Deck 28: Prokaryotes

Question 1

Which of the following is not true about prokaryotes?

A)They are the oldest organisms on Earth.
B)They are the structurally simplest organisms.
C)They are the most abundant life forms on Earth.
D)They contain organelles.
E)They are found in fossils that are 3.0-3.5 billion years old.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The prokaryotic DNA is located in the

A)capsid region.
B)nucleoid region.
C)endospore region.
D)peptidoglycan region.
E)pili region.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Genetic diversity in bacteria is created by mutation and ___________.

Answer 3

recombination

Question 4

The earliest fossilized forms of microscopic life,known as ___________,were prokaryotes.

Question 5

Cell walls of bacteria (domain Bacteria)usually consist of ______________,a network of polysaccharide molecules connected by polypeptide cross-links.

Question 6

Some species of prokaryotes play a vital role both in productivity and in nutrient _____________,providing substances essential to all other life forms.

Question 7

Genetic engineering technology is being applied to use bacteria in all of the following areas except

A)antibiotic production.
B)bioremediation.
C)bioweapons.
D)making human proteins.
E)specialized transduction.

Question 8

Certain bacteria are the only organisms that are capable of fixing atmospheric

A)carbon dioxide.
B)oxygen.
C)hydrogen.
D)carbon.
E)nitrogen.

Question 9

Which one of the following is not a characteristic of all prokaryotes?

A)found in every habitat
B)metabolically versatile
C)first cells on Earth
D)unicellular
E)cell walls constructed of peptidoglycan

Question 10

Current classification of prokaryotes is based on

A)morphology of flagellA.
B)sequencing of proteins,DNA,and RNA.
C)occurrence of transverse binary fission.
D)type of colony formation.
E)ability to stain the cell wall with Gram stain.

Question 11

Most bacteria that cause plant diseases are members of the group of rod-shaped bacteria known as _________________.

Question 12

When bacteria are exposed to nutrient-poor conditions,they form thick-walled structures that contain the chromosome and a small amount of cytoplasm.These structures are called

A)plasmids.
B)pseudomonades.
C)nucleoids.
D)endospores.
E)exospores.

Question 13

Members of the genus ______________ are associated with scarlet fever,rheumatic fever,pneumonia,etc.

Question 14

Carbon fixation carried out by the prokaryotes known as the __________ involves chlorophyll a.

Question 15

Prokaryotes are very important ecologically because of their involvement in all of the following except

A)photosynthesis.
B)nitrogen fixation.
C)STDs.
D)denitrification.
E)bioremediation.

Question 16

In addition to viruses,such as HIV,a number of species of bacteria also cause sexually transmitted diseases or _______________.

Question 17

Prokaryotes split into two lines early in the history of life.The differences are so fundamental that they are assigned to two different domains,the ________________ and the Bacteria.

Question 18

Early classification systems of the bacteria employed all of the following characteristics except

A)the ability to photosynthesize.
B)rRNA sequences.
C)motility.
D)colony or filament forming.
E)sporulation or binary fission.

Question 19

Sedimentary deposits known as ___________ were formed by mats of ancient prokaryotes known as cyanobacteria.

Question 20

Prokaryotes undergo a process that produces cells that are identical.This process is called

A)mitosis.
B)meiosis.
C)conjugation.
D)binary fission.
E)syngamy.

Question 21

Bacterial ribosomes differ from eukaryotic ribosomes in all of the following except

A)they act as sites of protein synthesis.
B)they are smaller than in eukaryotes.
C)tetracycline and chloramphenicol can bind to bacterial ribosomes.
D)they differ in ribosomal proteins.
E)they differ in RNA content.

Question 22

Sexually transmitted diseases include all of the following except

A)gonorrheA.
B)syphilis.
C)chlamydia.
D)herpes.

Question 23

Four of the five statements listed below are characteristics of most prokaryotic organisms.Select the exception.

A)Prokaryotic cell diameters are one micrometer or less.
B)Prokaryotic organisms are unicellular.
C)Prokaryotic organisms use mitosis for their nuclear division.
D)Prokaryotic organisms have a cell wall.
E)Prokaryotic organisms do not have a membrane around their hereditary materials.

Question 24

In which of the following characteristics,prokaryotes and eukaryotes are similar?

A)cell division
B)internal compartmentalization
C)flagella
D)contain ribosomes
E)enzymes localized in the plasma membrane

Question 25

Archaea differ from Bacteria in all of the following except

A)cell wall composition.
B)plasma membrane make up.
C)DNA replication.
D)gene expression.
E)the presence of a nucleoid region.

Question 26

Prokaryotic cell walls consist of a network of polysaccharide molecules connected by cross-links of

A)other polysaccharides.
B)lipids.
C)polypeptides.
D)ribosomes.
E)chromosomal DNA.

Question 27

The enzymes for cellular respiration in eukaryotic organisms are located within the mitochondria.In prokaryotic organisms,these enzymes are attached to the

A)cell wall.
B)cell membrane.
C)ribosomes.
D)circular DNA.
E)nuclear membranE.

Question 28

All of the following are ways that prokaryotes can exchange genetic material except

A)vertical gene transfer.
B)conjugation.
C)transduction.
D)transformation.
E)exchange of R plasmids.

Question 29

A microbiologist explains to one of her biology classes that her research focuses on the nucleoid region of the cholera bacteria.This means that she is studying a region within the bacterium that contains the

A)nucleic acids.
B)nuclear membrane.
C)R plasmids.
D)peptidoglycan.

Question 30

Gonorrhea and syphilis are most commonly controlled by

A)abstinence.
B)antibiotics.
C)boiling water.
D)fluoride treatment.
E)pasteurization.

Question 31

Prokaryotes that harvest both energy and carbon atoms from organic molecules are called

A)photoautotrophs.
B)chemoautotrophs.
C)photoheterotrophs.
D)chemoheterotrophs.
E)nitrogen fixers.

Question 32

In all of the following characteristics,prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes except in

A)cell size.
B)multicellularity.
C)chromosomes.
D)nucleic acids as the hereditary material.
E)organelles.

Question 33

Bacteria cause all of the following human diseases except

A)cholerA.
B)diphtheria.
C)mononucleosis.
D)tetanus.
E)malaria.

Question 34

A microbiologist is investigating the effects of cold on a particular bacterium.He notices that as the temperature approaches zero degrees Centigrade,the bacteria begin to

A)form more pili.
B)produce thicker cell membranes.
C)secrete more peptidoglycans.
D)form endospores.
E)secrete lipopolysaccharides from their thicker cell membranes.

Question 35

Some prokaryotes attach to other substrates by hairlike outgrowths,which are shorter than flagella.These are called

A)endospores.
B)flagellin.
C)pili.
D)plasmids.
E)fission products.

Question 36

Dental plaque (a biofilm),a first stage in tooth decay,consists of

A)sugars.
B)bacteria surrounded by a polysaccharide matrix.
C)fluoride.
D)lactic aciD.
E)bacteria and high pH.

Question 37

Certain prokaryotes can withstand drying and hotter temperatures because of their ability to form

A)cell walls.
B)endospores.
C)flagella.
D)organelles.
E)plasmids.

Question 38

Which of the following is not a shape seen in prokaryotes?

A)cocci
B)bacilli
C)spirals
D)helicals
E)icosahedrals

Question 39

Which of the following differences between Archaebacteria and Bacteria is correct?

A)Archaebacteria have peptidoglycans in their cell walls.Bacteria do not have peptidoglycans in their cell walls.
B)Archaebacteria and Bacteria have different lipids in their bilipid layer of the plasma membranes.
C)Archaebacteria and Bacteria have ribosomal proteins and an RNA polymerase that are distinctly different from eukaryotes,however bacteria ribosomal proteins are different from eukaryotes,while Archaebacteria ribosomal proteins are very similar.
D)Genes of most Archaebacteria are not interrupted by introns,whereas intorns interrupt bacteria genes.

Question 40

In some bacteria,a capsule surrounds the cell wall.It is made up of

A)a lipopolysaccharide.
B)peptidoglycan.
C)gelatin.
D)pili.
E)glycoprotein.

Question 41

Streptococcus mutans one of the bacteria that can cause the loss of tooth enamel in humans.The metabolic process that this particular species of bacteria uses that can result in enamel breakdown is

A)ferment sugar into lactic acid,which increases the pH of the mouth causing loss of calcium from the enamel of the teeth.
B)ferment sugar into lactic acid,which decreases the pH of the mouth causing loss of calcium from the enamel of the teeth.
C)ferment sugar into lactic acid that attacks the tooth enamel directly and causes dental carries.
D)ferment sugar into lactic acid,which decreases the amount of calcium that can be absorbed by the teeth from the diet.

Question 42

Which of the following statements about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)is false?

A)Gonorrhea,syphilis,and chlamydia are all transmitted through sexual contact.
B)Because chlamydia has both bacterial and viral characteristics,it cannot be treated with antibiotics.
C)Chlamydia is known as the "silent STD."
D)The incidence of chlamydia has increased as gonorrhea has decreaseD.
E)Syphilis can be transmitted to fetus.

Question 43

The data below shows recombination of genes (1-5)according to the amount of time available for transfer of the bacterial chromosome during conjugation between different genetic strains in E coli? Based on these data,which gene is closest to gene 1? (Note: The entire chromosome is transferred in 100 minutes. )

A)gene 2
B)gene 3
C)gene 4
D)gene 5

Question 44

Which of the following statements about specialized transduction is false?

A)Specialized transduction always requires phage with a lysogenic life cycle.
B)The integrated phage is called a prophage.
C)Genes for excision and initiation of lysis are in the prophage.
D)Prophage can include bacterial genes.
E)Specialized transduction never produces cells that are partial diploids.

Question 45

You expose a tube of bacteria to ultraviolet radiation to induce mutations.You then spread the bacteria on a plate containing media with all know required nutrients and wait until separate colonies form.Finally,you use replicate plating to transfer a print of this plate to an additional sterile plate containing minimal media plus a known required nutrient for the bacteria.Based on this protocol,colonies growing on the plate lacking a required nutrient would include what type of cells?

A)only wild-type bacteria
B)only bacteria mutant for the supplied nutrient
C)only mutant bacteria but not those mutant for the supplied nutrient
D)wild-type bacteria and bacteria mutant for the supplied nutrient
E)wild-type bacteria and all mutant bacteria except those mutant for the supplied nutrient

Question 46

You expose a tube of bacteria to ultraviolet radiation to induce mutations.You then spread the bacteria on a plate containing minimal media and wait until separate colonies form.Finally,you use replicate plating to transfer a print of this plate to an additional sterile plate containing minimal media plus a known required nutrient for the bacteria.Based on this protocol,colonies growing on the plate lacking a required nutrient would include what type of cells?

A)only wild-type bacteria
B)only bacteria mutant for the supplied nutrient
C)only mutant bacteria but not those mutant for the supplied nutrient
D)wild-type bacteria and bacteria mutant for the supplied nutrient
E)wild-type bacteria and all mutant bacteria except those mutant for the supplied nutrient

Question 47

If left untreated,syphilis infections go through four stages.The first stage is a sore called a chancre.The signs of the second stage are

A)some nerve damage,loss of some teeth,and perhaps a dimming of color vision.
B)very few,with many victims having no symptoms.
C)rashes that may cover the entire body,sometimes a sore throat,and general aches and pains that appear to be flu-like.
D)persistence of the chancre and bleeding at the chancre site.
E)a yellowish-white discharge from the urethra.

Question 48

Which of the following statements about transformation is false?

A)The bacterium E coli is incapable of natural transformation.
B)Like transduction and conjugation,natural transformation is an "accident" of plasmid biology.
C)Artificial transformation is essential to many recombinant DNA techniques.
D)All R-plasmids contain antibiotic-resistance genes.
E)Natural transformation of the Enterobacteraceae is a significant public health risk.

Question 49

Prokaryotes reproduce rapidly and this allows genetic variation to spread quickly through a population.Two processes can create new variations in prokaryotic populations.Select the choice with those two processes.

A)mutation and phage viral attack
B)phage viral attack and genetic recombination
C)genetic recombination and nondisjunction
D)genetic recombination and mutation
E)genetic recombination and rapid cell division

Question 50

Which of the following statements about generalized transduction is false?

A)"Headfull" packaging always places only phage DNA into the phage head during phage packaging in generalized transduction.
B)Generalized transduction always involves lytic phage.
C)Generalized transduction can be used to map bacterial genes.
D)Genes that are close together on the bacterial chromosome will have a relatively large cotransduction frequency.
E)Two recombination events are necessary to integrate the transferred DNA during generalized transduction.

Question 51

Which of the following statements about Hfr cells and bacterial conjugation is false?

A)An Hfr cell becomes an F^- cell if its integrated F plasmid is excised.
B)If excision of the F plasmid from an Hfr cell includes some bacterial genes,a partial diploid can result.
C)The genes that are transferred from an Hfr cell into a recipient cell during conjugation replace the equivalent genes in the recipient cell.
D)An F' plasmid contains some bacterial genes.
E)Cells with integrated F' plasmid have two copies of some genes.

Question 52

The bacterium E coli has about 5000 genes.Assume a mutation rate of 1 in every one million genes.If you start with one bacterium that divides to produce two bacteria every 20 minutes,how many mutant E coli will there be after 10 hours?

A)900
B)1.1 X 10³
C)5.4 X 10⁶
D)1.1 X 10⁹
E)2.1 X 10¹¹

Question 53

Which of the following statements about tuberculosis (TB)is false?

A)MDR TB is more expensive to treat.
B)Not completing a full course of antibiotic can select for MDR strains.
C)HIV and TB can be transmitted in the same manner.
D)The spread of TB can be very rapiD.
E)The reservoir of TB is humans and no vector is required for transmission.

Question 54

A microbiologist is conducting a research project on chemoautotrophs.This means that the investigator is examining certain aspects of a bacterium that

A)can oxidize sulfur.
B)is a purple non-sulfur bacteria which depends on light.
C)obtains carbon from organic molecules.
D)can use the energy from sunlight to build organic molecules from carbon dioxide.
E)uses light as its energy source and carbon for organic compounds.

Question 55

Tuberculosis remains a serious worldwide health problem due to all of the following except

A)multi-drug resistance.
B)social factors such as crowding and incarceration.
C)the prevalence of HIV infections.
D)ease of transmission.
E)absence of MDR strains.

Question 56

Various techniques have been developed to isolate strains of bacteria carrying a particular mutation.In one,bacteria containing wild-type cells and cells of a desired mutant are grown on a medium lacking the nutrient for which the desired mutants are auxotrophic but containing the an antibiotic that only kills growing cells.In this environment,

A)both wild-type and mutant cells are killed.
B)both wild-type and mutant cells survive.
C)wild-type cells survive;mutant cells die.
D)wild-type cells die;mutant cells survive.
E)only double mutants survivE.

Question 57

Which of the following statements about Hfr cells and bacterial conjugation is false?

A)Insertion sequences (IS)are present in both the F plasmid and the bacterial chromosome.
B)IS elements are transposable elements.
C)Insertion of the F plasmid into the bacterial chromosome to produce an Hfr cell causes the loss of an equivalent portion of the chromosome.
D)Hfr cells can transfer the whole chromosome in about 90 minutes.
E)The number of bacterial genes that are transferred into the recipient cell depends on how long the conjugation bridge is maintained.

Question 58

Which of the following statements about bacterial conjugation is false?

A)F⁺ cells have an F plasmid;F^- cells do not.
B)Rolling circle replication of the F plasmid produces a double-stranded copy of the plasmid.
C)The replicated plasmid passes through a conjugation bridge called a pilus.
D)A cell with an F plasmid integrated into its main chromosome is called an Hfr cell.
E)The F plasmid contains an origin of replication and genes that control transfer.

Question 59

Plasmids are distinguished from bacterial chromosomes in that

A)plasmids are circular,bacterial chromosomes are linear.
B)plasmids occur in the cytoplasm,bacterial chromosomes occur in the nucleus.
C)plasmids are composed of RNA,bacterial chromosomes are composed of DNA.
D)plasmids have few genes,bacterial chromosomes have many genes.
E)plasmids consist of single-stranded nucleic acids,bacterial chromosomes consist of double-stranded nucleic acids.

Question 60

Which of the following events is least likely to result in a genetic change in a bacterium?

A)pilus formation
B)conjugation
C)specialized transduction
D)generalized transduction
E)natural transformation

Question 61

Choose letter of the best match from the following:
A. conjugation
B. plasmid
C. transduction (generalized)
D. transduction (specialized)
E. transformation (artificial)
F. transformation (natural)
Gene transfer achieved in the laboratory.

Question 62

Choose letter of the best match from the following:
A. conjugation
B. plasmid
C. transduction (generalized)
D. transduction (specialized)
E. transformation (artificial)
F. transformation (natural)
Transfer of bacterial genes involving a prophage.

Question 63

Choose letter of the best match from the following:
A. conjugation
B. plasmid
C. transduction (generalized)
D. transduction (specialized)
E. transformation (artificial)
F. transformation (natural)
Transfer of nucleic acid from cell to cell via an F pilus.

Question 64

Choose letter of the best match from the following:
A. conjugation
B. plasmid
C. transduction (generalized)
D. transduction (specialized)
E. transformation (artificial)
F. transformation (natural)
Accessory DNA molecule.

Question 65

Choose letter of the best match from the following:
A. conjugation
B. plasmid
C. transduction (generalized)
D. transduction (specialized)
E. transformation (artificial)
F. transformation (natural)
Direct uptake of nucleic acid by a bacterium.

Question 66

Choose letter of the best match from the following:
A. conjugation
B. plasmid
C. transduction (generalized)
D. transduction (specialized)
E. transformation (artificial)
F. transformation (natural)
Transfer of bacterial genes by a lytic phage.

Question 67

A bacterium is found that can photosynthesize in the presence of light but uses hydrogen sulfide and releases elemental sulfur as a bi-product.This organism can best be classified as a

A)chemoautotroph.
B)chemoheterotroph.
C)photoautotroph.
D)photoheterotroph.
E)pathogen.