organs?

A)both adrenal medullary cells and sympathetic neurons derive from the neural crest
B)neural crest cells form both neurons that carry messages and cartilaginous bars
C)the neural crest and associated sensory ganglia
D)formation of the endoderm
E)formation of the autonomic nervous system

Question 38

All of the following are stages of vertebrate development except

A)cleavage.
B)fertilization.
C)inversion.
D)gastrulation.
E)organogenesis.

Question 39

Which of the following is not the developmental product of the primary cell layer,ectoderm?

A)epidermis
B)gonads
C)central nervous system
D)sense organs
E)neural crest

Question 40

Milk production in mammary alveoli is stimulated by

A)oxytocin.
B)prolactin.
C)chorionic gonadotropin.
D)progesterone.
E)estrogen.

Question 41

Which of the following is not a mechanism to prevent polyspermy?

A)change in membrane potential of egg
B)altering composition of exterior egg coat
C)cortical granule enzymes remove sperm receptors from egg
D)vitelline envelopes lift off surface of egg
E)sperm nuclei degraded inside egg allowing only one to fuse

Question 42

The mesoderm gives rise to all except

A)the head.
B)somites.
C)cartilage.
D)dermis.
E)the kidney.

Question 43

In this diagram,which of the following numbers represents the actual event of egg activation?

A)I
B)II
C)III
D)IV
E)V

Question 44

Which of the following is not an effect resulting from sperm penetration?

A)haploid nucleus of egg undergoes final mitotic division
B)eggs complete meiosis
C)outer pigmented cap of egg cytoplasm rotates toward point of entry
D)sharp increase in protein synthesis
E)movement of egg cytoplasm

Question 45

Which of the following animals undergoes rotational cleavage?

A)echinoderms
B)annelids
C)amphibians
D)mammals
E)reptiles

Question 46

Select the incorrectly matched germ layer and its developmental tissue fate.

A)ectoderm-lining of the digestive tract
B)ectoderm-epidermis
C)mesoderm-blood vessels
D)mesoderm-gonads
E)endoderm-lining of the respiratory tract

Question 47

The first milk that is produced after birth is a yellowish fluid called

A)prolactase.
B)colostrum.
C)hCG.
D)chorionic lactase.
E)allantoicasE.

Question 48

Select the correct sequence of vertebrate development beginning with fertilization.

A)fertilization $\rarr$ cleavage $\rarr$ gastrulation $\rarr$ neurulation $\rarr$ organogenesis $\rarr$ neural crest formation
B)fertilization $\rarr$ gastrulation $\rarr$ cleavage $\rarr$ neurulation $\rarr$ neural crest formation $\rarr$ organogenesis
C)fertilization $\rarr$ neurulation $\rarr$ gastrulation $\rarr$ organogenesis $\rarr$ neural crest formation $\rarr$ cleavage
D)fertilization $\rarr$ gastrulation $\rarr$ neurulation $\rarr$ neural crest formation $\rarr$ cleavage $\rarr$ organogenesis
E)fertilization $\rarr$ cleavage $\rarr$ gastrulation $\rarr$ neurulation $\rarr$ neural crest formation $\rarr$ organogenesis

Question 49

Which of the following is not formed by the developing mesoderm?

A)skeleton
B)nervous system
C)muscles
D)dermis of skin
E)blood

Question 50

According to the figure,which diagram shows the initial determination of primary germ layers?

A)diagram I
B)diagram II
C)both diagram I and diagram II
D)neither diagram I nor diagram II

Question 51

Select the incorrect statement from the choices in reference to postnatal development of human infants.

A)Human babies can double their birth weight in their first two months of life.
B)The head of newborn humans is disproportionate to the rest of their bodies.
C)The pattern of growth exhibited by human babies is called allometric growth.
D)In human babies the cerebral skull grows faster than the jaw.
E)In human babies the brain grows at the same rate as the skull.

Question 52

The human placenta is formed from a combination of the

A)chorionic frondosum and the chorionic villus.
B)chorionic frondosum and the decidua basalis.
C)decidua basalis and the chorionic villus.
D)chorionic villus and the endometrium.
E)chorionic frondosum and the amnion.

Question 53

Which of the following activates the egg?

A)entrance of sperm into the zona pellucida
B)contact of sperm with the outside of the zona pellucida
C)contact of sperm with the vitelline envelope
D)fusion of sperm and egg membranes
E)fusion of sperm and egg nuclei

Question 54

Working in an experimental fertility clinic,a researcher removes one cell in an 8-cell stage chimpanzee blastula.What is the likely result?

A)Both the cell and the blastula will die.
B)The removed cell can develop into a viable chimp.
C)All the cells are already committed and therefore are not viable.
D)The blastula still has the capability of implantation and growth.
E)Both can be implanted and will result in identical twin chimps.

Question 55

In human females,milk production is a result of

A)stimulation of the alveoli of the mammary glands by prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland.
B)stimulation of the alveoli of the mammary glands by oxytocin from the anterior pituitary gland.
C)stimulation of the alveoli of the mammary glands by prolactin from the posterior pituitary gland.
D)stimulation of the alveoli of the mammary glands by oxytocin from the posterior pituitary glanD.
E)stimulation of the alveoli of the mammary glands by LH from the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 56

In the diagram,which of the following is true?

A)Both diagrams show developmental sequences occurring in the same animal.
B)Both diagrams show blastulas.
C)Diagram II shows gastrulation in a bird.
D)Diagram I shows gastrulation in a frog.
E)Diagram II shows gastrulation in a mammal and diagram ii shows gastrulation in a reptilE.

Question 57

Removing some fluid from directly around a developing human fetus is performed by inserting a long needle into the belly of the female patient.What membranes will be punctured in this process?

A)chorion
B)amnion
C)chorionic villi
D)external epithelium of mother

Question 58

Which of the following regarding the Spemann organizer is false?

A)The dorsal lip cells directly activate dorsal development.
B)The organizer forms in the area of the grey crescent.
C)The organizer determines the dorsal-ventral axis.
D)Signaling molecules from the organizer inhibit ventral development.
E)The point of sperm entry determines the orientation of the organizer.

Question 59

All of the following statements are correct about the human placenta except

A)oxygen can diffuse from the mother's blood into the fetal blood.
B)maternal blood and fetal blood are mixed in the placenta.
C)alcohol is not prevented from entering the fetal blood supply.
D)antibiotics that the mother is taking are not stopped by the placenta and can enter the fetal blooD.
E)the human placenta releases hCG.

Question 60

Which of the following animals undergoes true holoblastic cleavage?

A)butterfly
B)ant
C)snail
D)tuna
E)bird

Question 61

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.third trimester of pregnancy
B.second month of pregnancy
C.first month of pregnancy
D.second trimester of pregnancy
E.third month of pregnancy
The embryo is now called the fetus.

Question 62

Referring to the figure below,choose the letter of the best match from with the following steps of sperm penetration and fusion. A.Some of the zona pellucida is degraded by acrosomal enzymes.
B.Enzymes are released by cortical granules that harden the zona pellucida.
C.Sperm and egg fuse at the plasma membrane.
D.Sperm penetrates the cronoa radiata.
E.The sperm nucleus dissociates and enters the cytoplasm.
F.Additional sperm can no longer penetrate.
Step I

Question 63

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.third trimester of pregnancy
B.second month of pregnancy
C.first month of pregnancy
D.second trimester of pregnancy
E.third month of pregnancy
The heart begins to beat.

Question 64

Referring to the figure below,choose the letter of the best match from with the following steps of sperm penetration and fusion. A.Some of the zona pellucida is degraded by acrosomal enzymes.
B.Enzymes are released by cortical granules that harden the zona pellucida.
C.Sperm and egg fuse at the plasma membrane.
D.Sperm penetrates the cronoa radiata.
E.The sperm nucleus dissociates and enters the cytoplasm.
F.Additional sperm can no longer penetrate.
Step IV

Question 65

Referring to the figure below,choose the letter of the best match from with the following steps of sperm penetration and fusion. A.Some of the zona pellucida is degraded by acrosomal enzymes.
B.Enzymes are released by cortical granules that harden the zona pellucida.
C.Sperm and egg fuse at the plasma membrane.
D.Sperm penetrates the cronoa radiata.
E.The sperm nucleus dissociates and enters the cytoplasm.
F.Additional sperm can no longer penetrate.
Step III

Question 66

Referring to the figure below,choose the letter of the best match from with the following steps of sperm penetration and fusion. A.Some of the zona pellucida is degraded by acrosomal enzymes.
B.Enzymes are released by cortical granules that harden the zona pellucida.
C.Sperm and egg fuse at the plasma membrane.
D.Sperm penetrates the cronoa radiata.
E.The sperm nucleus dissociates and enters the cytoplasm.
F.Additional sperm can no longer penetrate.
Step II

Question 67

Referring to the figure below,choose the letter of the best match from with the following steps of sperm penetration and fusion. A.Some of the zona pellucida is degraded by acrosomal enzymes.
B.Enzymes are released by cortical granules that harden the zona pellucida.
C.Sperm and egg fuse at the plasma membrane.
D.Sperm penetrates the cronoa radiata.
E.The sperm nucleus dissociates and enters the cytoplasm.
F.Additional sperm can no longer penetrate.
Step V

Question 68

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.third trimester of pregnancy
B.second month of pregnancy
C.first month of pregnancy
D.second trimester of pregnancy
E.third month of pregnancy
Major nerve tracts are formed.

Question 69

Referring to the figure below,choose the letter of the best match from with the following steps of sperm penetration and fusion. A.Some of the zona pellucida is degraded by acrosomal enzymes.
B.Enzymes are released by cortical granules that harden the zona pellucida.
C.Sperm and egg fuse at the plasma membrane.
D.Sperm penetrates the cronoa radiata.
E.The sperm nucleus dissociates and enters the cytoplasm.
F.Additional sperm can no longer penetrate.
Step VI

Question 70

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.third trimester of pregnancy
B.second month of pregnancy
C.first month of pregnancy
D.second trimester of pregnancy
E.third month of pregnancy
Neurulation occurs.

Question 71

What actually begins the uterine contractions which leads to giving birth?

A)oxytocin
B)prolactin
C)estrogen
D)prostaglandins
E)the movement of the fetus

Question 72

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.third trimester of pregnancy
B.second month of pregnancy
C.first month of pregnancy
D.second trimester of pregnancy
E.third month of pregnancy
The limbs,tail bud,and internal organs form.