Deck 52: The Immune System

Question 1

The surface defenses of the body consist of the ______ and the mucous membranes lining the digestive and respiratory tracts.

A)bone marrow
B)skin
C)T-cells
D)lymphocytes

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The surface of most vertebrate cells possesses self-markers called major __________.

A)histocompatibility complex proteins
B)T-cell receptors
C)antigens
D)immunoglobulins

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The cellular defenses of vertebrates are complemented by a very effective chemical defense called the _________ system.

A)autoimmune
B)relational
C)lymphatic
D)complement

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Nonself molecules called antigens cause the vertebrate system to produce proteins known as

A)interferons.
B)antibodies.
C)complements.
D)immunoglobulins.
E)phagocytes.

Question 5

The immune system depends on the function of _________,which include several types of phagocytic cells and two kinds of lymphocytes.

A)leukocytes
B)erythrocytes
C)platelets
D)target cells

Question 6

The human immunodeficiency virus mounts a direct attack on T_H cells by recognizing the _______ surface proteins associated with these cells.

A)Fc
B)CD4
C)epitope
D)cytokine

Question 7

The procedure of injecting a harmless microbe in order to confer resistance to a dangerous one is called

A)vaccination.
B)immunity.
C)antibody modification.
D)interferon activation.
E)immunoglobulin synthesis.

Question 8

The molecule that provokes a specific immune response is

A)antigen.
B)lymphocyte.
C)antibody.
D)lysozyme.

Question 9

__________ are phagocytes that circulate in the blood.

A)B cells
B)macrophages
C)Plasma cells
D)T cells
E)Monocytes

Question 10

_________ are macrophage precursor cells.

A)B cells
B)Macrophages
C)Plasma cells
D)T cells
E)Monocytes

Question 11

Because of natural _______,a mature animal's immune system does not attack its own tissues.

A)immunological tolerance
B)homeostasis
C)histochemicals
D)differentiation

Question 12

Lymphocyte receptors are encoded by genes that are assembled by _______ rearrangement
And mutation.

A)histochemical
B)reversible
C)gametic
D)DNA

Question 13

Virus-infected cells secrete a class of proteins called ________ that play a key role in body defense.

A)interferon
B)cytokines
C)antigens
D)interleukin-4

Question 14

T cells and B cells possess immune _______ that can recognize specific antigens.

A)detectors
B)receptors
C)inducers
D)precursors

Question 15

__________ are helper and inducer cells.

A)B cells
B)Macrophages
C)Plasma cells
D)T cells
E)Monocytes

Question 16

__________ diseases are those abnormal conditions in which the body's defensive cells fail to make the self versus the nonself distinction correctly,and attack the body's own tissues.

A)Septic
B)Nondiscrete
C)Autoimmune
D)Cancerous

Question 17

_________ are molecules released by activated helper T cells.

A)Antigens
B)Immunoglobulins
C)Cytokines
D)Antibodies

Question 18

_________ produce specific antibodies.

A)B cells
B)Macrophages
C)Plasma cells
D)T cells
E)Monocytes

Question 19

_________ are the source of antibody-producing cells.

A)B cells
B)Macrophages
C)Plasma cells
D)T cells
E)Monocytes

Question 20

The large,irregularly shaped cells that kill bacteria by digesting them are called

A)monocytes.
B)erythrocytes.
C)macrophages.
D)bacteriophages.
E)antibodies.

Question 21

Which is the major form of antibody in external secretions?

A)IgM
B)IgG
C)IgD
D)IgA
E)IgE

Question 22

MHC-II cell surface proteins are only found in

A)macrophages,B cells,and CD4+ cells.
B)erythrocytes.
C)acidophils.
D)neutrophils.
E)neutrophils and macrophages.

Question 23

The cell-mediated immune response is brought about by

A)B cells.
B)T cells.
C)erythrocytes.
D)fibroblasts.
E)lysozymes.

Question 24

Allergy is a term used interchangeably with

A)autoimmunity.
B)antibodies.
C)hypersensitivity.
D)antigen shifting.
E)asthma.

Question 25

All of the following are defense mechanisms employed by vertebrates except

A)specific antibodies.
B)negative test,as in,not finding self-markers.
C)skin and mucous membranes as barriers.
D)positive test to recognize presence of nonself-markers.
E)change in chromosomal composition.

Question 26

Antibodies are

A)circulating B receptors.
B)circulating T receptors.
C)circulating self-markers.
D)circulating interferons.
E)circulating cytokines.

Question 27

If different types of blood are mixed together because different antibodies exist for the ABO and Rh factor antigens on the surface of red blood cells,

A)an autoimmune reaction will occur.
B)an infection will occur.
C)an agglutination reaction will occur.
D)an inflammatory reaction will occur.
E)a temperature response will occur.

Question 28

Which of the following is not part of the inflammatory response?

A)Histamine and other chemicals are released,which produce redness,warmth,and edemA.
B)Neutrophils,monocytes,and macrophages attack the invading microbes and contribute to the pus.
C)Antibodies and interferons are produced against the antigens.
D)Invading agent causes the release of pyrogens,which produce a fever.

Question 29

The immune response is initiated by

A)suppressor T cells.
B)cytotoxic T cells.
C)mediator T cells.
D)inducer T cells.
E)helper T cells.

Question 30

Individuals who lack antigens on their red blood cell surfaces are more likely to be

A)A,Rh⁺.
B)B,Rh⁺.
C)AB,Rh^-.
D)O,Rh^-.
E)O,Rh⁺.

Question 31

Which of the following is not a nonspecific defense of the vertebrate system?

A)cells that ingest invading microbes
B)antimicrobial proteins that kill pathogens
C)immunoglobulin synthesis
D)the inflammatory response
E)the temperature response

Question 32

All of the following are types of leukocytes except

A)neutrophils.
B)eosinophils and basophils.
C)monocytes.
D)T and B cells.
E)erythrocytes.

Question 33

The ability to digest foreign invading cells is not present in

A)macrophages.
B)neutrophils.
C)natural killer cells.
D)T cells.
E)monocytes.

Question 34

The development of T cells in the thymus is overseen by

A)suppressor cells.
B)cytotoxic cells.
C)mediator cells.
D)inducer cells.
E)helper cells.

Question 35

Immunity gained by the transfer of antibodies across the placental barrier is called

A)passive immunity.
B)acquired immunity.
C)humoral immunity.
D)cell-mediated immunity.
E)auto immunity.

Question 36

Which of the following is not a part of the normal humoral immune response?

A)IgM is produced first.
B)It activates the complement system.
C)IgA is secreted in external secretions like saliva.
D)IgG antibodies are produceD.
E)It promotes phagocytosis.

Question 37

In the humoral response,B cells produce plasma cells,which in turn produce large quantities of

A)agglutinations that are specific for foreign antigens.
B)interferons specific for foreign antigens.
C)immunoglobulins specific for foreign antigens.
D)antibodies specific for foreign antigens.
E)macrophages specific for foreign antigens.

Question 38

Nonphagocytic leukocytes are

A)neutrophils.
B)eosinophils.
C)lymphocytes.
D)basophils.
E)monocytes.

Question 39

Complement proteins can perform all of the functions except

A)amplify inflammatory response.
B)attract phagocytes to the site of infection.
C)coat invading microbes.
D)insert themselves into the foreign cell's plasma membrane.
E)activate interferons.

Question 40

Histamine and prostaglandins are called

A)immunoglobulins.
B)antibodies.
C)inflammatory agents.
D)allergic agents.
E)pyrogens.

Question 41

Select the incorrect statement regarding the temperature response of the immune system.

A)When macrophages encounter invading cells,they release interleukin-1,which is carried to the brain by the circulatory system.
B)Interleukin-1 is a pyrogen,which can cause the neurons in the hypothalamus to raise the body's temperature,producing a fever.
C)Fever contributes to the body's defenses by stimulating phagocytosis.
D)Fevers above 105 ^$\circ$ F can be fatal.
E)Fevers cause the liver and spleen to store sodium and potassium which bacteria need for their growth and metabolism.

Question 42

Select the incorrectly matched immunoglobin (Ig)subclass and a fact about it.

A)IgA-found in saliva and mother's milk
B)IgD-serve as receptors on the surfaces of T cells
C)IgE-promotes the release of histamine
D)IgG-found in the plasma and secreted in a secondary response
E)IgM-first secreted during primary response

Question 43

Which is a treatment for autoimmune disease?
I-administration of corticosteroids
II-administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
III-aspirin

A)I only
B)II only
C)II and III
D)I and II
E)I,II,and III

Question 44

Which of the following mechanisms is not used to expel foreign pathogens?

A)producing antibodies
B)urination
C)sneezing
D)coughing
E)vomiting

Question 45

Which of the following would not occur at the site of an intense blunt trauma?

A)edema
B)release of histamine
C)pain
D)uptake of prostaglandins
E)migration of neutrophils

Question 46

In acquired immunologic tolerance

A)there is the lack of an immunological response against self.
B)grafts of foreign tissue are rejected in the adult.
C)foreign tissue introduced into the embryo is not recognized as nonself.
D)embryos are implanted with immunosuppressive tissue.
E)embryos are implanted with bone from the mother.

Question 47

Select the incorrect statement regarding the class of proteins,known as interferons,that play a key role in body defenses.

A)There are three types of interferons,alpha,beta,and gammA.
B)All cells of the body produce all three types of interferon.
C)The secretion of gamma interferon is an immunological defense against infections and cancer.
D)All interferons are polypeptides.
E)Interferons are messengers that protect normal cells in the areas of infected cells from becoming infected.

Question 48

The antibodies that bind to antigens on a cell and cause the aggregation of complement proteins to ultimately burst the cell are

A)IgG.
B)IgA.
C)IgD.
D)IgM.
E)IgE.

Question 49

When a "new" antigen first challenges the immune system,if the primary immune response produces B cells,what are the fates of those B cells?
I-Some of the B cells become plasma cells that secrete antibodies.
II-Some of the B cells become memory cells and can produce a swifter response if the body encounters that particular antigen again.
III-Some of the B cells secrete chemicals called pyrogens that travel to the brain inducing a fever.

A)just II
B)just I
C)II and III
D)I and II
E)I,II,and III

Question 50

Select the incorrectly matched cell type and its function.

A)helper T cell-commander of the immune system
B)inducer T cell-mediates the maturation of other T cells in the thyroid gland
C)cytotoxic T cell-detects and destroys infected body cells
D)suppressor T cells-dampens the activities of T cells and B cells after the infection has been arrested
E)monocyte-precursor of macrophage

Question 51

Some viral pathogens evade detection by the vertebrate immune system by a mechanism that involves

A)becoming a symbiont.
B)becoming nonvirulent.
C)frequent changing of surface antigens.
D)becoming metabolically inactive.
E)becoming a sporE.

Question 52

Select the incorrect statement regarding the complement system in vertebrates.

A)The complement system is a part of the cellular defenses in the immune system of vertebrates.
B)The complement system consists of approximately 20 different proteins that circulate in the plasma.
C)If these proteins encounter the cell wall of a bacteria or fungi they form aggregations and eventually produce a pore that leads to the destruction of the invading cells.
D)Although these proteins attack invaders,they are not involved with histamine release.
E)The binding of antibodies to invading cells can also trigger aggregations.

Question 53

Cytotoxic cells must interact for their function with

A)MHC-I proteins.
B)MHC-II proteins.
C)foreign antigen.
D)MHC-I proteins and MHC-II proteins.
E)MHC-II proteins and foreign antigen.

Question 54

Select the incorrect statement regarding the inflammatory response.

A)The inflammation response is a localized specific response to infection or injury.
B)If a cell is injured or infected,it releases chemical alarm signals that promote dilation of blood vessels at the injury site.
C)The alarm signals can be histamines or prostaglandins.
D)Tissue can exhibit edema from the dilation of the blood vessels in the area of injury or infection.
E)Neutrophils spill chemical in the area of injury or infection that kills bacteria,tissues,and themselves.

Question 55

The ability of a vertebrate to generate millions of different lymphocytes is a result of its DNA undergoing

A)DNA rearrangement.
B)DNA reestablishment.
C)clonal variability.
D)instructional variation.
E)gene cloning.

Question 56

Which of the following regarding antigens is true?

A)A large antigen is likely to have many different epitopes,each of which can stimulate a distinct immune response.
B)An antigen is a molecule which promotes a general immune response.
C)Bacteria do not contain antigens.
D)Antigens can only be recognized by their specificity.
E)The most effective antigens are small simple amino acid complexes.

Question 57

Antigen shifting allows the pathogens to escape from immune recognition.This mechanism is employed by all of the following except

A)flu viruses.
B)trypanosomes.
C)malarial protozoans.
D)HIV.
E)Antigenic shifting occurs in all of the answers given in this question.

Question 58

Which part of the antibody molecule determines its role in the immune response?

A)two arms of the Y
B)disulfide chains
C)the heavy chains
D)the stem of the Y
E)the entire molecule

Question 59

A friend tells you the following story."My aunt just received a heart transplant.Her doctors warned us that her body might reject the tissue.I just can't understand how that could happen as human hearts are made of the same tissues,aren't they?" Your correct response should be

A)"Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles."
B)"Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles,except some humans have different tissues inside their hearts and this could lead to a tissue rejection by the recipient."
C)"Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles.As far as the rejection of tissues goes,your aunt might have different antibodies than did the donor,which could lead to a rejection."
D)"Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles.However,your aunt might have been given some type of drug during the transplant operation that might cause tissue rejection.You can never be too careful in a hospital,you know."
E)"Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles.As far as the rejection issue,everyone has different MHC proteins on their tissues.Your aunt's immune system recognizes the 'self' tissues but can cause tissue rejection because of the 'nonself' tissue in her body having different MHC proteins."

Question 60

When a person is tested for HIV,if _______ to the HIV are present the test is called positive.

A)bacteria
B)antigens
C)antibodies
D)T-cells
E)natural killer cells

Question 61

Which of the following statements regarding hypersensitivity is false?

A)The acceptance of self cells is known as immunological tolerance.
B)Allergies are caused by IgG secretion in response to antigens.
C)Autoreactive B cells produce autoantibodies causing inflammation.
D)Itchy welts or hives could be called a local anaphylaxis.
E)Delayed hypersensitivity is mediated by T_H cells and macrophages.

Question 62

Which of the following is not a class of immunoglobin?

A)IgM
B)IgD
C)IgC
D)IgG
E)IgA

Question 63

Which of the following does not cause the release cytokines?

A)activated T_H cells
B)macrophages activated by phagocytosis
C)macrophages activated by binding of certain bacteria
D)CD4 protein of T_H cell binding to conserved regions of MHC
E)interleukin-12 binding to T_H cells

Question 64

Which of the following is not an organ of the immune system?

A)thymus
B)tonsils
C)thyroid
D)spleen
E)red bone marrow

Question 65

Which of the following cells has an incorrect function?

A)eosinophil-important to the elimination of parasites
B)mast cell-releases histamine
C)macrophage-phagocytic cell
D)neutrophil-important antigen presenting cell
E)monocyte-precursor of macrophage

Question 66

Referring to the figure,which statement is false?

A)Cytokines are produced in both diagrams.
B)Antigens are produced in both diagrams.
C)Naïve cells are involved in diagram I.
D)The humoral response represents diagram II.

Question 67

Which of the following is true regarding cytokines?

A)Cytokines are secreted by T_H cells and bind to receptors.
B)Cytokines are immune cells involved in producing antibodies.
C)Cytokines are secreted in high concentrations during infection.
D)Cytokines bind to intracellular receptors.
E)Cytokines protect in the attack of pathogens by phagocytosis.

Question 68

Which of the following blood types should not be given to a young female with type AB Rh^- blood?

A)B Rh^- blood
B)AB Rh^- blood
C)O Rh^- blood
D)A Rh^- blood
E)AB Rh⁺ blood

Question 69

Looking at the figure,which one of the following statements is false?

A)Both diagrams involve recognition of antigens.
B)Both diagrams involve lymphocytes.
C)Both diagrams involve plasma membrane proteins.
D)Diagram II shows cell-mediated immunity.
E)Diagram I shows receptor proteins for a T cell.

Question 70

A lymphocyte that has never encountered an antigen is called a

A)T cell.
B)B cell.
C)foreign lymphocyte.
D)stem leukocyte.
E)naïve lymphocytE.

Question 71

Which of the following describes passive immunity?

A)antibodies transferred to the fetus from the mother across the placenta
B)vaccination for polio
C)allowing oneself to become infected with chicken pox
D)vaccination for influenza
E)catching a common cold