Deck 6: Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years

Question 1

Sadness,joy,and fear are examples of

A) motivation.
B) emotions.
C) personality.
D) environment.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Pride,guilt,and shame are identified as the emotions of

A) self-evaluation.
B) self-love.
C) self-awareness.
D) self-consciousness.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following statements about emotions is FALSE?

A) Infants cannot express emotions for about the first six months of their lives.
B) Infants show facial expressions that are similar to adults who are expressing emotions.
C) One of the earliest emotional expressions shown by infants is unhappiness.
D) All human beings share the same basic emotions.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Screaming as your little brother drops a spider into your lap is a(n)_____ response.

A) cognitive
B) emotional
C) physical
D) exaggerated

Question 5

A relatively consistent blend of emotions,temperament,thoughts,and behaviors is a person's

A) sociological status.
B) biological traits.
C) environment.
D) personality.

Question 6

Personality development intertwined with social relationships is what is meant by _______ development.

A) mobilization
B) communication
C) psychosocial
D) explorative

Question 7

One of the first cries with which new parents are likely to become familiar is the infant's rhythmic cry,which is often associated with

A) hunger.
B) anger.
C) pain.
D) frustration.

Question 8

Teresa is beginning to show signs that she is cognitively aware that she is a functioning human being,separate from the rest of her world.This is referred to as

A) self-recognition.
B) self-awareness.
C) self-conceptualization.
D) self-evaluation.

Question 9

Theory and research suggest that the process of emotional development is a(n)__________________ one.

A) unpredictable
B) random
C) orderly
D) individualistic

Question 10

According to research cited in your text,what is the best way to respond to an infant's crying?

A) Ignore it, if possible, to avoid spoiling the baby.
B) Let the baby cry for a considerable time before responding.
C) Respond regularly with tender, soothing care.
D) Respond immediately each time the infant cries.

Question 11

When her mother came into the room,Constance was laughing out loud at the dog's antics.Constance continues to laugh and look at her mother and then the dog.This is an example of a(n)______ smile.

A) social
B) windy
C) anticipatory
D) attachment

Question 12

Dick and Karen's infant son,Jeremy,appears to show signs of contentment,interest,and distress.Jeremy is probably

A) 2 years of age.
B) 8 months of age.
C) a newborn.
D) 1 year of age.

Question 13

A baby's first smile,which can occur in newborns less than a week old,is most likely due to

A) the sight of a human face.
B) central nervous system activity.
C) successful bonding with the mother.
D) gas.

Question 14

Mike and Veronica's baby has been crying from about 2 a.m.until 6 a.m.nearly every night for the past month.When they talk with the pediatrician they are told that the baby probably has

A) Asperger's disorder.
B) colic.
C) indigestion.
D) Down syndrome.

Question 15

Two-week-old Jamie is lying quietly in her bassinet.Suddenly she utters a loud,piercing cry and holds her breath.She is probably

A) hungry.
B) angry.
C) in pain.
D) frustrated.

Question 16

Geoffrey is 6 months of age,has attentive parents,and has learned

A) to not cry.
B) to cry harder when ignored.
C) to cry due to being spoiled.
D) to cry only when frustrated.

Question 17

Self-awareness usually emerges by about what age?

A) 6-8 months
B) 9-12 months
C) 12-14 months
D) 15-24 months

Question 18

According to the text,some laughter in babies may actually be due to feelings of

A) sadness.
B) fear.
C) anger.
D) disgust.

Question 19

Baby Melanie smiles,giggles,and laughs frequently with both her parents as well as other caregivers; Baby Jerome does not.All else being equal,we can predict from this that

A) Melanie will have a more positive relationship with her parents.
B) Jerome will have a better relationship with his parents.
C) the parents will work harder and give Jerome more attention in an attempt to make him "happy."
D) Jerome will never be happy because of his negative temperament.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about infants' smiles is TRUE?

A) "Social smiles" appear soon after birth, generally when the infant is wide awake.
B) The "social smile" is seen by 1 week of age.
C) Smiles become social beginning at around 8 months of age.
D) During the second month of life, infants begin to smile selectively at people they recognize.

Question 21

A person's characteristic way of approaching and reacting to people and situations defines that person's

A) personality.
B) temperament.
C) emotionality.
D) behavior.

Question 22

According to the New York Longitudinal Study,40% of children exhibit a temperamental pattern described as

A) difficult.
B) slow-to-warm-up.
C) easy.
D) mixed temperament.

Question 23

______ is a consistent and enduring characteristic of personality.

A) Excitement
B) Fear
C) Boredom
D) Temperament

Question 24

When presented initially with a new rattle,infant Isiah grimaces,then slowly reaches for the new toy.Isiah would most likely be described as

A) easy.
B) slow-to-warm-up.
C) difficult.
D) All of these

Question 25

At 2 months old,Linda screams with rage while her mother warms her bottle.Knowing about temperament,how would you expect Linda to respond to frustration as a 2-year-old?

A) She will probably have learned to calm herself.
B) She will probably avoid or withdraw from frustrating situations.
C) She will probably become furious.
D) Her future behavior cannot be predicted from her behavior as an infant.

Question 26

Troy's schedules are predictable,he adapts easily,he is pleasant,and he responds well to change.Which kind of temperament does he have?

A) Easy
B) Difficult
C) Slow-to-warm-up
D) Placid

Question 27

The New York Longitudinal Study of Temperament found that

A) almost all children fit into a clear temperamental category.
B) about one child in three has a mixed temperament pattern.
C) children are fairly evenly distributed among the basic temperamental categories.
D) the largest temperamental group is slow-to-warm-up.

Question 28

"Goodness of fit" implies that parents should deal with problems of temperament by

A) trying to change children's temperament to match their own.
B) letting children's temperament create the family atmosphere and patterns.
C) helping difficult children fit into the environment.
D) helping children make some adaptations but essentially accepting their child's temperament.

Question 29

Kayla showed clear signs of behavioral inhibition early on.Based on current findings,Kayla's parents should

A) avoid new or novel situations whenever possible.
B) force Kayla into as many new situations as they have time to expose her to.
C) introduce Kayla to novel situations, but help her with her anxiety.
D) introduce Kayla to novel situations and let her figure out how to handle her anxiety on her own.

Question 30

New parents Willy and Bernice have both spent their lives being short-tempered.They spend a great deal of their time together apologizing for their thoughtlessness.Which of the following statements about temperament might be alarming to Willy and Bernice as they think about having children?

A) Temperament appears to be largely determined by genetics.
B) Temperament is not learned.
C) Temperament often changes on a frequent basis.
D) Second-born children are likely to have more difficult temperaments than firstborns.

Question 31

Chao-Yi is suspicious of strangers,has frequent tantrums,has an irregular pattern of waking and sleeping,and laughs and cries loudly.Which kind of temperament does she have?

A) Easy
B) Hyperactive
C) Difficult
D) Slow-to-warm-up

Question 32

Which of the following children is probably the BEST "fit" between temperament and environment?

A) Aaron is a quiet and fairly inactive child. He lives in a small apartment with his older, bookish parents.
B) Brian likes to sit quietly and play alone. He spends most days with 10 other children at a daycare center.
C) Carolyn enjoys trying out musical instruments and experimenting with arts and crafts materials. Her mother likes the house to be quiet and neat and gets upset when the house is messy.
D) Debby is hesitant and quiet. Her father pushes her to experience new situations and take risks.

Question 33

Wade is quiet,adjusts only gradually to new situations,and has moderately predictable biological cycles.Which kind of temperament does he have?

A) Easy
B) Slow-to-warm-up
C) Timid
D) Difficult

Question 34

The ways in which we process information about other people refers to

A) social knowledge.
B) social understanding.
C) social cognition.
D) social comprehension

Question 35

Before a child can display empathy and altruistic behaviors,the child needs to have ______ cognition.

A) intelligent
B) Piagetian
C) social
D) empathic

Question 36

The brain has neurons that help a person mimic other people's actions,called ______ neurons.

A) mirror
B) cognitive
C) hippocampal
D) social awareness

Question 37

Aside from genetics,which of the following appears to affect an individual's temperament?

A) Parental responses
B) Life experiences
C) Cultural factors
D) All of these

Question 38

Two-year-old Jacob took the pacifier away from his baby sister,making her sad and causing her to cry.When his mother explained how the baby felt and insisted that he return the pacifier,she was teaching Jacob

A) sympathy.
B) empathy.
C) prosocial behavior.
D) self-fulfillment.

Question 39

The ability of a child to feel what another feels,or would be expected to feel,in a particular situation is called

A) sympathy.
B) prosocial behavior.
C) guilt.
D) empathy.

Question 40

Irritability,irregular rhythms,and intense reactions are characteristics of which kind of temperament?

A) Easy
B) Difficult
C) Slow-to-warm-up
D) Artistic

Question 41

According to Erikson,a child who develops a predominance of basic trust will have the virtue of

A) hope.
B) caring.
C) intimacy.
D) love.

Question 42

Harlow and Zimmerman's work with infant monkeys showed that the infants were most interested in receiving _____ from surrogate mothers.

A) food
B) bodily contact
C) visual stimulation
D) maternal odors

Question 43

Which of the following was NOT observed in monkeys raised by surrogate mothers?

A) Monkeys raised by wire surrogates were later attracted to and embraced the wire form.
B) Monkeys raised by surrogates were deficient parents later in life.
C) Monkeys raised by a cloth surrogate explored their environment more than wire-raised monkeys.
D) Monkeys preferred a soft, cuddly surrogate relative to one that provided nutrition.

Question 44

Erikson's work suggests that _______________ is a characteristic displayed by individuals who did not learn sufficient trust during the first stage of development.

A) excessive anger
B) lack of self-regulation
C) difficulty forming close relationships
D) a tendency toward negativism

Question 45

According to the authors of your text,the development of basic trust versus basic mistrust occurs through the infant's interactions with

A) strangers encountered during infancy.
B) any important caregiver.
C) only the mother.
D) other infants of a similar age.

Question 46

Generalizing from the text,a child raised among the Efe people of Zaire most likely would

A) show no attachment to their biological parents.
B) have more friends at a younger age than American children.
C) be aggressive and engage in more warlike play than American children.
D) learn to amuse and take care of themselves at an earlier age than American children.

Question 47

Caregivers who provide an environment that encourages a reciprocal,enduring emotional tie to their infant encourage

A) bonding.
B) trust.
C) attachment.
D) All of these

Question 48

During Erikson's crisis of basic trust versus mistrust,a child

A) determines whether or not he or she can rely upon the world.
B) strives for independence.
C) objects to the mother leaving the room.
D) is often filled with doubt.

Question 49

According to Erikson,if infant Ulonda's mother is responsive and sensitive to her needs,Ulonda will develop the virtue of

A) hope.
B) faith.
C) will
D) justice.

Question 50

According to Erikson,the first psychosocial crisis we face is that of

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
B) initiative versus guilt.
C) basic trust versus basic mistrust.
D) generativity versus stagnation.

Question 51

Both mothers and fathers show high levels of gender-typing behavior when their child is

A) a newborn.
B) 8 months old.
C) 8 months old.
D) 5 years old.

Question 52

Generalizing from the text,which father would be most likely to care for his infant child?

A) A man who became a father at a relatively late age
B) A man who is unhappily married
C) A man who alters his work schedule to share domestic chores
D) A man who was not present during the child's birth

Question 53

Fathers in which culture are more likely to provide direct infant care?

A) Huhot of Inner Mongolia
B) United States
C) Aka of Central Africa
D) Native Hawaiian Islanders

Question 54

What it means to be male or female is included in the word

A) sexuality.
B) male.
C) female.
D) gender.

Question 55

Of the cultures described in your textbook,in which one do "fathers provide more direct infant contact than fathers in any other known society"?

A) Aka pygmies
B) Huhot of Inner Mongolia
C) Cameroon, West Africa
D) China, which has a one-child policy

Question 56

Research on shy,inhibited children has observed all of the following EXCEPT

A) highly inhibited patterns seemed to be maintained into adolescence.
B) physiological distinctions remained even when temperament "smoothed out" in preadolescence.
C) experience could moderate or accentuate early tendencies.
D) those who changed from inhibited to uninhibited maintained the same pattern of brain activity.

Question 57

Across cultures,the type and level of involvement that fathers engage in with their infants

A) differs.
B) is quite similar.
C) is identical to the style of play that mothers exhibit.
D) is more verbal in nature than play with mothers.

Question 58

In the Strange Situation,a baby is observed in a room with

A) the mother and a stranger.
B) a stranger alone.
C) the mother alone.
D) the father and a stranger.

Question 59

Infants identified as shy and inhibited are seen as

A) chubby and brown-eyed.
B) able to develop uninhibited reactions by age 5.
C) easily accepted.
D) thin and blue-eyed.

Question 60

Observations about the interactions of fathers with their infant sons and daughters support the view that fathers

A) have a strong influence on later well-being and physical and cognitive development.
B) treat boys and girls more alike than do mothers.
C) are less concerned with gender-typing than are mothers.
D) in all cultures tend to exhibit rough and physical play with their children.

Question 61

The "Adult Attachment Interview" developed by Mary Main is designed to

A) elicit memories of childhood attachment.
B) determine how attached parents are to one another.
C) determine the strength of a parent's attachment to a child.
D) screen potential adoptive parents for their capacity to form attachments with children.

Question 62

Betsy's baby does not cry when the baby is left alone in a strange room,nor does the baby approach Betsy when she returns to the room.Which of the following statements is most likely to accurately describe Betsy's behavior as a mother?

A) She holds her baby closer to her than normal.
B) She constantly talks to the baby.
C) She is often angry at the baby.
D) She carries her infant in a soft baby carrier.

Question 63

According to the text,which form of attachment between a caregiver and baby seems to be the LEAST secure?

A) Disorganized-disoriented
B) Passive-aggressive
C) Avoidant
D) Ambivalent

Question 64

At ages 4 and 5,children who had been anxiously attached as infants were

A) dependent on the teacher.
B) fast learners.
C) actively involved in play.
D) able to initiate friendships.

Question 65

According to your text,which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of mothers whose babies show a disorganized attachment?

A) Abusive
B) Insensitive
C) Apathetic
D) Intrusive

Question 66

Emmett,at 4 months of age,smiles,signaling that he wants to be picked up.According to Tronick's mutual-regulation model,if his mother fails to pick him up,Emmett will probably

A) become passive and withdrawn.
B) keep smiling.
C) try another way of getting her attention, like crying.
D) begin paying attention to something or someone else.

Question 67

A 9-month-old infant who cries when the mother leaves is showing

A) separation anxiety.
B) stranger anxiety.
C) anxious attachment.
D) overdependence.

Question 68

Terrence and his mother appear to almost dance as they interact,each one responding to cues from the other.This is called

A) social facilitation.
B) separation anxiety.
C) situational compliance.
D) interactional synchrony

Question 69

According to the mutual-regulation model regarding emotional states,

A) parental actions determine an infant's emotional state until about 9 months of age.
B) babies as young as 3 months regulate their own emotional state to some degree.
C) low-birth-weight babies require extra stimulation for proper emotional development.
D) emotional states of the mother do not affect those of the infant.

Question 70

An 8-month-old infant who cries when a relative she has never met comes to visit is showing

A) anxious attachment.
B) poor socialization.
C) stranger anxiety.
D) separation anxiety.

Question 71

According to the mutual-regulation model,infants whose mothers are depressed are likely to become sad because

A) they see that their mothers are sad.
B) their mothers do not feed them enough.
C) they have inherited a sad temperament.
D) they feel powerless to elicit a response.

Question 72

Anne is a 3-year-old who is securely attached to her parents.Which of the following characteristics is she likely to exhibit?

A) Psychopathology
B) Strong trust in other people as well as her parents
C) Heightened aggressiveness around strangers
D) Helplessness when her parents are absent

Question 73

Most research on attachment is based on

A) stranger anxiety.
B) the Strange Situation.
C) separation anxiety.
D) avoidant attachment.

Question 74

A very securely attached child generally grows up to be

A) dependent on parents.
B) dependent on a mate.
C) independent.
D) a controlling person.

Question 75

A study of securely attached infants found that at preschool age they were

A) sociable.
B) loners.
C) dependent on the teacher.
D) less curious than other children.

Question 76

The ability of both infants and caregivers to respond appropriately to the signals about each other's emotional states is known as

A) secure attachment.
B) mutual regulation.
C) a facial paradigm.
D) infant intimacy regulation.

Question 77

Dan begins crying before his mother leaves during the Strange Situation test.When she returns,he leans toward her but kicks and squirms when she picks him up.He appears to be

A) securely attached.
B) disorganized-disoriented.
C) ambivalent.
D) avoidant.

Question 78

Julie readily leaves her mother to explore her surroundings,occasionally looking toward or touching her mother.Julie appears to be

A) securely attached.
B) disorganized-disoriented.
C) ambivalent.
D) avoidant.

Question 79

Generalizing from the text,which of the following infants is likely to show the strongest stranger anxiety?

A) A 6-month-old Navajo infant from a small family
B) A 9-month-old Anglo infant from a small family
C) An 18-month-old Anglo infant from a large family
D) A 9-month-old Anglo infant from a large family

Question 80

Prior to having her new baby,Kelsey had one infant who died of SIDS.According to your text,Kelsey's new baby is more likely to develop a(n)

A) secure attachment.
B) avoidant attachment.
C) ambivalent attachment.
D) disorganized attachment.